Inkinga: Imfucuza, ikakhulukazi ipulasitiki. Akwanele ukusula

Umuntu ubelokhu ekhiqiza udoti. Imvelo iphatha imfucuza ephilayo kalula. Futhi, ukugaywa kabusha kwezinsimbi noma iphepha kubonakala kusebenza kahle futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, kubiza. Kodwa-ke, ngekhulu lamashumi amabili, sasungula amapulasitiki imvelo engenawo amandla okubhekana nayo, ukulahlwa kwawo kunzima, futhi izindleko zokugcina kanye nezingozi ezihlobene nobuningi bemfucumfucu yepulasitiki kunzima ngisho nokulinganisa.

Ngo-2050, isisindo semfucumfucu yepulasitiki olwandle sizodlula isisindo esihlanganisiwe sezinhlanzi eziqukethe, isexwayiso safakwa embikweni ka-Ellen MacArthur noMcKinsey olungiselelwe ososayensi eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Njengoba sifunda kulo mbhalo, ngo-2014 isilinganiso samathani epulasitiki kuya kwethani lezinhlanzi emanzini oLwandle Olukhulu kwaba yinye kuya kweyisihlanu, ngo-2025 - eyodwa kuya kwezintathu, futhi ngo-2050 kuyoba nemvula eyengeziwe yepulasitiki. Ababhali balo mbiko baphawula ukuthi zingama-14% kuphela amaphakheji epulasitiki afakwe emakethe angatholwa. Kwezinye izinto, izinga lokugaywa kabusha liphezulu kakhulu - 58% wephepha futhi lifika ku-90% lensimbi nensimbi.

Ipulasitiki yazo zonke izinhlobo iphakathi kwekunzima kakhulu ukuyigaya kabusha. i-polystyrene foamokungukuthi, izinkomishi, okupakishwayo kokudla, amathreyi enyama, izinto zokuvalela, noma izinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza amathoyizi. Lolu hlobo lwemfucuza lubalelwa ku-6% wokukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke. Nokho, kunzima nakakhulu PVC udoti, okungukuthi, zonke izinhlobo zamapayipi, amafreyimu amafasitela, i-wire insulation kanye nezinye izinto zokukhiqiza izindwangu zenayiloni, amabhodi aminyene, iziqukathi namabhodlela. Sekukonke, ama-akhawunti epulasitiki okunzima ukuwasebenzisa kabusha adala ngaphezu kwengxenye yesithathu yemfucuza.

Imboni yokuhlela imfucuza eLagos, eNigeria

Amapulasitiki awazange asungulwe kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwekhulu le-1950, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwawo kwaqala cishe ngo-XNUMX. Eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu ezayo, ukusetshenziswa kwabo kukhuphuke ngokuphindwe kamashumi amabili, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi kuzophinda kabili eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ezayo. Ngenxa yokusebenziseka kwayo kalula, ukuguquguquka futhi, yiqiniso, izindleko eziphansi kakhulu zokukhiqiza, ipulasitiki isibe yinye yezinto ezithandwa kakhulu. Itholakala yonke indawo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Siyithola emabhodleleni, kuma- foil, kumafreyimu ewindi, ezingutsheni, emishinini yekhofi, ezimotweni, kumakhompyutha nasemakhejini. Ngisho ne-football turf ngokuvamile ifihla imicu yokwenziwa phakathi kwezindwani zemvelo zotshani. Izikhwama zepulasitiki nezikhwama zepulasitiki zilele emigwaqweni nasemasimini iminyaka eminingi, ngezinye izikhathi zidliwa izilwane ngengozi, okungaba, isibonelo, imbangela yokuphefumula kwabo. Ngokuvamile, imfucumfucu yepulasitiki iyashiswa, bese kukhishelwa intuthu enobuthi emkhathini. Imfucumfucu yepulasitiki ivala indle, ibangele izikhukhula. Benza futhi kube nzima ukuthi izitshalo ziqhume futhi zivimbele amanzi emvula ukuthi angamuncwa.

Ilinganiselwa ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1950 amathani ezinto zepulasitiki akhiqizwa kusukela ngo-9,2, futhi amathani angaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingu-6,9 asephenduke incithakalo. Amathani afinyelela ku-6,3 billion wechibi lokugcina awazange aphelele emgqonyeni kadoti - idatha enjalo yashicilelwa ngo-2017.

umhlaba kadoti

Iphephabhuku lezesayensi i-Science lilinganise ukuthi amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-4,8 emfucumfucu yepulasitiki angase angene olwandle minyaka yonke. Nokho, ingafinyelela amathani ayizigidi ezingu-12,7. Ososayensi abenza izibalo bathi uma lezi zilinganiso zilinganiselwe, i.e. cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingu-8, lesi samba sikadoti sizovala ingqikithi yeziqhingi zaseManhattan ezingu-34 endaweni eyodwa.

