Imikhawulo yefiziksi nokuhlolwa ngokomzimba

Eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, isimo sesayensi yezemvelo sasihluke ngokuphelele kwesanamuhla. Ezandleni zososayensi kwakukhona imiphumela yokuhlolwa okuqinisekisiwe okwaphindwa izikhathi eziningi, okuyinto, nokho, ngokuvamile eyayingenakuchazwa kusetshenziswa izinkolelo-mbono ezibonakalayo ezikhona. Isipiliyoni sandulele ngokucacile ithiyori. Amathiyori kwadingeka aqale ukusebenza.

Njengamanje, ibhalansi incike kuma-theorist amamodeli abo ahluke kakhulu kulokho okubonwa ekuhloleni okungenzeka okufana nethiyori yezintambo. Futhi kubonakala sengathi ziyanda izinkinga ezingaxazululeki ku-physics (1).

1. Izitayela zesimanje ezibaluleke kakhulu nezinkinga ku-physics - ukubona ngeso

Isazi sefiziksi esidumile sasePoland, u-prof. U-Andrzej Staruszkiewicz ngesikhathi senkulumompikiswano ethi "Limits of Knowledge in Physics" ngoJuni 2010 e-Ignatianum Academy eKrakow wathi: “Umkhakha wolwazi ukhule kakhulu kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule, kodwa umkhakha wokungazi uye wanda nakakhulu. (…) Ukutholakala kokuhlobana okujwayelekile kanye ne-quantum mechanics izimpumelelo ezinkulu zomcabango womuntu, uma ziqhathaniswa nalezo zika-Newton, kodwa ziholela embuzweni wobudlelwano phakathi kwalezi zakhiwo ezimbili, umbuzo ubukhulu bayo obuyinkimbinkimbi bumane bushaqise. Kulesi simo, ngokwemvelo kuphakama imibuzo: singakwenza lokhu? Ingabe ukuzimisela kwethu nokuzimisela kwethu ukufinyelela ekujuleni kweqiniso kuzohambisana nobunzima esibhekana nabo?”

Ukuqina kokuhlolwa

Izinyanga ezimbalwa manje, umhlaba wefiziksi ubumatasa kunokujwayelekile ngezingxabano eziningi. Ephephabhukwini elithi Nature, uGeorge Ellis kanye noJoseph Silk bashicilele i-athikili evikela ubuqotho be-physics, begxeka labo abaya ngokuya bezimisele ukuhlehlisa ukuhlolwa ukuze bahlole imibono yakamuva ye-cosmological kuze kube "kusasa" elingapheli. Kufanele zibonakale "ngobuhle obanele" kanye nenani elichazayo. "Lokhu kwephula isiko lesayensi lamakhulu eminyaka lokuthi ulwazi lwesayensi luwulwazi olufakazelwe ngokunamandla," kuduma ososayensi. Amaqiniso abonisa ngokucacile "i-impasse yokuhlola" ku-physics yesimanje.

Imibono yakamuva mayelana nemvelo nesakhiwo somhlaba kanye nomhlaba wonke, njengomthetho, ayikwazi ukuqinisekiswa ngokuhlolwa okutholakala esintwini.

Ngokuthola i-Higgs boson, ososayensi "baqedele" i-Standard Model. Nokho, umhlaba wefiziksi usekude nokwaneliseka. Siyazi ngawo wonke ama-quark nama-leptons, kodwa asazi ukuthi singakuhlanganisa kanjani lokhu nenkolelo-mbono ka-Einstein ye-gravity. Asazi ukuthi singahlanganisa kanjani i-quantum mechanics namandla adonsela phansi ukuze sakhe ithiyori ecatshangelwayo ye-quantum gravity. Asazi futhi ukuthi iyini i-Big Bang (noma ukuthi yenzeka ngempela!) (2).

Njengamanje, ake siyibize ngokuthi izazi ze-physics zakudala, isinyathelo esilandelayo ngemva kwe-Standard Model i-supersymmetry, ebikezela ukuthi yonke i-particle eyisisekelo eyaziwa kithi "inomlingani".

Lokhu kuphinda kabili inani eliphelele lamabhulokhi wokwakha wento, kodwa ithiyori ilingana kahle nezibalo zezibalo futhi, okubalulekile, inikeza ithuba lokwembula imfihlakalo yento emnyama ye-cosmic. Kusele kuphela ukulinda imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-Large Hadron Collider, ezoqinisekisa ukuthi kukhona izinhlayiya ze-supersymmetric.

