Kusaqhubeka isipoki sokubulala imishini. Yini uMongameli Putin akholelwa kuyo?

Abasekeli bamarobhothi ezempi (1) baphikisa ngokuthi izikhali ezizenzakalelayo zinikeza izinketho ezengeziwe zokuvikela ukuphila komuntu. Imishini iyakwazi ukusondela esitheni kunamasosha, futhi ihlole kahle usongo. Futhi ngezinye izikhathi imizwelo ikhubaza ikhono lokwenza izinqumo ezifanele.

Abagqugquzeli abaningi bamarobhothi ababulali bayaqiniseka ukuthi bazokwenza izimpi zingachithi igazi ngoba ambalwa amasosha azofa. Baphawula ukuthi amarobhothi, nakuba engenaso isihawu, awavikelekile emizweni yabantu engemihle njengokwethuka, intukuthelo, nokuziphindiselela, okuvame ukuholela ebugebengwini bempi.

Izishoshovu zamalungelo abantu nazo zisebenzisa impikiswano yokuthi amasosha aholele ekwehleni okukhulu kwezisulu zezakhamuzi phakathi nengxenye yekhulu leminyaka edlule, futhi ukwenziwa kwamarobhothi kwebutho kuvumela indlela yokuphoqelela imithetho yempi ngokuqinile. Bathi imishini izoba nezimiso zokuziphatha uma isifakwe isoftware ezobaphoqa ukuthi balalele imithetho yempi.

Yiqiniso, inani elikhulu labantu, kuhlanganise nabadumile kakhulu, abahlanganyeli lo mbono iminyaka. Ngo-April 2013, umkhankaso wamazwe ngamazwe wethulwa ngaphansi kwesiqubulo esithi (2). Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwayo, izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni zifuna kuvalwe ngokuphelele ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali ezizimele. Ochwepheshe bamazwe amaningi baqale bahlala phansi ukuze baxoxe ngalesi sihloko eNgqungqutheleni Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yokuhoxiswa Kwezikhali e-Geneva ngoMeyi 2014. Umbiko owashicilelwa ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva abeHuman Rights Watch kanye nososayensi baseHarvard University bathi abazimele bazoba yingozi kakhulu - bazikhethela izinhloso zabo futhi babulale abantu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akucaci kahle ukuthi ubani okufanele aphendule.

2. Ukuboniswa njengengxenye yesenzo "Stop killer robots"

Yeka ukuthi iqulu lama-drones amancane angayenza

Izingxabano ezizungeze amarobhothi abulalayo (i-ROU) sezineminyaka ziqhubeka futhi azipheli. Izinyanga zakamuva zilethe imizamo emisha yokumisa amarobhothi ezempi kanye negagasi lemibiko yamaphrojekthi amasha alolu hlobo, amanye awo ahlolwa ngisho nasezimweni zangempela zokulwa.

NgoNovemba 2017, ividiyo ekhombisayo izinkumbi ezibulalayo zama-mini-drones ., ngesenzo esesabekayo. Ababukeli babonile ukuthi asisayidingi imishini yempi esindayo, amathangi, noma amarokhethi ajikijelwa amaPredators ukuze abulale ngobuningi nangezibhamu. Umqondisi oholayo uStuart Russell, uprofesa wezobunhloli bokwenziwa eBerkeley, uthi:

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Intwasahlobo edlule oprofesa abangamashumi amahlanu Amanyuvesi aphambili emhlabeni asayine isikhalazo ku-Korea Institute of Advanced Science and Technology (KAIST) kanye nozakwethu i-Hanwha Systems. bamemezela ukuthi ngeke babambisane nenyuvesi futhi baphathe izivakashi ze-KAIST. Isizathu kwaba ukwakhiwa "kwezikhali ezizimele" okwenziwa yizo zombili izikhungo. I-KAIST iphikile imibiko yabezindaba.

Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho e-US abasebenzi bakwa-Google abangaphezu kuka-3 wabhikishela umsebenzi wenkampani wezempi. Babekhathazekile ngokuthi i-Google ibambisene nephrojekthi kahulumeni ebizwa ngokuthi i-Maven ehlose ukusebenzisa i-AI ukubona izinto nobuso kumavidiyo e-drone yezempi. Abaphathi bale nkampani bathi inhloso yeMaven wukusindisa izimpilo zabantu nokusindisa abantu emsebenzini oyisicefe, hhayi uchuku. Ababhikishi abazange baqiniseke.

