Turus engaba kuyinto ipharamitha ebalulekile izimoto

Ngamunye wethu uye wabhekana nomsebenzi onzima wokuhamba endaweni encane - isibonelo, endaweni yokupaka esikhungweni sezitolo. Uma imoto iyinde, kuba nzima nakakhulu ukupaka. Yingakho izimoto ezinendawo encane yokujika ziwusizo kakhulu emadolobheni. Ngaphezu kwe-wheelbase, ezinye izici zibalulekile kuwo.

Yini indawo engaguquki yemoto

Irediyasi yokujika yemoto ibhekisa engquingqeni echaza imoto lapho iqhuba indlela. Kulokhu, isondo lokuqondisa liphendukele ngokuphelele kolunye uhlangothi noma kolunye. Kuyadingeka ukwazi le parameter ukuze unqume ukuthi imoto izokwazi ukuvula ngokugcwele isigaba esithile somgwaqo noma umshayeli uzodinga ukushintsha kusuka esivinini sokuqala ukubuyela emuva izikhathi eziningana.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umshayeli kufanele aqonde ukuthi ama-radius amancane namakhulu ayimiqondo ehlukile, futhi kufanele anakwe. Emibhalweni yezobuchwepheshe yezinhlobo ezithile zezimoto, zombili lezi zimingcele zikhonjisiwe (izinombolo zibhalwa ngengxenyenamba).

Ububanzi obuncane noma obuncane bokujika busho kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-curb-to-curb distance. Lona umkhondo isondo eliwushiya lizungeze ingaphandle lesikwele lapho lijika. Usebenzisa le pharamitha, unganquma ukuthi umgwaqo kufanele ube banzi kangakanani ngezinqe eziphansi emaphethelweni ukuze imoto ijike ngokuthula.

Irediyasi enkulu iyisikwele, esivele sichazwe ngumzimba wemoto. Le parameter ibizwa nangokuthi i-wall-to-wall radius. Noma izimoto ezihlukile zine-wheelbase efanayo (ibanga ukusuka ngaphambili kuye emasondweni angemuva, njengoba kukalwa kusuka ezingxenyeni ezikude zamathayi), zingaba nobubanzi obuhlukile bokujika ukusuka odongeni kuye odongeni. Isizathu ukuthi ubukhulu bemishini ehlukene bungahluka kakhulu.

Kungcono ukuthi umshayeli ngamunye agxile kupharamitha yesibili, ngoba lapho wenza i-U-turn emgwaqweni ongabiyelwe, kungenzeka ukushayela ngamasondo ungene emgwaqweni owubhuqu. Kepha uma umgwaqo unocingo noma imoto ijikela phakathi kocingo noma uhlobo oluthile lwamabhilidi, kubaluleke kakhulu-ke ukuthi umshayeli “ezwe” ubukhulu bemoto yakhe.

Nasi esinye isici esihlobene nokuma kwemoto lapho uhamba noma ujika. Lapho imoto iphenduka, ingaphambili lemoto lenza isizungezo esithe ukuba sikhulu kancane kunangemuva. Ngakho-ke, lapho ushiya indawo yokupaka izimoto, igalaji noma empambanweni yomgwaqo, kubalulekile ukudonsa ingxenye engaphambili yemoto phambili kancane ukuze ingxenye engemuva ingene ezilinganisweni ezithile. Ingaphambili lemoto lihlale lilawuleka kalula, futhi ukuze lingene ekuphendukeni, umshayeli udinga kuphela ukunquma ukuthi angajika kangakanani isiteringi.

Yini ethinta irediyasi yokujika

Uma uzungeziswe ngamadigri angu-360, umshini ngamunye "udonsa" indilinga yangaphandle nengaphakathi. Uma sicabanga ukuthi ukujika kuhambisana newashi, indilinga yangaphandle ichazwa ngamasondo ohlangothini lomshayeli kanye nendilinga yangaphakathi ngalawa angakwesokudla.

Lapho ushayela kumbuthano, irediyasi yokujika yemoto ngayinye inganqunywa ngawodwana, kungaba iveni noma imoto ehlangene. Ibanga lokujika elincane kakhulu lilingana nokuphenduka kwesiteringi esikhulu kunazo zonke okuvunyelwe ama-asi womshini. Lokhu kubalulekile uma upaka noma uhlehlisa.