Nokho, azikho izinto ezinjalo eziye zatholwa eGeneva. Yiqiniso, lesi kumane kuyisiqalo senguqulo entsha ye-LHC, enamandla aphindwe kabili (ngemuva kokulungiswa nokuthuthukiswa kwakamuva). Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa, bangase badubule amakhokho e-champagne ekugubheni i-supersymmetry. Kodwa-ke, uma lokhu kungenzeki, izazi zefiziksi eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi izinkolelo-mbono ze-supersymmetric kuzodingeka zihoxiswe kancane kancane, kanye ne-superstring, esekelwe ku-supersymmetry. Ngoba uma i-Large Collider ingaziqinisekisi lezi zinkolelo-mbono, kuthiwani?

Nokho, kunososayensi abathile abangakucabangi lokho. Ngoba inkolelo-mbono ye-supersymmetry "yinhle kakhulu ukuba ibe yiphutha."

Ngakho-ke, bahlose ukuhlola kabusha izibalo zabo ukuze bafakazele ukuthi inqwaba yezinhlayiya ze-supersymmetric zingaphandle nje kobubanzi be-LHC. Amathiyori aqinisile impela. Amamodeli abo mahle ekuchazeni izenzakalo ezingakalwa futhi ziqinisekiswe ngokuhlola. Ngakho-ke umuntu angase abuze ukuthi kungani kufanele sikukhiphe ngaphandle ukuthuthukiswa kwaleyo mibono thina (okwamanje) esingakwazi ukukwazi ngokusemthethweni. Ingabe lena indlela enengqondo nengokwesayensi?

indawo yonke kusuka lutho

Isayensi yemvelo, ikakhulukazi i-physics, isekelwe kumvelo, okungukuthi, enkolelweni yokuthi singachaza yonke into sisebenzisa amandla emvelo. Umsebenzi wesayensi wehliselwa ekucabangeni ubudlelwano phakathi kwamanani ahlukahlukene achaza izenzakalo noma ezinye izakhiwo ezikhona emvelweni. I-Physics ayibhekani nezinkinga ezingenakuchazwa ngokwezibalo, ezingenakuphindwa. Lokhu, phakathi kokunye, isizathu sokuphumelela kwayo. Incazelo yezibalo esetshenziselwa ukwenza imodeli yezehlakalo zemvelo ifakazele ukuthi isebenza kahle kakhulu. Impumelelo yesayensi yemvelo yaphumela ekuhlanganiseni kwabo ifilosofi. Izikhombisi-ndlela ezifana nefilosofi yemishini noma ukuthanda izinto zesayensi zadalwa, ezidlulisa imiphumela yesayensi yemvelo, etholwe ngaphambi kokuphela kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, emkhakheni wefilosofi.

Kwakubonakala sengathi singakwazi ukwazi umhlaba wonke, ukuthi kukhona i-determinism ephelele emvelweni, ngoba singakwazi ukunquma ukuthi amaplanethi azohamba kanjani ezigidini zeminyaka, noma ukuthi ahamba kanjani ezigidini zeminyaka edlule. Lezi zinzuzo zabangela ukuziqhenya okwasusa ingqondo yomuntu. Ngokwezinga eliwujuqu, i-methodological naturalism ikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi yemvelo ngisho nanamuhla. Nokho, kukhona amaphuzu anqunyiwe abonakala ebonisa ukulinganiselwa kwendlela yokusebenza kwemvelo.

Uma i-Universe ilinganiselwe ngevolumu futhi yavela "ngaphandle kweze" (3), ngaphandle kokuphulwa kwemithetho yokonga amandla, isibonelo, njengokuguquguquka, akufanele kube khona izinguquko kuwo. Okwamanje, siyababuka. Ukuzama ukuxazulula le nkinga ngesisekelo se-quantum physics, sifinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi kuphela isibukeli esiqaphelayo esiqinisekisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba khona komhlaba onjalo. Yingakho sizibuza ukuthi kungani lena ethile esiphila kuyo yadalwa ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukene. Ngakho-ke sifinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi kuphela lapho umuntu ebonakala emhlabeni, umhlaba - njengoba sibona - "waba" ngempela ...

Izilinganiso zizithinta kanjani izenzakalo ezenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyinkulungwane edlule?

4. Ukuhlolwa kwamasondo - ukubona ngeso

Omunye wezazi zesayensi yesimanje, u-John Archibald Wheeler, uhlongoze inguqulo yesikhala yocwaningo oludumile lwe-double slit. Ekuklanyweni kwakhe kwengqondo, ukukhanya okuvela kuyi- quasar, ibanga eliyiminyaka eyinkulungwane yokukhanya ukusuka kithi, lihamba ezinhlangothini ezimbili ezihlukene zomthala (4). Uma izibukeli zibuka ngayinye yalezi zindlela ngokuhlukana, zizobona ama-photon. Uma bobabili ngesikhathi esisodwa, bazobona igagasi. Ngakho sona kanye isenzo sokubuka siyashintsha isimo sokukhanya okwashiya i- quasar eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyinkulungwane edlule!