Ingxenye elandelayo yempi kwaba isimemezelo ochwepheshe bezobunhloli bokwenziwa, kuhl. ukusebenza kuphrojekthi ye-Google futhi Elon Musk. Bathembisa ukuthi ngeke bawathuthukise amarobhothi. Baphinde bacele ohulumeni ukuthi baqinise imizamo yokulawula nokukhawulela lezi zikhali.

Isitatimende sithi, ngokwengxenye, "isinqumo sokuthatha impilo yomuntu akufanele neze sithathwe umshini." Nakuba amabutho omhlaba ehlome ngezinto eziningi ezizenzakalelayo, ngezinye izikhathi ngezinga eliphakeme lokuzimela, ochwepheshe abaningi besaba ukuthi esikhathini esizayo lobu buchwepheshe bungase buzimele ngokuphelele, buvumele ukubulala ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka komqhubi womuntu kanye nomkhuzi.

Ochwepheshe baphinde baxwayise ngokuthi imishini yokubulala izimele ingaba yingozi nakakhulu “kunezikhali zenuzi, zamakhemikhali nezebhayoloji” ngoba zingaphephuka kalula zingalawuleki. Sekukonke, ngoJulayi wonyaka odlule, incwadi ngaphansi kwe-Future of Life Institute (FGI) yasayinwa yizinhlangano ezingu-170 kanye nabantu abangu-2464. Ezinyangeni zokuqala zika-2019, iqembu lososayensi bezokwelapha abaxhumene ne-FLI baphinde bacela incwadi entsha yokuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwezikhali ezilawulwa yi-Artificial Intelligence (AI).

Umhlangano wangonyaka odlule ka-August UN e-Gniewo mayelana nokulawulwa okungokomthetho okungenzeka kwezempi "amarobhothi abulalayo" aphelile ngempumelelo ... imishini. Iqembu lamazwe, okuhlanganisa i-United States, i-Russia kanye ne-Israel, livimbe umsebenzi owengeziwe wokwethulwa kokuvinjelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kwalezi zikhali (Uhlaka Lwesivumelwano Sokuvinjelwa noma Ukuvinjelwa Kokusetshenziswa Kwezikhali Ezivamile, CCW). Akukona nje ukuqondana ukuthi la mazwe aziwa ngomsebenzi wawo ezinhlelweni ezithuthukisiwe zezikhali ezizimele kanye namarobhothi.

I-Russia igxile kumarobhothi okulwa

UMongameli uVladimir Putin uvame ukucashunwa ethi mayelana nezinhlelo zezempi ze-AI namarobhothi okulwa:

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ikhuluma ngokukhululekile mayelana nokwakhiwa kwezikhali ezizimele. Induna yeGeneral Staff yamabutho ayo ahlomile, uGeneral Valery Gerasimov, usanda kutshela inhlangano yezindaba yezempi i-Interfax-AVN ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamarobhothi kuzoba esinye sezici eziyinhloko zezimpi ezizayo. Wengeze ngokuthi iRussia iyazama shintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo inkundla yempi. Ukuphawula okufanayo kwenziwe yiPhini likaNdunankulu uDmitry Rogozin kanye noNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela uSergei Shoigu. Usihlalo we-Federation Council Committee on Defense and Security uViktor Bondarev uthe iRussia ilwela ukuthuthukisa Ubuchwepheshe be-Rojulokhu kuzovumela amanethiwekhi e-drone ukuthi asebenze njengebhizinisi elilodwa.

Lokhu akumangazi uma sikhumbula ukuthi ama-teletanks okuqala athuthukiswa eSoviet Union kuma-30s. Zasetshenziswa ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe II. Namuhla iRussia nayo iyadala amathangi amarobhothi zikwazi ukuzimela.

Umbuso kaPutin usanda kuthumela owakhe eSyria Imoto yokulwa engenamuntu i-Uran-9 (3). idivayisi ilahlekelwe ukuthintana namaphoyinti okulawula umhlabathi, yaba nezinkinga ngesistimu yokumiswa, futhi izikhali zayo azange zisebenze kahle futhi azizange zishaye okuhloswe ngakho. Akuzwakali kubi kakhulu, kepha abaningi babheka ukusula kweSyria njengokuhlola okuhle kokulwa okuzovumela amaRussia ukuthi athuthukise umshini.

