Umuthi wekhulunyaka - ingxenye 1
I-salicylic acid kuphela umuthi ofanele. Ngo-1838 usokhemisi wase-Italy Rafaele Piria wathola le nhlanganisela ngendlela yayo emsulwa, kwathi ngo-1874 isazi samakhemikhali saseJalimane Herman Kolbe ithuthukise indlela yokukhiqiza kwayo ezimbonini.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-salicylic acid yayisetshenziswa kwezokwelapha. Kodwa-ke, lesi sidakamizwa saba nomthelela onamandla ocasulayo ku-mucosa yesisu, okwaholela ezifweni ezingapheli zesisu nezilonda. Kwakuyimiphumela emibi yokuthatha amalungiselelo e-salicylic acid eyashukumisela usokhemisi waseJalimane Felix Hoffmann (1848-1946) ukuthola indawo ephephile yomuthi (uyise kaHoffmann welashwa nge-salicylic acid yezifo ze-rheumatic). I-"Bullseye" bekufanele ithole okuphuma kuyo - I-acetylsalicylic acid.
I-compound yakhiwa nge-esterification yeqembu le-OH le-salicylic acid ene-acetic anhydride. I-Acetylsalicylic acid yatholwa ngaphambili, kodwa kuphela ukulungiswa okuhlanzekile okutholwe nguHoffmann ngo-1897 okwakufanele ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha.
Amamodeli ezinhlayiya ze-salicylic acid (kwesokunxele) ne-acetylsalicylic acid (kwesokudla)
Umkhiqizi womuthi omusha wayeyinkampani encane i-Bayer, ehlanganyela ekukhiqizeni ama-dyes, namuhla iyinkinga yomhlaba wonke. Umuthi wawubizwa ngokuthi i-aspirin. Lolu wuphawu lokuhweba olubhalisiwe ®, kodwa isifana namalungiselelo aqukethe i-acetylsalicylic acid (yingakho isifinyezo esivame ukusetshenziswa esithi ASA). Igama livela emagameni athi "i-acetyl“(incwadi a-) kanye (manje), okungukuthi, i-meadowsweet iyisitshalo esingapheli esinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-salicin, esetshenziswa futhi emithini yemithi njenge-antipyretic. Isiphetho sijwayelekile emagameni ezidakamizwa.
I-Aspirin yanikezwa ilungelo lobunikazi ngo-1899 futhi yanconywa ngokushesha nje njenge-panacea. [ukupakisha] Walwa nomkhuhlane, ubuhlungu nokuvuvukala. Yayisetshenziswa kabanzi phakathi nobhubhane oludumile lomkhuhlane waseSpain, owabulala abantu abaningi ngo-1918-1919 kuneMpi Yezwe Yokuqala eyayisanda kuphela. I-Aspirin yayingeminye yezidakamizwa zokuqala ukuthengiswa njengamaphilisi ancibilika emanzini (ahlanganiswe nesitashi). Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, umphumela wayo onenzuzo ekuvimbeleni isifo senhliziyo wabonakala.
Naphezu kokuba semakethe iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, i-aspirin isasetshenziswa kabanzi kwezokwelapha. Futhi isidakamizwa esikhiqizwa ngobuningi obukhulu (abantu badla amathani angaphezu kuka-35 wenhlanganisela ehlanzekile emhlabeni wonke nsuku zonke!) Futhi umuthi wokuqala wokwenziwa ngokugcwele ongahlukanisiwe nemithombo yemvelo.
Salicylic acid elabhorethri yethu
Isikhathi sokuhlangenwe nakho.
Okokuqala, ake sifunde mayelana nokusabela kwesici se-aspirin protoplasty - i-salicylic acid. Uzodinga i-salicylic alcohol (isibulala-magciwane esithengiswa emakhemisi nasemakhemisi; i-salicylic acid 2% ye-water-ethanol solution) kanye nesixazululo se-iron (III) chloride FeCl.3 ngokugxila okungaba ngu-5%. Thela u-1 cm ku-tube yokuhlola.3 i-salicylic alcohol, engeza ama-cm ambalwa3 amanzi kanye 1 cm.3 Isixazululo se-FeCl3. Ingxube ngokushesha iphenduka onsomi-blue. Lona umphumela wokusabela phakathi kwe-salicylic acid ne-iron (III) ions:
I-Aspirin kusukela ngo-1899 (kusuka kungobo yomlando ye-Bayer AG)
Umbala ufana noyinki, okungafanele kumangaze - uyinki (njengoba uyinki wawubizwa kanjalo esikhathini esidlule) wenziwa ngosawoti wensimbi nezinhlanganisela ezifanayo ngesakhiwo ne-salicylic acid. Ukusabela okwenziwayo kuwukuhlolwa kokuhlaziya kokutholwa kwama-Fe ions.3+futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukhonza ukuqinisekisa ukuba khona kwama-phenols, okungukuthi ama-compounds lapho iqembu le-OH lixhunywe khona ngqo endandatho ephunga elimnandi. Leli qembu lezinhlanganisela lihlanganisa i-salicylic acid. Masikhumbule lokhu kusabela kahle - isici sombala we-violet-blue ngemuva kokwengezwa kwe-iron (III) chloride izobonisa ukuba khona kwe-salicylic acid (i-phenols ngokuvamile) kusampula yokuhlola.