Ku-Wheeler, okungenhla kufakazela ukuthi indawo yonke ayikwazi ukuba khona ngomqondo ongokwenyama, okungenani ngomqondo esijwayele ukuqonda ngawo "isimo somzimba." Akunakwenzeka nakudala, kuze kube...sithathe isilinganiso. Ngakho, ubukhulu bethu bamanje buthonya okwedlule. Ngokuqaphela kwethu, ukutholwa kanye nezilinganiso, silolonga izehlakalo zesikhathi esedlule, ekujuleni kwesikhathi, kuze kufike ... ekuqaleni Kwendawo Yonke!

UNeil Turk wePerimeter Institute eWaterloo, eCanada, kumagazini kaJuly weNew Scientist wathi “asikwazi ukuqonda esikutholayo. Ithiyori iba yinkimbinkimbi futhi ibe yinkimbinkimbi. Sizifaka enkingeni ngezinkambu ezilandelanayo, ubukhulu kanye nama-symmetries, ngisho nange-wrench, kodwa asikwazi ukuchaza amaqiniso alula. " Izazi zefiziksi eziningi ngokusobala zicasulwa iqiniso lokuthi uhambo lwengqondo lwamathiyori anamuhla, njengokucatshangelwa okungenhla noma ithiyori yochungechunge olunamandla, aluhlangene nokuhlola okwenziwa manje ezindaweni zokucwaninga, futhi ayikho indlela yokuyihlola ngokuhlola.

Emhlabeni we-quantum, udinga ukubheka kabanzi

Njengoba uRichard Feynman owake wawina umklomelo kaNobel wake washo, akekho owazi ngempela umhlaba we-quantum. Ngokungafani nezwe elihle lakudala laseNewtonian, lapho ukusebenzisana kwemizimba emibili enoquqaba oluthile kubalwa ngezibalo, kuma-quantum mechanics sinezibalo ezingalandeli kakhulu kuzo, kodwa ziwumphumela wokuziphatha okuyinqaba okubonwa ekuhloleni. Izinto ze-quantum physics akudingekile ukuthi zihlotshaniswe nanoma yini "engokwenyama", futhi ukuziphatha kwazo kuyisizinda sendawo engabonakali enezinhlangothi eziningi ebizwa ngokuthi i-Hilbert space.

Kukhona izinguquko ezichazwe yi-equation ye-Schrödinger, kodwa kungani kungaziwa kahle. Ingabe lokhu kungashintshwa? Kungenzeka yini ngisho nokuthola imithetho ye-quantum ezimisweni ze-physics, njengoba inqwaba yemithetho nezimiso, ngokwesibonelo, mayelana nokunyakaza kwemizimba emkhathini, yathathwa ezimisweni zikaNewton? Ososayensi abavela eNyuvesi yasePavia e-Italy u-Giacomo Mauro D'Ariano, u-Giulio Ciribella kanye no-Paolo Perinotti baphikisa ngokuthi ngisho nezigigaba ze-quantum eziphambene ngokusobala nengqondo zingatholwa ekuhloleni okulinganisekayo. Okudingayo umbono olungile - Mhlawumbe ukungaqondi kahle kwemiphumela ye-quantum kungenxa yombono onganele obanzi ngayo. Ngokososayensi okukhulunywe ngabo ngenhla ku-New Scientist, ukuhlola okunengqondo nokulinganisekayo kumakhenika we-quantum kumele kuhlangabezane nezimo ezimbalwa. Lokhu:

• imbangela - izehlakalo zesikhathi esizayo azikwazi ukuthonya izehlakalo ezedlule;
• ukuhlukaniswa - ithi kufanele sikwazi ukuhlukana phakathi komunye nomunye;
• ukwakheka - uma sazi zonke izigaba zenqubo, siyayazi yonke inqubo;
• ukucindezela - kunezindlela zokudlulisa ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana ne-chip ngaphandle kokudlulisa yonke i-chip;
• i-tomography - uma sinesistimu ehlanganisa izingxenye eziningi, izibalo zokulinganisa ngezingxenye zanele ukuveza isimo salo lonke uhlelo.

