Intuthuko eqhutshwa ucwaningo. Ukugqoka kwenjini
Ucwaningo "Ingabe kunzima ukuthola imibono?" ("Ingabe kuba nzima ukuthola imibono?"), Ekhishwe ngo-September 2017, bese, kunguqulo eyandisiwe, ngo-March walo nyaka. Ababhali, osomnotho abane abaziwayo, bakhombisa kuyo ukuthi imizamo yocwaningo ekhula njalo iletha izinzuzo zomnotho ezinciphayo.
U-John Van Reenen we-Massachusetts Institute of Technology kanye no-Nicholas Bloom, u-Charles I. Jones no-Michael Webb base-Stanford University bayabhala:
"Inani elikhulu lemininingwane evela ezimbonini eziningi, imikhiqizo kanye nezinkampani likhombisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemali ocwaningweni kukhuphuka kakhulu ngenkathi ucwaningo ngokwalo lwehla ngokushesha."
Banikeza isibonelo Umthetho kaMooresiphawula ukuthi "inani labacwaningi manje elidingekayo ukuze kuzuzwe ukuphindwa kabili okudumile kokuminyana kwezibalo njalo eminyakeni emibili lingaphezu kwezikhathi eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili ezazidingeka ekuqaleni kwawo-70s." Izindlela ezifanayo ziphawulwa ngababhali emaphepheni esayensi ahlobene nezolimo nemithi. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe ngomdlavuza nezinye izifo aluholeli ezimpilweni eziningi ezisindisiwe, kodwa kunalokho okuphambene - ubudlelwano phakathi kwezindleko ezikhulayo kanye nemiphumela ekhuphukayo buya ngokuya buthandeka. Isibonelo, kusukela ngo-1950, inani lezidakamizwa ezigunyazwe yi-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ngebhiliyoni lamadola achithwa ocwaningweni lehle kakhulu.
Imibono yalolu hlobo ayisiyintsha emazweni aseNtshonalanga. Kakade ngo-2009 Benjamin Jones emsebenzini wakhe ngobunzima obukhulayo bokuthola izinto ezintsha, waphikisa ngokuthi labo ababezoba abasunguli emkhakheni othile manje badinga imfundo eyengeziwe nokufunda okukhethekile kunangaphambili ukuze babe nekhono elanele lokumane bafinyelele imingcele ababengakwazi ukuyiwela. Inani lamaqembu ocwaningo lihlala likhula, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani lamalungelo obunikazi ngososayensi ngamunye liyancipha.
Izazi zezomnotho ngokuyinhloko zinesithakazelo kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi isayensi esetshenziswayo, okungukuthi, imisebenzi yocwaningo enomthelela ekukhuleni komnotho nasekuchumeni, kanye nasekuthuthukiseni izinga lempilo nokuphila. Ngenxa yalokhu bayagxekwa, ngoba, ngokusho kochwepheshe abaningi, isayensi ayikwazi ukuncishiswa ekuqondeni okuncane, okuwusizo. Ithiyori ye-Big Bang noma ukutholakala kwe-Higgs boson akukhulisi isamba somkhiqizo wasekhaya, kodwa kujulisa ukuqonda kwethu umhlaba. Akukhona yini lokho isayensi eyikho?
Ucwaningo lwekhasi langaphambili olwenziwa yi-Stanford kanye ne-MIT economists
Fusion, i.e. vele sabingelela kuhansi
Nokho, kunzima ukubekela inselele izilinganiso zamanani ezilula ezethulwa osomnotho. Abanye banempendulo ezomnotho ezingase ziyicabangele ngokungathi sína. Ngokusho kwabaningi, isayensi manje isixazulule izinkinga ezilula uma kuqhathaniswa futhi iqhubekela phambili kwezinye eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengezinkinga ezithinta ingqondo noma ukuhlanganisa i-physics.
Kunemibuzo enzima la.
Kunini lapho, uma kwenzeka, siyonquma khona ukuthi ezinye zezithelo esizama ukuzifinyelela azinakufinyelelwa?
Noma, njengoba isazi sezomnotho singasho, yimalini esizimisele ukuyisebenzisa ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezibonakale zinzima kakhulu ukuzixazulula?
Kunini, uma kwenzeka, kufanele siqale ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa futhi simise ucwaningo?
Isibonelo sokubhekana nenkinga enzima kakhulu ekuqaleni eyayibonakala ilula umlando wokuqulwa kwamacala. ukuthuthukiswa kwe-fusion ye-thermonuclear. Ukutholakala kokuhlanganiswa kwezikhali zenuzi ngeminyaka yawo-30 kanye nokusungulwa kwezikhali ze-thermonuclear ngawo-50 kwenza izazi zefiziksi zilindele ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kungasetshenziswa ngokushesha ukukhiqiza amandla. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi ayisikhombisa kamuva, asizange sithuthuke kakhulu kule ndlela, futhi naphezu kwezithembiso eziningi zamandla okuthula nokulawulwayo okuvela ekuhlanganisweni kwezisekelo zamehlo ethu, akunjalo.
Uma isayensi iphusha ucwaningo kuze kufike lapho ingekho enye indlela yenqubekela phambili ngaphandle kokunye ukusetshenziswa kwezimali okukhulu, mhlawumbe sekuyisikhathi sokuma futhi ucabangele ukuthi kuyafaneleka yini. Kubonakala sengathi izazi zefiziksi ezakhe ukufakwa kwesibili okunamandla zisondela kulesi simo. I-Hadron Collider Enkulu futhi kuze kube manje kuncane okuye kwavela kukho... Ayikho imiphumela yokusekela noma ukuphikisa imibono emikhulu. Kuneziphakamiso zokuthi kudingeka i-accelerator enkulu nakakhulu. Nokho, akuwona wonke umuntu ocabanga ukuthi lena indlela okufanele uhambe ngayo.