I-Oceanic eyaziwa kakhulu "Amazwekazi" avela kudoti wepulasitiki. Njengomphumela wesenzo somoya phezu kwamanzi nokujikeleza koMhlaba (ngamandla okuthiwa yi-Coriolis), ezindaweni ezinhlanu ezinkulu zamanzi zeplanethi yethu - okungukuthi, ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho naseningizimu. zoLwandlekazi iPacific, izingxenye ezisenyakatho naseningizimu ye-Atlantic kanye ne-Indian Ocean - ama-eddies amanzi akhiwa, kancane kancane aqoqa zonke izinto zepulasitiki ezintantayo kanye nemfucuza. "Isiqephu" esikhulu kunazo zonke sikadoti sisoLwandlekazi iPacific. Indawo yayo ilinganiselwa ku-1,6 million km².²ngobukhulu obungaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kwelaseFrance. Iqukethe okungenani amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingu-80 epulasitiki.

Iphrojekthi yokuqoqwa kwemfucuza yase-Offshore

Wazabalaza kafushane nemfucumfucu eyayintanta. project , eyasungulwa ngesisekelo segama elifanayo. Ingxenye kadoti ePacific kulindeleke ukuthi iqoqwe phakathi neminyaka emihlanu, futhi ngo-2040, yonke eminye imfucumfucu evela kwezinye izindawo kufanele iqoqwe. Inhlangano isebenzisa uhlelo lwezivimbi ezinkulu ezintantayo ezinezikrini ezingaphansi kwamanzi ezibamba futhi zigxilise ipulasitiki endaweni eyodwa. I-prototype ihlolwe eduze kwase-San Francisco kuleli hlobo.

Izinhlayiya zitholakala yonke indawo

Nokho, ayithathi imfucuza encane kuno-10 mm. Khonamanjalo, ochwepheshe abaningi baveza ukuthi imfucumfucu yepulasitiki eyingozi kakhulu amabhodlela e-PET angandizi olwandle, noma izigidigidi zezikhwama zepulasitiki eziwayo ngenxa yokuthi imfucumfucu emikhulu ingacoshwa futhi ilahlwe. Izinto esingaziboni ngempela ziyinkinga. Lezi, ngokwesibonelo, imicu yepulasitiki emincane elukwe engutsheni yezingubo zethu, noma izinhlayiya ezengeziwe zepulasitiki ezichotshoziwe. Inqwaba yezindlela, amakhulu emigwaqo, ngokusebenzisa indle, imifula ngisho nomkhathi, ingena emvelweni, ingene emaketangeni okudla ezilwane nabantu. Ukulimaza kwalolu hlobo lokungcola kufinyelela ezingeni lezakhiwo zamaselula kanye ne-DNA, nakuba imiphumela egcwele ingakahlolisiswa ngokugcwele.

Ngemuva kocwaningo olwenziwe uhambo lwasolwandle ngo-2010-2011, kwavela ukuthi imfucumfucu yepulasitiki encane kakhulu intanta olwandle kunalokho okwakucatshangwa. Izinyanga eziningi, umkhumbi wokucwaninga wawuhamba lonke ulwandle futhi uqoqa imfucumfucu. Ososayensi babelindele isivuno esasizobeka inani lepulasitiki yasolwandle ezigidini zamathani. Kodwa-ke, umbiko walolu cwaningo, owanyatheliswa kumagazini i-Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ngo-2014, uthi abantu abangaphezulu kuka-40. iphimbo. Ngakho-ke ososayensi babhale ukuthi i-99% yepulasitiki okufanele intante emanzini olwandle ayikho!

Ososayensi baqagela ukuthi konke kwenza indlela yakho futhi kugcine kuchungechunge lokudla olwandle. Ngakho udoti udliwa kakhulu izinhlanzi nezinye izinto eziphilayo zasolwandle. Lokhu kwenzeka ngemva kokuba udoti uchotshozwa isenzo selanga namagagasi. Izingcezu zezinhlanzi ezintantayo ezincane kakhulu zingathathwa ngephutha njengokudla.