AmaNtaliyane afuna ukunweba izimiso zawo zokuhlanzeka, umbono obanzi, nokuhlola okuphusile ukuze kuphinde kufake ukungahlehliseki kwezenzakalo ze-thermodynamic kanye nomgomo wokukhula kwe-entropy, okungabahlabeli umxhwele ochwepheshe befiziksi. Mhlawumbe lapha, futhi, ukubonwa nokulinganisa kuthintwa izinto zobuciko zombono omncane kakhulu ukuthi ungaqondwa lonke uhlelo. “Iqiniso eliyisisekelo lenkolelo-mbono ye-quantum liwukuthi izinguquko ezinomsindo nezingenakuhlehliswa zingenziwa zishintshwe ngokwenezela isakhiwo esisha encazelweni,” kusho usosayensi ongumNtaliyane uGiulio Ciribella lapho exoxa ne-New Scientist.

Ngeshwa, abagxeki bathi, "ukuhlanzwa" kokuhlolwa kanye nombono obanzi wokulinganisa kungaholela ekucabangeni komhlaba okuningi lapho noma yimuphi umphumela ungenzeka futhi lapho ososayensi, becabanga ukuthi balinganisa inkambo efanele yezenzakalo, bamane "bakhethe" a. ukuqhubeka okuthile ngokuzikala.

5. Izandla zesikhathi ngendlela yezandla zewashi

Asikho isikhathi?

Umqondo walokho okubizwa ngokuthi imicibisholo yesikhathi (5) wethulwa ngo-1927 yisazi sesayensi yezinkanyezi saseBrithani u-Arthur Eddington. Lo mcibisholo ubonisa isikhathi, esihlala sigeleza sibheke ohlangothini olulodwa, okungukuthi kusukela esikhathini esedlule ukuya esikhathini esizayo, futhi le nqubo ayikwazi ukuhlehliswa. UStephen Hawking, encwadini yakhe ethi A Brief History of Time, wabhala ukuthi ukuphazamiseka kuyanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngoba sikala isikhathi lapho ukuphazamiseka kwanda khona. Lokhu kungasho ukuthi sinokukhetha - singakwazi, isibonelo, kuqala sibheke izingcezu zengilazi ephukile zihlakazeke phansi, bese kuba isikhathi lapho ingilazi iwela phansi, ingilazi emoyeni, futhi ekugcineni esandleni sika umuntu oyibambile. Awukho umthetho wesayensi wokuthi "umcibisholo wengqondo wesikhathi" kufanele uhambe ngendlela efanayo nomcibisholo we-thermodynamic, futhi i-entropy yesistimu iyanda. Nokho, ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kunjalo ngoba izinguquko ezinamandla zenzeka ebuchosheni bomuntu, njengalezo esizibona endalweni. Ubuchopho bunamandla okwenza, ukubuka nokucabanga, ngoba "injini" yomuntu ishisa ukudla kukaphethiloli futhi, njengasenjinini evuthayo yangaphakathi, le nqubo ayinakuhlehliswa.

Kodwa-ke, kunezimo lapho, ngenkathi kugcinwa isiqondiso esifanayo somcibisholo wengqondo wesikhathi, i-entropy kokubili iyanda futhi yehla kumasistimu ahlukene. Isibonelo, uma ulondoloza idatha kumemori yekhompyutha. Amamojula enkumbulo emshinini asuka esimweni esingahlelekile aye kuhlelo lokubhala lwediski. Ngakho-ke, i-entropy kukhompyutha iyancipha. Kodwa-ke, noma yisiphi isazi se-physics sizosho ukuthi kusukela ekubukeni kwendawo yonke - ikhula, ngoba kuthatha amandla ukubhalela i-disk, futhi la mandla ahlakazeka ngendlela yokushisa okukhiqizwa umshini. Ngakho-ke kukhona ukumelana okuncane "kwezengqondo" emithethweni emisiwe ye-physics. Sikuthola kunzima ukukholelwa ukuthi okuphuma nomsindo ovela kubalandeli kubaluleke kakhulu kunokurekhodwa komsebenzi noma elinye inani enkumbulweni. Kuthiwani uma othile ebhala ku-PC yakhe ingxabano ezoketula i-physics yesimanje, ithiyori yamandla ahlanganisiwe, noma iTheory of Everything? Kungaba nzima ngathi ukwamukela umbono wokuthi, naphezu kwalokhu, ukuphazamiseka okuvamile endaweni yonke kuye kwanda.

Emuva ngo-1967, kwavela i-equation ye-Wheeler-DeWitt, okwalandela ngaleso sikhathi njengoba engekho. Kwakungumzamo wokuhlanganisa ngokwezibalo imibono ye-quantum mechanics kanye nokuhlobana okujwayelekile, isinyathelo esibheke embonweni we-quantum gravity, i.e. iTheory of Everything efiswa yibo bonke ososayensi. Kwaze kwafika ngo-1983 lapho izazi zefiziksi uDon Page noWilliam Wutters banikeza incazelo yokuthi inkinga yesikhathi ingase igwenywe kusetshenziswa umqondo wokubanjwa kwe-quantum. Ngokusho komqondo wabo, kuphela izakhiwo zesistimu echazwe kakade ezingalinganiswa. Ngokombono wezibalo, lesi siphakamiso sasisho ukuthi iwashi alisebenzi lilodwa ohlelweni futhi liqala kuphela lapho libambene nomkhathi othile. Kodwa-ke, uma othile esibheka ekomunye umkhathi, ubezosibona njengezinto ezimile, futhi ukufika kwabo kithi kuphela kungabangela ukuthandelwa kwe-quantum futhi kusenze sizwe ngokoqobo ukuhamba kwesikhathi.