Ungayilinganisa kanjani i-radius yokujika yemoto

Vele, ngokwazi izibalo eziqondile mayelana nobubanzi, noma ngokunembile, ubukhulu, ukujika kwemoto, lokhu akwanele. Umshayeli ngeke agijime emgwaqweni nge-tape measure ukuthola ukuthi angakwazi yini ukwenza i-U-turn lapha noma cha. Ukunquma lokhu ngokushesha okukhulu, udinga ukujwayela ubukhulu bemoto yakho.

Irediyasi yokujika ilinganiswa ngezindlela ezimbili. Okokuqala, kukhethwa indawo engenalutho, lapho kunesikhala esanele semoto ukuqedela ukujika okugcwele okungama-360-degree ngegiya lokuqala. Okulandelayo, udinga ukuthola izigaxa noma amabhodlela amanzi, ushoki netape measure.

Okokuqala, sikala ukuthi imoto idinga ibanga elingakanani ukuze amasondo angaphambili alingane lapho ujika emgwaqweni. Ukuze senze lokhu, simisa imoto, amasondo ayo asendleleni eqonde ngqo. Ngaphandle kwesondo, okuzochaza umbuthano ongaphandle, kwenziwa uphawu ku-asphalt. Esikhundleni, amasondo ajika ngaku-U-turn futhi imoto iqala ukuhamba kuze kube yilapho isondo lokushayela langaphandle lisohlangothini olubhekene nomaki. Umaki wesibili ubekwe ku-asphalt. Ibanga elivelayo yi-radius ephendukayo kusuka kunqenqemeni kuya kunqenqema. Ngokuqondile, kuzoba ububanzi. Irediyasi iyingxenye yaleli nani. Kepha uma le datha ikhonjiswa kwimanuwali yemoto, ubukhulu bayo bunikezwa kuphela.

Izilinganiso ezifanayo zenziwa odongeni lwodonga. Ukuze wenze lokhu, umshini ubekwe ncamashi. Kwenziwa uphawu ku-asphalt onqenqemeni lwekhonji likabhampa, elizochaza umbuthano ongaphandle. Emotweni emile, amasondo acishiwe ngokuphelele, futhi imoto iyajika ize ibe ekhoneni elingaphandle likabhampa ohlangothini oluphambene nomaki (ama-degree ayi-180). Kubekwa umaki ku-asphalt bese kukalwa ibanga phakathi kwamamaki. Lokhu kuzoba yindawo enkulu yokujika.

Le yindlela izilinganiso zobuchwepheshe ezenziwa ngayo. Kepha, njengoba sesibonile, umshayeli ngeke akwazi ukugijima njalo emgwaqeni ukuthola ukuthi angajika imoto yakhe noma cha. Ngakho-ke, izibalo ngokwazo azisho lutho. Ukuze umshayeli akwazi ukubona ngokunembile ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba i-U-turn, igxile ebukhulu besithuthi, udinga ukujwayela.

Yilokho izigaxa, amabhodlela amanzi, noma ezinye izithibelo eziphathekayo eziqondile ezenzelwe zona. Kungcono ukungakwenzi lokhu ubhekene nodonga ukuze ungalimazi umzimba wemoto. Isimiso siyefana: kubekwa isitobhi engxenyeni engaphandle yebhampa, imoto iphenduka ama-degree angama-180, bese kubekwa isitobhi sesibili. Ngemuva kwalokho umshayeli angaphinda intambo ngaphakathi kwemingcele efanayo ngaphandle kokushiya imoto ihlela kabusha izigaxa. Lo mgomo usetshenziselwa ukufundisa amakhono okupaka nokuphatha ezikoleni zokushayela.

Ingabe ukushintsha i-engela ye-castor kuyayithinta indawo eguqukayo yemoto

Okokuqala, ake siqonde kafushane ukuthi yini i-caster (noma i-castor) esemotweni. Le yi-engeli phakathi komugqa ojwayelekile omile mpo ne-eksisi lapho isondo liphenduka khona. Ezimotweni eziningi, amasondo awahambi eceleni kwe-eksisi eqondile, kepha nge-offset encane.

Ngokubukeka, le parameter icishe ingabonakali, ngoba ubukhulu bayo buhlukile kokuma mpo ngama-degree ayishumi kuphela. Uma leli nani likhulu, onjiniyela kudingeka baklame ukumiswa okuhluke ngokuphelele kwemoto. Ukwenza kube lula ukuqonda ukuthi yini i-caster, vele ubheke imfoloko yebhayisikili noma isithuthuthu.