I-Roscosmos igunyaze uhlelo lokuqala lokuthumela amarobhothi amabili ku-International Space Station ngo-August kulo nyaka. Fedor (4) kuNyunyana engaphethwe muntu. Hhayi njengomthwalo, kodwa. Njengakwimuvi i-RoboCop, u-Fedor uphatha isikhali futhi ukhombisa ubungcweti obubulalayo ngesikhathi sokuzivocavoca kokudubula.

Umbuzo uwukuthi, kungani irobhothi lasemkhathini lingahloma? Kunezinsolo zokuthi lolu daba alukho nje ezicelweni zangasese. Ngaleso sikhathi eMhlabeni, umkhiqizi wezikhali waseRussia uKalashnikov wabonisa umbono isigqila u-Igorekokuyinto, nakuba ibangele uhleko olukhulu, ibonisa ukuthi inkampani isebenza ngokujulile ezimotweni zokulwa ezizimele. NgoJulayi 2018, uKalashnikov umemezele ukuthi wakha isikhali asisebenzisayo ukwenza izinqumo "zokudubula noma ukungadubuli".

Kulolu lwazi kufanele kwengezwe imibiko yokuthi umkhandi wezibhamu waseRussia u-Digtyarev wakha encane ithangi elizimele Nerekht enganyakaza buthule ibheke ekuhlosweni kwayo iyodwa bese iqhuma ngamandla amakhulu ukucekela phansi ezinye noma zonke izakhiwo. Futhi I-Tank T14 Armata , ukuziqhenya kwamabutho ahlomile aseRussia, yayiklanyelwe ukulawula okukude okungase kube khona nokushayela okungenamuntu. I-Sputnik ithi onjiniyela bezempi baseRussia basebenzela ukwenza i-T-14 imoto ehlome ngokuphelele.

I-Objection Directive

Ibutho laseMelika ngokwalo libeke umkhawulo ocacile ezingeni lokuzimela kwezikhali zawo. Ngo-2012, uMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-US wakhipha i-Directive 3000.09, ethi abantu kufanele babe nelungelo lokuphikisa izenzo zamarobhothi ahlomile. (nakuba kungase kube khona okuhlukile). Lo myalelo usasebenza. Inqubomgomo yamanje yePentagon iwukuthi isici esinqumayo ekusetshenzisweni kwezikhali kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi sibe ngumuntu, nokuthi ukwahlulela okunjalo kufanele kube. ihambisana nemithetho yempi.

Nakuba abantu baseMelika bebesebenzisa izindiza ezindizayo, iPredator, iReaper neminye imishini emikhulu eminingi amashumi eminyaka, bebengewona futhi abawona amamodeli azimele. Zilawulwa opharetha ukude, ngezinye izikhathi ukusuka ebangeni lamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa. Ingxoxo eshisayo mayelana nokuzimela kwemishini yalolu hlobo yaqala nge-premiere ye-prototype. I-drone engu-X-47B (5), engandizanga ngokuzimela kuphela, kodwa futhi ekwazi ukusuka esithuthi sezindiza, ihlale kuso futhi ifake uphethiloli emoyeni. Incazelo futhi iwukudubula noma ukuqhumisa ibhomu ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu. Nokho, iphrojekthi isahlolwa futhi ibuyekezwa.

5. Ukuhlolwa kwe-X-47B engenamuntu kusithwali sezindiza saseMelika

Ngo-2003, uMnyango Wezokuvikela waqala ukuzama irobhothi elincane elifana nethangi. AMAPHOYISA ifakwe isibhamu somshini. Ngo-2007 wathunyelwa e-Iraq. Nokho, uhlelo lwaphela ngemva kokuba irobhothi liqale ukuziphatha ngendlela engafanele, linyakazisa isibhamu salo ngendlela engafanele. Ngenxa yalokho, amasosha ase-US alahle ucwaningo lwamarobhothi angaphansi ahlomile iminyaka eminingi.