Lo mbono wakha isisekelo somsebenzi wososayensi abavela esikhungweni sokucwaninga eTurin, e-Italy. Isazi se-physics uMarco Genovese sanquma ukwakha imodeli ecabangela imininingwane ye-quantum entanglement. Kube nokwenzeka ukuphinda kudalwe umphumela womzimba okhombisa ukulunga kwalokhu kucabanga. Kudalwe imodeli ye-Universe, ehlanganisa ama-photon amabili.

Ipheya elilodwa laliqondiswe - i-polarized mpo, kanti enye ivundlile. Isimo sabo se-quantum, ngakho-ke i-polarization yabo, bese itholwa uchungechunge lwama-detectors. Kuvela ukuthi kuze kube yilapho ukuqaphela ekugcineni okunquma uhlaka lwereferensi kufinyelelwa, ama-photons asendaweni ye-quantum yakudala, i.e. zaziqondiswe kokubili ziqonde futhi zivundlile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isibukeli esifunda iwashi sinquma ukuthi ingakanani i-quantum entanglement ethinta indawo yonke eba yingxenye yayo. Isibukeli esinjalo sibe sesikwazi ukubona ukuhlukaniswa kwama-photon alandelanayo ngokusekelwe emathubeni e-quantum.

Lo mqondo uyalinga kakhulu ngoba uchaza izinkinga eziningi, kodwa ngokwemvelo uholela esidingweni "sombukeli omkhulu" ozoba ngaphezu kwakho konke okunqunyiwe futhi olawula yonke into iyonke.

6. Okuhlukahlukene - Ukubona ngeso lengqondo

Esikubonayo nesikubona ngokwengqondo ukuthi "isikhathi" empeleni kuwumkhiqizo wezinguquko zomhlaba ezilinganisekayo emhlabeni osizungezile. Njengoba singena sijula ​​emhlabeni wama-athomu, amaphrothoni namaphothoni, siyabona ukuthi umqondo wesikhathi uba uncipha kancane. Ngokusho kososayensi, iwashi elihamba nathi nsuku zonke, ngokombono wenyama, alilinganisi ukudlula kwalo, kodwa lisisiza ukuhlela ukuphila kwethu. Kulabo abajwayele imiqondo ye-Newtonian yesikhathi somhlaba wonke nesihlanganisa konke, le miqondo iyashaqisa. Kodwa akubona kuphela ososayensi bendabuko abangabamukeli. Isazi sefiziksi esiqavile u-Lee Smolin, esikhulume ngaye ngaphambilini njengomunye wabangase bawine uMklomelo KaNobel walo nyaka, ukholelwa ukuthi isikhathi sikhona futhi singokoqobo impela. Ngesinye isikhathi - njengezazi ze-physics eziningi - wagomela ngokuthi isikhathi siwukukhohlisa.

Manje, encwadini yakhe ethi Reborn Time, uba nombono ohluke ngokuphelele ngesayensi yemvelo futhi ugxeka imfundiso yezintambo ethandwayo emphakathini wesayensi. Ngokusho kwakhe, izinhlobonhlobo azikho (6) ngoba siphila endaweni yonke ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ukholelwa ukuthi isikhathi sibaluleke kakhulu nokuthi okuhlangenwe nakho kwethu kokuba ngokoqobo kwesikhathi samanje akuyona into ekhohlisayo, kodwa isihluthulelo sokuqonda isimo esiyisisekelo seqiniso.