Iqembu lososayensi eNyuvesi yasePlymouth e-UK, eholwa nguRichard Thompson, owaqhamuka nomqondo eminyakeni embalwa edlule, bathole ukuthi ama-crustaceans afana nezimfanzi - izigayo ezivame kakhulu emanzini asogwini lwaseYurophu - zidla izingcezu zezikhwama zepulasitiki. ihlanganiswe ne-microbial mucus. . Ososayensi bathole ukuthi lezi zinambuzane zingakwazi ukuhlukanisa isikhwama sibe izingcezu ezincane eziyizigidi ezingu-1,75! Nokho, izidalwa ezincane aziwumumbi ipulasitiki. Bayikhafule futhi bayikhiphe ibe yizicucu nakakhulu.

Izingcezu zepulasitiki esiswini senyoni efile

Ngakho-ke ipulasitiki iya iba nkulu futhi iba nzima ukubona. Ngokwezilinganiso ezithile, izinhlayiya zepulasitiki zakha u-15% wesihlabathi kwamanye amabhishi. Okukhathazwa kakhulu ngabacwaningi yizingxenye zalo mfucuza - amakhemikhali afakwa kumapulasitiki ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza ukuze abanike izinto ezidingekayo. Lezi zithako eziyingozi, isibonelo, i-vinyl chloride nama-dioxin (ku-PVC), i-benzene (ku-polystyrene), ama-phthalates namanye ama-plasticizers (ku-PVC nokunye), i-formaldehyde ne-bisphenol-A noma i-BPA (kuma-polycarbonates). Eziningi zalezi zinto ziwukungcola okuphilayo okuqhubekayo (POPs) futhi zithathwa njengobuthi obuyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni ngenxa yenhlanganisela yabo yokuphikelela emvelweni kanye namazinga aphezulu obuthi.

Izinhlayiya zepulasitiki ezigcwele lezi zinto eziyingozi ziphelela ezicutshini zezinhlanzi nezinye izinto eziphilayo zasolwandle, bese kuba izinyoni nezinye izilwane, futhi ekugcineni abantu.

Udoti udaba lwepolitiki

Inkinga yemfucuza ihlobene nepolitiki. Inkinga enkulu isalokhu iyinani elikhulu, kanye nezinkinga zokulahlwa emazweni asathuthuka. Kuphinde kube nezinxushunxushu ezinkulu nezingxabano ezidalwa inkinga kadoti. Ngamanye amazwi, udoti ungadida futhi ushintshe kakhulu emhlabeni.

Njengengxenye yezinyathelo zokuvimbela inhlekelele yemvelo e-China, kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-2018, i-China ivimbele ukungeniswa kwezinhlobo ze-24 zemfucuza ezivela phesheya endaweni yayo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izindwangu, ukuthuthwa kwamaphepha okuxubile, kanye ne-polyethylene terephthalate yebanga eliphansi esetshenziswa emabhodleleni epulasitiki, aziwa nge-PET. Uphinde wethula izindinganiso eziqinile zokugwema ukuletha imfucuza engcolile. Lokhu kufakazelwe ukuthi kuphazamise kakhulu ibhizinisi lamazwe ngamazwe lokugaywa kabusha. Amazwe amaningi, kuhlanganise ne-Australia, ngokwesibonelo, alahla imfucuza yawo eChina, manje abhekene nenkinga enkulu.

Ubhikishela ukulahlwa kukadoti eVolokolamsk

Kuvele ukuthi inkinga kadoti ingaba yingozi kuVladimir Putin. Ngo-September, izakhamuzi zaseVolokolamsk eduze kwaseMoscow zabhikishela ngokuqinile izindawo zokulahla udoti ezazifika zivela edolobheni elikhulu. Phambilini izingane ezingu-XNUMX zike zaphelela ezibhedlela ngenxa yokungenwa ushevu ngamagesi anobuthi. Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule, imibhikisho ephikisana nokulahlwa kwemfucumfucu iphinde yagqama emadolobheni nasezigodini eziyisishiyagalombili esifundeni saseMoscow. Abahlaziyi baseRussia baphawula ukuthi imibhikisho emikhulu emelene nokulawulwa kokuqoqwa kukadoti ngendlela engafanele nekhohlakele ingaba yingozi kakhulu kuziphathimandla kunemibhikisho yezombusazwe ngokuvamile.

Yini okulandelayo?

Kufanele sixazulule inkinga yokumosha. Okokuqala, kuzodingeka ubhekane nalokho osekugcwele umhlaba. Okwesibili, yeka ukwakha izintaba zikadoti ezivele zikhona. Eminye yemiphumela yobuhlanya bethu bepulasitiki ayikaqondwa ngokugcwele. Futhi lokho kumelwe kuzwakale kuthusa ngokwanele.

Ukuqhutshwa KWESIHLOKO SE-ISSUE c.