Lapho kubonakala ithambeka lalo ngokuhlobene nolayini oqondile onemibandela, inkomba ye-castor iyanda. Le pharamitha iphezulu kakhulu kwizithuthuthu zohlobo lwe-chopper ezenziwe ngokwezifiso. Lezi zinhlobo zinezimfoloko zangaphambili ezinde kakhulu, okunikeza isondo langaphambili ukuhamba okuningi phambili. Lawa mabhayisikili anomklamo omuhle, kepha futhi nobubanzi bokujika obuhlaba umxhwele.

Umcibisholo ukhombisa isiqondiso semoto. Kwesokunxele kukhona i-positive caster, phakathi nendawo inguziro, kwesokudla inegethivu.

Kunengqondo impela ukuthi i-engela ye-castor ehlobene mpo ingaba ngu-zero, omuhle noma ongemuhle. Esimweni sokuqala, ukuqondiswa kokuthunyelwe kunendawo emi mpo ngokuphelele. Kwisimo sesibili, ingxenye engenhla yethebula iseduze nengaphakathi lemoto, futhi i-eksisi yesondo iqhele kancane (i-axis axis, uma ibonwa ibheke empambanweni yomgwaqo, izoba phambi kwendawo yokuxhumana namasondo ). Ngokwesimo sesithathu, isondo le-pivot lisondele kancane egumbini lomgibeli kunaphezulu kwensika. Nge-castor enjalo, i-asi yokuqondisa (enokwandiswa okunemibandela empambanweni yomgwaqo) izoba ngemuva kwesiqephu sesondo elinomgwaqo.

Cishe kuzo zonke izimoto zomphakathi, i-caster inecala elihle. Ngenxa yalokhu, amasondo ajikelezayo ngenkathi kuhamba imoto akwazi ukubuyela ngokuzimela endaweni eqonde ngqo lapho umshayeli ededela isiteringi. Le yincazelo esemqoka ye-castor.

Incazelo yesibili yalokhu kutsheka ukuthi i-camber yamasondo okushayela iyashintsha lapho imoto ingena ejikeni. Lapho i-caster ivuma kahle emotweni, i-camber iyashintsha iye ohlangothini olubi lapho yenza i-maneuver. Ngenxa yalokhu, isiqeshana sokuxhumana nendawo yamasondo zilungile ngokwejiyomethri, okuthinta kahle ukuphathwa kwemoto.

Manje maqondana nokuthi i-castor angle iyayithinta i-radius eguqukayo. Ukuziphatha kwemoto emgwaqweni, noma ngokunembile, ukuhamba kwayo, kuncike kunoma iyiphi ipharamitha esetshenziswa esiteringini.

Uma ushintsha kancane ukuthambekela kweraki kuqonde mpo, kunjalo, lokhu kuzothinta i-radius yokujika yemoto. Kepha kuzoba umehluko ongabalulekile kangako ukuthi umshayeli ngeke aze awubone.

Ukunciphisa ukujikisa kwesondo ngalinye lokushayela kubaluleke kakhulu ekuguquleni imoto kunenani le-caster. Isibonelo, ushintsho ekoneni lokuzungezisa isondo ngezinga elilodwa kuphela lunomphumela ocishe ucishe kahlanu ekujikeni kwemoto uma kuqhathaniswa noshintsho olufanayo ekoneni lokuthambekela kwesihluthulelo esiqonde mpo efanelekile.

Kwezinye izimoto ezishunelwe, i-engeli yokuzungezisa amasondo ingafinyelela kuma-90 degrees.

Ukuze i-caster inciphise kakhulu indawo ejika imoto, kufanele kube kubi kakhulu ukuthi amasondo angaphambili acishe abe ngaphansi kwesihlalo somshayeli. Futhi lokhu kuzofaka imiphumela emibi kakhulu, kufaka phakathi ukuwohloka okuhloniphekile ekusheleleni kokuhamba kwemoto kanye nokuzinza ngesikhathi sokubamba ibhuleki (imoto "izobhoboza" ingaphambili elingaphezulu kakhulu). Ngaphezu kwalokho kuzodingeka kwenziwe izinguquko ezinqala ekumisweni kwemoto.

Izinzuzo zemoto eneradiyo encane yokujika

I-radius yokujika inganqunywa, ingabalwa ngefomula D = 2 * L / isono. I-D kulokhu ububanzi bendilinga, L iyi-wheelbase, futhi iyi-engeli yokujikeleza kwamasondo.