I-Entropy zero

USandu Popescu, Tony Short, Noah Linden (7) kanye no-Andreas Winter bachaza abakutholile ngo-2009 ephephabhukwini iPhysical Review E, eyabonisa ukuthi izinto zithola ukulingana, okungukuthi isimo sokusatshalaliswa kwamandla okufanayo, ngokungena ezifundeni zokubanjwa kwe-quantum ezizungezile. Ngo-2012, u-Tony Short wafakazela ukuthi ukubopha kubangela ukulingana kwesikhathi esilinganiselwe. Uma into isebenzisana nendawo ezungezile, njengalapho izinhlayiya enkomishini yekhofi zishayisana nomoya, ulwazi mayelana nezakhiwo zazo "luvuza" ngaphandle futhi "lufiphale" kuyo yonke indawo. Ukulahlekelwa kolwazi kubangela ukuba isimo sekhofi sintengantenge, ngisho nalapho isimo sokuhlanzeka kwekamelo lonke siqhubeka nokushintsha. Ngokusho kukaPopescu, isimo sakhe siyayeka ukushintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

7. UNowa Linden, uSandu Popescu noTony Short

Njengoba isimo sokuhlanzeka segumbi sishintsha, ikhofi lingase liyeke ngokuzumayo ukuxubana nomoya futhi lingene esimweni salo esimsulwa. Kodwa-ke, kunezifunda eziningi ezixutshwe nemvelo kunezifundazwe ezihlanzekile ezitholakalayo ekhofi, ngakho-ke cishe azisoze zenzeka. Lokhu kungenzeki kwezibalo kunikeza umbono wokuthi umcibisholo wesikhathi awukwazi ukuhlehliswa. Inkinga yomcibisholo wesikhathi ifiphazwa yi-quantum mechanics, okwenza kube nzima ukucacisa imvelo.

Izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo azinazo izici ezibonakalayo eziqondile futhi zinqunywa kuphela amathuba okuba sezifundeni ezihlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, nganoma isiphi isikhathi, inhlayiya ingase ibe namathuba angamaphesenti angu-50 okujika iwashi kanye nethuba elingamaphesenti angu-50 lokujikela kolunye uhlangothi. Ithiyori, iqiniswe isipiliyoni sesazi sefiziksi uJohn Bell, ithi isimo sangempela sezinhlayiyana asikho futhi zishiywa ukuze ziqondiswe okungenzeka.

Khona-ke ukungaqiniseki kwe-quantum kuholela ekudidekeni. Lapho izinhlayiya ezimbili zisebenzisana, azikwazi nokuchazwa ngokwazo, ngokuzimele zithuthukisa amathuba aziwa ngokuthi isimo esimsulwa. Esikhundleni salokho, ziba izingxenye ezihilelekile zokusatshalaliswa kwamathuba ayinkimbinkimbi achazwa yizinhlayiyana zombili ndawonye. Lokhu kusatshalaliswa kunganquma, isibonelo, ukuthi izinhlayiya zizozungeza zibheke kolunye uhlangothi. Uhlelo lulonke lusesimweni esihlanzekile, kodwa isimo sezinhlayiya ngazinye sihlotshaniswa nenye inhlayiya.

Ngakho-ke, bobabili bangahamba iminyaka eminingi yokukhanya ngokuhlukana, futhi ukuzungeza ngakunye kuzohlala kuhlobene nomunye.

Ithiyori entsha yomcibisholo wesikhathi ichaza lokhu njengokulahlekelwa kolwazi ngenxa ye-quantum entanglement, okuthumela inkomishi yekhofi ekulinganiseni negumbi elizungezile. Ekugcineni, igumbi lifinyelela ekulinganeni nendawo elikuyo, futhi nalo, kancane kancane lisondela ekulinganeni nendawo yonke. Ososayensi abadala abafunda i-thermodynamics babheka le nqubo njengokuchithwa kwamandla kancane kancane, okwandisa i-entropy yendawo yonke.

Namuhla, izazi zefiziksi zikholelwa ukuthi ukwaziswa kuya kuhlakazeka ngokwengeziwe, kodwa akulokothi kunyamalale ngokuphelele. Nakuba i-entropy ikhula endaweni, bakholelwa ukuthi i-entropy ephelele yendawo yonke ihlala ingashintshile ku-zero. Nokho, isici esisodwa somcibisholo wesikhathi asikaxazululwa. Ososayensi baphikisa ngokuthi ikhono lomuntu lokukhumbula okwedlule, kodwa hhayi ikusasa, lingabuye liqondwe njengokwakhiwa kobudlelwane phakathi kwezinhlayiya ezisebenzisanayo. Lapho sifunda umlayezo ephepheni, ingqondo ixhumana nawo ngama-photon afinyelela emehlweni.

Kusukela manje kuphela lapho singakwazi ukukhumbula ukuthi lo mlayezo usitshelani. U-Popescu ukholelwa ukuthi inkolelo-mbono entsha ayichazi ukuthi kungani isimo sokuqala somkhathi sasikude nokulingana, wengeza ngokuthi imvelo yokuqhuma okukhulu kufanele kuchazwe. Abanye abacwaningi baye bazwakalisa ukungabaza ngale ndlela entsha, kodwa ukuthuthukiswa kwalo mqondo kanye ne-formalism entsha yezibalo manje kusiza ukuxazulula izinkinga zethiyori ze-thermodynamics.