Ngaso leso sikhathi, iButho Lezempi Lase-US lenyuse ukusetshenziswa kwalo ekusebenzeni lisuka ku-$20 million ngo-2014 laya ku-$156 million ngo-2018. Ngo-2019, lesi sabelomali sesivele senyukele ku-$327 million. Lokhu kukhuphuka ngo-1823% eminyakeni embalwa nje. Ochwepheshe bathi kusukela ngo-2025, amasosha ase-US angase abe nenkundla yempi amasosha amarobhothi amaningi kunabantu.

Muva nje, kuningi ukungqubuzana okudalwe futhi kwamenyezelwa yi-US Army Iphrojekthi ye-ATLAS () - okuzenzakalelayo. Kwabezindaba, lokhu kuthathwe njengokuphulwa koMyalelo oshiwo ngenhla 3000.09. Kodwa-ke, amasosha ase-US ayakuphika futhi aqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhishwa komuntu emjikelezweni wokuthatha izinqumo akukho embuzweni.

I-AI ibona oshaka nezakhamuzi

Nokho, abavikeli bezikhali ezizimele banezimpikiswano ezintsha. uphrof. URonald Arkin, isazi samarobhothi e-Georgia Institute of Technology, uthi ezincwadini zakhe lokho Ezimpini zanamuhla, izikhali ezihlakaniphile zibalulekile ukuze kugwenywe ukulimala kwabantu, njengoba amasu okufunda ngomshini angasiza ngokuphumelelayo ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezimpi nezakhamuzi, kanye nezinhloso ezibalulekile nezingabalulekile.

Isibonelo samakhono anjalo e-AI ukuzulazula emabhishi ase-Australia. drones Little Ripperifakwe uhlelo lwe-SharkSpotter olwakhiwe yi-University of Technology Sydney. Lesi simiso siskena amanzi ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuze sibheke oshaka futhi sazise umqhubi lapho ebona okuthile okungaphephile. (6) Ingakwazi ukubona abantu, amahlengethwa, izikebhe, amabhodi okuntweza kanye nezinto ezisemanzini ukuze ihlukanise noshaka. Ingakwazi ukubona futhi ihlonze cishe izinhlobo eziyishumi nesithupha ezihlukahlukene ngokunemba okuphezulu.

6. Oshaka abaziwayo ohlelweni lweSharkSpotter

Lezi zindlela ezithuthukisiwe zokufunda zomshini zikhuphula ukunemba kokuhlolwa kwasemoyeni ngaphezu kuka-90%. Ukuze uqhathanise, u-opharetha womuntu osesimweni esifanayo ubona ngokunembile u-20-30% wezinto ezithombeni zasemoyeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlonza kusaqinisekiswa ngumuntu ngaphambi kwe-alamu.

Enkundleni yempi, opharetha, ebona isithombe esikrinini, akakwazi ukunquma ukuthi abantu abaphansi bangabalwi abaphethe ama-AK-47 ezandleni zabo noma, isibonelo, abalimi abanama-pikes. U-Arkin uphawula ukuthi abantu bavame "ukubona lokho abafuna ukukubona," ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezicindezelayo. Lo mphumela waba nomthelela ekuwisweni kwendiza yase-Iran ngephutha yi-USS Vincennes ngo-1987. Yiqiniso, ngokombono wakhe, izikhali ezilawulwa yi-AI zizoba ngcono kunamanje "amabhomu ahlakaniphile", angenangqondo ngempela. Ngo-Agasti odlule, umcibisholo waseSaudi oqondiswa nge-laser washayisa ibhasi eligcwele izingane zesikole eYemen, kwashona izingane ezingamashumi amane.

“Uma ibhasi lesikole libhalwe kahle, ukulikhomba ohlelweni oluzimele kungaba lula uma kuqhathaniswa,” kuphikisa u-Arkin kwethi Popular Mechanics.

Kodwa-ke, lezi zimpikiswano azibonakali zikholisa abakhankasi ngokumelene nababulali abazenzakalelayo. Ngaphezu kosongo lwamarobhothi ababulali, kufanele kucatshangelwe esinye isimo esibalulekile. Ngisho nohlelo "oluhle" kanye "nonaka" lungagqekezwa futhi luthathwe abantu ababi kakhulu. Khona-ke zonke izingxabano zokuvikela izikhali zempi ziphelelwa amandla.