Izimoto ezine-radius encane yokujika kulula ukuyihambisa kunezimoto ezinkulu. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi lapho ushayela ezindaweni ezivalekile, njengasedolobheni. Ngobubanzi obuncane, ukupaka kulula futhi nokushayela ezindaweni okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo njenge-off-roading.

Abakhiqizi bahlinzeka ngolwazi kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-turning radius yezimoto zabo. Lesi yisilinganiso samamitha ayi-10 kuye kwayi-12 emgwaqeni. I-radius incike kakhulu ku-wheelbase.

Ukulinganiselwa kwemishini eneradiyo enkulu

Kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, njengaseJalimane, ngokomthetho, izimoto kufanele zibe nohlangothi lokujika olungeqi kumamitha ayi-12,5. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ngeke babhaliswe. Isizathu salesi sidingo ukugoba nokuzungeza okumele kudlule khona izimoto ngaphandle kokushaya imingcele.

Kwamanye amazwe, ayikho imikhawulo eqinile kule parameter. Imithetho yomgwaqo yezifunda ezahlukahlukene ingakhombisa kuphela umthetho wokuthi ungashayela kanjani ekhoneni elincane ezimotweni ezinkulu. Isibonelo, omunye wemithetho uthi:

"Ithuba lingaqala lisuke kwenye ingxenye yomzila (uma i-radius yokujika yemoto inkulu kakhulu kunobubanzi bomgwaqo uqobo), kodwa umshayeli wemoto ejikayo ubophezelekile ukudlula ngokudlula kwezimoto ziye kwesokudla."

Izidingo ezahlukahlukene zisebenza kumaloli, amabhasi neminye imishini esindayo. Amanani abo angaphezu kwamamitha ayi-12. Ukuwela imigwaqo emincane, kuyadingeka kaningi ukungena kulayini ozayo ukuze amasondo e-asi engemuva angene kahle ekujikeni futhi angashayeli eceleni komgwaqo.

Ekupheleni kokubuyekezwa, sinikeza incazelo encane yokuthi iyiphi indlela efanele yokwenza indlela yokujika ku-U ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo:

Uvula nini i-trajectory enkulu futhi uma uhamba nge-trajectory encane?

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Ungayilinganisa kanjani i-radius yokujika yomgwaqo. Imvamisa emibhalweni yezobuchwepheshe, kukhonjiswa ububanzi bemoto obujikayo, ngoba lapho ijikwa, imoto yenza isiyingi sonke. Kepha ngokujikeleza, lokhu kuzoba yi-radius, ngoba ukuzungeza kuchaza kuphela ingxenye yombuthano. Kunendlela yokulinganisa kusuka kumkhawulo kuya kumkhawulo noma odongeni kuye odongeni. Esimweni sokuqala, kunqunywa ibanga elidingekayo ukuze wonke amasondo emoto ahlale emgwaqeni. Esimeni sesibili, kuyacaciswa ukuthi imoto inkulu ngokwanele ukuthi inganela lapho kuvulwa indawo ebiyelwe.

Ungayilinganisa kanjani i-radius yokujika yemoto endaweni yokupaka. Ukukala ibanga ukusuka kunqenqema kuya komgwaqo, kudwetshwa umaki ku-asphalt lapho kutholakala khona ngaphandle kwesondo, okuzochaza indawo engaphandle engaphandle. Emva kwalokho, amasondo akhishwa amiswa, futhi umshini uphenduka ama-degree angama-180. Ngemuva kokujika, kwenziwa olunye uphawu ku-asphalt ohlangothini lwesondo elifanayo. Lesi sibalo sizokhombisa ubuncane bobubanzi bomgwaqo lapho imoto izophenduka khona ngokuphepha. Irediyasi iyisigamu saleli banga, kodwa abashayeli bezimoto bajwayele ukubiza umjikelezo ojikelezayo ngokuthi irediyasi. Indlela yesibili (kusuka odongeni kuya odongeni) ibuye ibheke nokulengiswa ngaphambili kwemoto (leli ibanga ukusuka ngaphambili kwesondo kuya ngaphandle kukabhampa). Kulokhu, kunenduku enoshoki enamathiselwe ngaphandle kukabhampa futhi imoto iphenduka ama-degree angama-180. Ngokungafani nepharamitha yangaphambilini, leli nani emotweni efanayo lizoba likhudlwana, ngoba ibanga elisuka esondweni liye engxenyeni engaphandle yebhampa.

Ububanzi obuncane bokujika bendima. Ngemoto yomgibeli, i-radius ephansi yokujika ingamamitha ayi-4.35 kuye kuma-6.3.