Finyelela kuzinhlamvu zesikhathi sesikhala

I-Black Hole physics ibonakala ibonisa, njengoba amanye amamodeli ezibalo ebonisa, ukuthi umkhathi wethu awunamacala amathathu nhlobo. Naphezu kwalokho izinzwa zethu ezisitshela kona, iqiniso elisizungezile lingase libe ihologram—umfanekiso wendiza ekude enezinhlangothi ezimbili. Uma lesi sithombe sendawo yonke silungile, inkohliso yesimo sesikhathi sasemkhathini esinezinhlangothi ezintathu singaqedwa ngokushesha lapho amathuluzi okucwaninga esinawo ezwela ngokwanele. UCraig Hogan, uprofesa wesayensi yemvelo eFermilab osechithe iminyaka efunda ngesakhiwo esiyisisekelo sendawo yonke, usikisela ukuthi leli zinga lisanda kufinyelelwa.

8. I-GEO600 I-Gravitational Wave Detector

Uma indawo yonke iyihologram, mhlawumbe sisanda kufinyelela emikhawulweni yokuxazulula okungokoqobo. Ezinye izazi zefiziksi zithuthukisa umbono othakazelisayo wokuthi isikhathi sesikhala esiphila kuso asiqhubeki ekugcineni, kodwa, njengesithombe sedijithali, sisezingeni laso eliyisisekelo elenziwe "izinhlamvu" noma "amaphikiseli." Uma kunjalo, iqiniso lethu kufanele libe nohlobo oluthile "lwesinqumo" sokugcina. Lena yindlela abanye abacwaningi abawuhumusha ngayo "umsindo" ovele emiphumeleni yomtshina we-GEO600 gravitational wave detector (8).

Ukuze kuvivinywe lokhu kucabanga okungavamile, u-Craig Hogan, isazi sesayensi yemvelo yamagagasi adonsela phansi, yena nethimba lakhe bakha i-interferometer enembe kunayo yonke emhlabeni, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Hogan holometer, eklanyelwe ukukala ingqikithi eyisisekelo kakhulu yesikhathi sendawo ngendlela enembe kakhulu. Ukuhlolwa, okuqanjwe ngekhodi i-Fermilab E-990, akuyona eminye eminingi. Lona uhlose ukukhombisa ubunjalo be-quantum yendawo ngokwayo kanye nokuba khona kwalokho ososayensi abakubiza ngokuthi "umsindo we-holographic".

Iholomitha iqukethe ama-interferometer amabili abekwe eceleni. Baqondisa imishayo ye-laser eyi-kilowatt kudivayisi eyihlukanisa ibe yimishayo emibili eqondile engamamitha angama-40 ubude, eboniswayo bese ibuyiselwa endaweni yokuhlukana, nokudala ukushintshashintsha kokukhanya kwemishayo yokukhanya (9). Uma zibangela ukunyakaza okuthile kudivayisi yokuhlukanisa, khona-ke lokhu kuzoba ubufakazi bokudlidliza kwesikhala ngokwaso.

9. Ukumelwa okunemifanekiso kokuhlolwa kwe-holographic

Inselele enkulu yeqembu lika-Hogan iwukufakazela ukuthi imithelela abalitholile akukhona nje ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa izici ezingaphandle kokusetha kokuhlola, kodwa umphumela wokudlidliza kwesikhathi sasemkhathini. Ngakho-ke, izibuko ezisetshenziswe ku-interferometer zizovumelaniswa nama-frequencies ayo yonke imisindo emincane evela ngaphandle kwedivayisi futhi ithathwe yizinzwa ezikhethekile.

Umkhathi we-Anthropic

Ukuze umhlaba nomuntu kube khona kuwo, imithetho yefiziksi kufanele ibe nefomu eliqondile, futhi okuqinile ngokomzimba kufanele kube namanani akhethwe kahle ... futhi anjalo! Kungani?

Ake siqale ngeqiniso lokuthi kunezinhlobo ezine zokusebenzisana endaweni yonke: amandla adonsela phansi (ukuwa, amaplanethi, imithala), i-electromagnetic (ama-athomu, izinhlayiya, ukungqubuzana, ukunwebeka, ukukhanya), i-nuclear ebuthakathaka (umthombo wamandla ezinkanyezi) kanye ne-nuclear enamandla ( ihlanganisa ama-proton nama-neutron abe yinuclei ye-athomu). Amandla adonsela phansi abuthakathaka izikhathi ezingu-1039 kune-electromagnetism. Ukube ibibuthakathaka kancane, izinkanyezi bezizoba lula kuneLanga, i-supernovae ibingeke iqhume, izakhi ezisindayo bezingeke zakheke. Ukube ubunamandla kancane, izidalwa ezinkulu kunamagciwane beziyochotshozwa, futhi izinkanyezi ngokuvamile beziyongqubuzana, zicekele phansi amaplanethi futhi zizishise ngokushesha.

