Umgomo wokusebenza kwe-turbocharger kanye nomklamo wayo

I-turbocharger (i-turbine) iwumshini osetshenziswa ezimotweni ukuphoqa umoya ungene kumasilinda enjini evuthayo yangaphakathi. Kulokhu, i-turbine iqhutshwa kuphela ukugeleza kwamagesi okukhipha umoya. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-turbocharger kukuvumela ukuthi ukhuphule amandla enjini aze afike ku-40% ngenkathi ugcina usayizi wayo ohlangene kanye nokusetshenziswa kancane kukaphethiloli.

Indlela i-turbine ehlelwe ngayo, isimiso sokusebenza kwayo

I-turbocharger ejwayelekile iqukethe:

1. Ezezindlu. Yenziwe ngensimbi ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa. Inomumo we-helical namashubhu amabili aqondiswe ngendlela ehlukene anikezwe ama-flange ukuze afakwe ohlelweni lokucindezela.
2. Isondo le-turbine. Iguqula amandla e-exhaust ibe ukuzungezisa kweshafi lapho igxilwe khona ngokuqinile. Yenziwe ngezinto ezikwazi ukumelana nokushisa.
3. Isondo le-Compressor. Ithola ukuzungezisa kusuka esondweni le-turbine bese iphampa umoya kumasilinda enjini. I-compressor impeller ivame ukwenziwa nge-aluminium, enciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamandla. Umbuso wokushisa kule ndawo useduze nokujwayelekile futhi ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphikisana nokushisa akudingeki.
4. I-turbine shaft. Ixhuma amasondo omoya (i-compressor ne-turbine).
5. Ama-bearings angenalutho noma ama-ball bearings. Kudingeka ukuxhuma shaft endlini. Idizayini ingafakwa ngesisekelo esisodwa noma ezimbili (ama-bearings). Lezi zamuva zigcotshwa ngohlelo olujwayelekile lokuthambisa injini.
6. i-bypass valve. PIdizayinelwe ukulawula ukuhamba kwamagesi e-exhaust asebenza esondo le-turbine. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ulawule amandla e-boost. Ivalvu ene-actuator yomoya. Isikhundla salo silawulwa yi-ECU yenjini, ethola isignali kusuka kunzwa yesivinini.

Isimiso esiyisisekelo sokusebenza kwe-turbine kuphethiloli nezinjini zikadizili imi kanje:

• Amagesi e-exhaust aqondiswe endlini ye-turbocharger lapho asebenza khona kuma-blade e-turbine.
• Isondo le-turbine liqala ukujikeleza nokusheshisa. Isivinini sokujikeleza kwe-turbine ngesivinini esikhulu singafinyelela ku-250 rpm.
• Ngemva kokudlula esondweni le-turbine, amagesi e-exhaust akhishwa ohlelweni lwe-exhaust.
• I-compressor impeller izungeza ngokuvumelanisa (ngoba iku-shaft efanayo ne-turbine) futhi iqondise ukugeleza komoya ocindezelwe ku-intercooler bese kuya enjinini edonsayo ngokuphindaphindiwe.

Izici ze-turbine

Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-compressor eyimishini eshayelwa i-crankshaft, inzuzo ye-turbine ukuthi ayiwakhiphi amandla enjini, kodwa isebenzisa amandla avela emikhiqizweni yayo. Kushibhile ukwenza futhi kushibhile ukukusebenzisa.

Nakuba ngokwezobuchwepheshe i-turbine yenjini kadizili iyafana neyenjini kaphethiloli, ivame kakhulu enjinini kadizili. Isici esiyinhloko izindlela zokusebenza. Ngakho-ke, izinto ezincane ezikwazi ukumelana nokushisa zingasetshenziswa enjinini kadizili, njengoba izinga lokushisa legesi ephumayo lisukela ku-700 °C ezinjinini zikadizili futhi lisuka ku-1000 °C ezinjinini zikaphethiloli. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukufaka i-turbine ye-diesel enjini kaphethiloli.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lezi zinhlelo nazo zinamazinga ahlukene okucindezela komfutho. Kulokhu, kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kwe-turbine kuncike kubukhulu bayo bejometri. Ukucindezela komoya ophephezelwa kumasilinda kuyisamba sezingxenye ezimbili: 1 ukucindezela komkhathi kanye nokucindezela okweqile okudalwe i-turbocharger. Kungaba kusuka ku-0,4 kuya ku-2,2 emkhathini noma ngaphezulu. Ngenxa yokuthi umgomo we-turbine yenjini ye-diesel uvumela ukuthi kuthathwe igesi ekhipha umoya eningi, umklamo wenjini kaphethiloli awukwazi ukufakwa ngisho nasezinjinini zikadizili.

Izinhlobo nempilo yesevisi yama-turbocharger

Ububi obukhulu be-turbine umphumela we-"turbo lag" owenzeka ngesivinini esiphansi senjini. Imele ukubambezeleka kwesikhathi ekuphenduleni ushintsho lwesivinini senjini. Ukunqoba lokhu kushiyeka, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-turbocharger zenziwe:

• Isistimu yokuskrola kabili. Umklamo uhlinzeka ngamashaneli amabili ahlukanisa igumbi le-turbine futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukugeleza kwegesi ephumayo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa izikhathi zokuphendula ezisheshayo, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kwe-turbine futhi kuvimbela ukuvala kwezimbobo zokukhipha umoya.
• I-turbine enejiyomethri eguquguqukayo (nozzle enejiyomethri eguquguqukayo). Lo mklamo usetshenziswa kakhulu ezinjinini zikadizili. Ihlinzeka ngoshintsho esigabeni esiphambanayo se-inlet ku-turbine ngenxa yokuhamba kwama-blades ayo. Ukushintsha i-angle yokujikeleza kukuvumela ukuthi ulungise ukugeleza kwamagesi okukhipha umoya, ngaleyo ndlela ulungise isivinini samagesi okukhipha kanye nesivinini senjini. Ezinjini zikaphethiloli, izinjini ze-geometry eziguquguqukayo zivame ukutholakala ezimotweni zezemidlalo.

Ububi bama-turbocharger ubuntekenteke be-turbine. Ezinjinini zikaphethiloli, lesi isilinganiso samakhilomitha angu-150. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, impilo ye-turbine yenjini ye-diesel yinde kancane futhi ilinganiselwa kumakhilomitha angu-000. Ngokushayela isikhathi eside ngesivinini esikhulu, kanye nokukhetha okungalungile kwamafutha, impilo yesevisi ingancishiswa izikhathi ezimbili noma ezintathu.

Kuye ngokuthi i-turbine isebenza kanjani kuphethiloli noma injini ye-diesel, ukusebenza kungahlolwa. Isignali yokuhlola ukubonakala kwentuthu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma emnyama, ukwehla kwamandla enjini, kanye nokubonakala kwekhwela nokuhlengezela. Ukuze ugweme ukuwohloka, kuyadingeka ukushintsha amafutha, izihlungi zomoya futhi wenze ukugcinwa okuvamile ngesikhathi.