IGolden Age of Innovation - Ukwakha ibhuloho laseBrooklyn
Indida Yamanga
Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba kushiwo emsebenzini wesayensi owashicilelwa ngoMeyi 2018 nguProf. UDavid Woolpert kusuka ku-Santa Fe Institute ungafakazela ukuthi zikhona ukulinganiselwa okuyisisekelo kolwazi lwesayensi.
Lobu bufakazi buqala ngokwenziwa kube semthethweni kwezibalo kokuthi “ithuluzi lokukhiphayo”—okusho ukuthi, usosayensi ohlome ngekhompyutha enkulu, imishini emikhulu yokuhlola, njll—angathola kanjani ulwazi lwesayensi mayelana nesimo sendawo yonke ezungezile. Kunesimiso sezibalo esiyisisekelo esikhawulela ulwazi lwesayensi olungatholwa ngokubheka indawo yonke, ngokuyilawula, ukubikezela okuzokwenzeka ngokulandelayo, noma ukufinyelele iziphetho ngalokho okwenzeka esikhathini esidlule. Okungukuthi, idivayisi okukhiphayo kanye nolwazi olutholayo, amasistimu angaphansi wendawo yonke. Lokhu kuxhumana kukhawulela ukusebenza kwedivayisi. UWolpert uyakufakazela ukuthi kuyohlale kukhona angeke akwazi ukubikezela, into angayikhumbuli futhi angayiboni.
"Ngandlela thize, lokhu kuziphatha okusemthethweni kungabonakala njengesandiso sesimangalo sikaDonald McKay sokuthi ukubikezela komxoxi wesikhathi esizayo ngeke kuchaze umphumela wokufunda womxoxi waleso sibikezelo," kuchaza u-Woolpert ku-phys.org.
Kuthiwani uma singadingi idivayisi ekhiphayo ukuthi yazi yonke into ngomkhathi wayo, kodwa kunalokho sidinga ukuthi yazi okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka mayelana nalokho okungaziwa? Isakhiwo sezibalo sikaVolpert sibonisa ukuthi izinto ezimbili zokucabangela ezinakho kokubili inkululeko yokuzikhethela (echazwe kahle) nolwazi oluningi lomkhathi azikwazi ukuhlalisana kulowo mkhathi. Angase abe khona noma angabi khona "amadivayisi ayisithenjwa aphezulu", kodwa angabi ngaphezu kweyodwa. U-Wolpert ngokuncokola ubiza lo mphumela ngokuthi “isimiso sokukholelwa kuNkulunkulu oyedwa” ngenxa yokuthi nakuba ungakuvimbeli ukuba khona kukankulunkulu endaweni yonke, uyakwenqabela ukuba khona kwezingaphezu koyedwa.
UWolpert uqhathanisa ingxabano yakhe ushoki abantu indidalapho u-Epimenides waseKnossos, umKrethe, enza inkulumo edumile: “Wonke amaKrethe anamanga. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nesitatimende sika-Epimenides, esidalula inkinga yamasistimu anamandla okuzikhomba wona, ukucabanga kukaVolpert kuyasebenza nasezinsizeni zokukhomba ezingenalo leli khono.
Ucwaningo olwenziwa nguVolpert nethimba lakhe lwenziwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kusukela kungqondongqondo kuya kumbono wemishini yeTuring. Ososayensi bakwaSanta Fe bazama ukwakha uhlaka olungenzeka oluhluke kakhulu oluzobavumela ukuthi bangafundisi nje kuphela imikhawulo yolwazi olunembile, kodwa futhi nokuthi kwenzekani lapho izisetshenziswa zokukhomba kungafanele zisebenze ngokunemba okungu-XNUMX%.
UDavid Wolpert weSanta Fe Institute
Akufani neminyaka eyikhulu edlule
Ukucatshangelwa kukaVolpert, okusekelwe ekuhlaziyeni kwezibalo nokunengqondo, kusitshela okuthile ngezomnotho zesayensi. Basikisela ukuthi imisebenzi ekude kakhulu yesayensi yesimanje - izinkinga ze-cosmological, imibuzo mayelana nemvelaphi kanye nemvelo yendawo yonke - akufanele kube indawo yezindleko ezinkulu zezimali. Kuyangabazeka ukuthi izixazululo ezanelisayo zizotholakala. Okungcono kakhulu, sizofunda izinto ezintsha, okuzokwandisa kuphela inani lemibuzo, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise indawo yokungazi. Lesi simo saziwa kakhulu izazi zefiziksi.
Kodwa-ke, njengoba idatha ethulwe ngaphambilini ibonisa, ukuqondiswa kwesayensi esetshenziswayo kanye nemithelela ephathekayo yolwazi olutholiwe kuya ngokuya kuncipha ukusebenza kahle. Kunjengokungathi uphethiloli uyaphela, noma injini yesayensi igugile ngenxa yokuguga, okwathi eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili noma eyikhulu kuphela edlule yabhebhezela ngempumelelo kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, ukusungulwa, ukulinganisa, ukukhiqizwa, futhi ekugcineni, konke. umnotho, kuholela ekwandeni kwenhlalakahle kanye nezinga lempilo yabantu.
Iphuzu alikho ukugoqa izandla zakho futhi uklebhule izingubo zakho phezu kwayo. Kodwa-ke, kufanelekile ukucabangela ukuthi yisikhathi sokuthuthukiswa okukhulu noma ukushintshwa kwale njini.