Ukuminyana komkhathi kuseduze nokuminyana okubalulekile, okungukuthi, ngaphansi kwalokho udaba lwaluzoshabalala ngokushesha ngaphandle kokwakheka kwemithala noma izinkanyezi, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho uMkhathi wawuyophila isikhathi eside kakhulu. Ukuze kwenzeke lezi zimo, ukunemba kokuqhathanisa nemingcele ye-Big Bang kufanele kube phakathi kuka-±10-60. I-inhomogeneities yokuqala ye-Universe encane yayisezingeni lika-10-5. Ukube ibimincane, imithala ibingeke yakheke. Ukube bezikhudlwana, bekuyoba nezimbobo ezinkulu ezimnyama esikhundleni semithala.

I-symmetry yezinhlayiya nama-antiparticles ku-Universe kuphukile. Futhi kuyo yonke ibharyon (proton, neutron) kukhona amafotoni angu-109. Ukube bekukhona eminye, imithala ibingeke yakheke. Ukube bezimbalwa, ngabe azikho izinkanyezi. Futhi, inani lobukhulu esiphila kubo libonakala "lilungile". Izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi azikwazi ukuvela ngezilinganiso ezimbili. Ngokungaphezu kwezine (ubukhulu obuthathu kanye nesikhathi), ukuba khona kwemizila yeplanethi ezinzile kanye namazinga wamandla wama-electron kuma-athomu kuba yinkinga.

10. Umuntu njengenkaba yendawo yonke

Umqondo wesimiso se-anthropic wethulwa ngu-Brandon Carter ngo-1973 engqungqutheleni yase-Krakow enikezelwe ekugubheni iminyaka engu-500 yokuzalwa kuka-Copernicus. Ngokuvamile, ingenziwa ngendlela yokuthi i-Universe ebonakalayo kufanele ihlangabezane nezimo ehlangabezana nazo ukuze ibonwe yithi. Kuze kube manje, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zayo. Isimiso esibuthakathaka se-anthropic sithi singaba khona kuphela endaweni yonke eyenza ukuba khona kwethu kwenzeke. Ukube amanani ama-constants abehlukile, besingeke sikubone lokhu, ngoba besingeke sibe lapho. Isimiso esiqinile se-anthropic (incazelo yenhloso) sithi indawo yonke injalo ukuthi singaba khona (10).

Ngokombono we-quantum physics, noma iyiphi inombolo yendawo yonke yayingavela ngaphandle kwesizathu. Sagcina sesisendaweni ethile ethile, okwakudingeka igcwalise izimo eziningi ezicashile ukuze umuntu ahlale kuyo. Bese sikhuluma ngomhlaba we-anthropic. Kumuntu okholwayo, isibonelo, umkhathi owodwa we-anthropic owadalwa nguNkulunkulu wanele. Umbono wezwe othanda izinto ezibonakalayo awukwamukeli lokhu futhi uthatha ngokuthi kunezindawo eziningi ezizungezile noma ukuthi indawo ekhona manje iyisiteji sokuguquguquka okungapheli kokuhlukahluka.

Umbhali wenguqulo yesimanje ye-hypothesis yendawo yonke njengendlela yokulingisa i-theorist u-Niklas Boström. Ngokusho kwakhe, iqiniso esilibonayo liwumfanekiso nje esingawazi. Usosayensi uphakamise ukuthi uma kungenzeka ukudala ukulingisa okuthembekile kwempucuko yonke noma umhlaba wonke usebenzisa ikhompiyutha enamandla ngokwanele, futhi abantu abalingiswa bangathola ukwazi, khona-ke kungenzeka ukuthi impucuko ethuthukile idale inani elikhulu nje. zokulingiswa okunjalo, futhi siphila kwenye yazo kokuthile okufana ne-The Matrix (11).

Lapha kwakhulunywa igama elithi “Nkulunkulu” nelithi “Matrix”. Lapha sifika emkhawulweni wokukhuluma ngesayensi. Abaningi, kuhlanganise nososayensi, bakholelwa ukuthi kungenxa yokungabi namandla kwesayensi yokuhlola ukuthi isayensi iqala ukungena ezindaweni eziphambene namaqiniso, iphunga le-metaphysics nesayensi eqanjiwe. Kusethenjwa ukuthi i-physics izoyinqoba inkinga yayo yokuqina futhi iphinde ithole indlela yokujabula njengesayensi engaqinisekiswa ngokuhlolwa.