Ukuhlolwa kungasetshenziswa futhi ukukhombisa ukuthi kusebenza kanjani. uyinki okhangayo. Ephepheni elimhlophe ngebhulashi (i-toothpick, umdlalo okhonjiwe, i-cotton swab nge-cotton pad, njll.) senza noma yikuphi okubhaliwe noma umdwebo nge-salicylic alcohol, bese somisa ishidi. Monisa iphedi likakotini noma iphedi kakotini ngesixazululo se-FeCl.3 (isixazululo silimaza isikhumba, ngakho amagilavu okuvikela enjoloba ayadingeka) bese usula ngephepha. Ungasebenzisa futhi isifutho sesitshalo noma ibhodlela lesifutho lamakha nezimonyo ukuze umanzise amaqabunga. Izinhlamvu ezinsomi-eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zombhalo obhalwe ngaphambilini ziyavela ephepheni. [uyinki] Ake sikukhumbuze ukuthi ukuze uzuze umphumela omangalisayo ngendlela yokuvela kungazelelwe kombhalo, isici esiyinhloko ukungabonakali kombhalo olungiselelwe kusengaphambili. Kungakho sibhala eshidini elimhlophe elinezixazululo ezingenambala, futhi lapho zinemibala, sikhetha umbala wephepha ukuze umbhalo ungabonakali ngemuva (isibonelo, ephepheni eliphuzi ungabhala isisombululo se-FeCl.3 futhi uyifake nge-salicylic alcohol). Inothi lisebenza kuyo yonke imibala ezwelayo, futhi kunezinhlanganisela eziningi ezinikeza umphumela wokusabela okumibalabala.
Ekugcineni, i-acetylsalicylic acid
Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwelabhorethri sekuphelile, kodwa asizange sifinyelele iqhawe lombhalo wanamuhla - i-acetylsalicylic acid. Nokho, ngeke sikuthole ngokwethu, kodwa khipha emkhiqizweni oqediwe. Isizathu siwukuhlanganiswa okulula (ama-reagents - i-salicylic acid, i-acetic anhydride, i-ethanol, i-H2SO4 noma H.3PO4), kodwa izinto ezidingekayo (amaflaski engilazi aphansi, i-reflux condenser, i-thermometer, ikhithi yokuhlunga i-vacuum) nokucatshangelwa kokuphepha. I-Acetic anhydride iwuketshezi olucasulayo kakhulu futhi ukutholakala kwayo kuyalawuleka - lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi isidakamizwa esandulelayo.
Inselele yombhalo ofihliwe owenziwe nge-salicylic acid enesixazululo se-iron (III) chloride
Uzodinga isisombululo se-ethanol esingu-95% (isibonelo, i-alcohol denatured alcohol), i-flask (ekhaya, lokhu kungashintshwa ngembiza), ikhithi yokufudumeza amanzi okugeza (ibhodwe lensimbi elilula elibekwe phezu kwe-cheesecloth), a ikhithi yokuhlunga (ifaneli, isihlungi) kanye ne-aspirin efanayo kumaphilisi. Faka amaphilisi ama-2-3 omuthi oqukethe i-acetylsalicylic acid ku-flask (hlola ukwakheka komuthi, ungasebenzisi izidakamizwa ezincibilika emanzini) bese uthela u-10-15 cm.3 utshwala bemvelo. Shisisa i-flask emanzini okugeza amanzi kuze kube yilapho amaphilisi ehlakazeka ngokuphelele (beka ithawula lephepha phansi epanini ukuze i-flask ingaphuli). Ngalesi sikhathi, sipholisa amashumi ambalwa ama-cm esiqandisini.3 amanzi. Izingxenye ezisizayo zomuthi (isitashi, i-fiber, i-talc, izinto zokunambitha) nazo zifakiwe ekwakhiweni kwamaphilisi e-aspirin. Azincibiliki ku-ethanol, kuyilapho i-acetylsalicylic acid incibilika kuyo. Ngemva kokushisa, uketshezi luhlungwa ngokushesha ku-flask entsha. Manje amanzi abandayo angeziwe, okwenza amakristalu e-acetylsalicylic acid ehle (ku-25 ° C., cishe i-100 g ye-compound ichithwa ku-5 g we-ethanol, kuyilapho kuphela i-0,25 g yenani elifanayo lamanzi). Khipha amakristalu bese uwomisa emoyeni. Khumbula ukuthi inhlanganisela ewumphumela ayifanele ukusetshenziswa njengesidakamizwa - sisebenzise i-ethanol engcolile ukuyikhipha, futhi into, engenazo izingxenye zokuzivikela, ingase iqale ukubola. Sisebenzisa ubudlelwano kokuhlangenwe nakho kwethu kuphela.
Uma ungafuni ukukhipha i-acetylsalicylic acid kumaphilisi, ungancibilikisa umuthi ngengxube ye-ethanol namanzi bese usebenzisa ukumiswa okungahlungiwe (siqeda inqubo ngokufudumeza emanzini okugeza). Ngezinjongo zethu, lolu hlobo lwe-reagent luzokwanela. Manje ngiphakamisa ukwelapha isixazululo se-acetylsalicylic acid ngesixazululo se-FeCl.3 (okufana nokuhlola kokuqala).
Ingabe usuqagele, Mfundi, ukuthi kungani uzuze umphumela onjalo?
