Ukuqonda ubuchwepheshe bezimoto ezizishayelayo

Ikusasa seliseduze kakhulu - izimoto ezizishayelayo ziseduze kakhulu kunangaphambili ukuze zibe yizinto ezijwayelekile futhi zisebenze ngokugcwele. Ngokusemthethweni, izimoto ezizishayelayo azibadingi abashayeli abangabantu ukuze basebenzise imoto ngokuphepha. Zibizwa nangokuthi izimoto ezizimele noma "ezingenamuntu". Yize zivame ukukhangiswa njengezizishayelayo, azikho izimoto ezizishayelayo ngokugcwele ezisebenza ngokusemthethweni e-US okwamanje.

Zisebenza kanjani izimoto ezizishayelayo?

Nakuba imiklamo ihluka phakathi kwabakhiqizi, izimoto eziningi ezizishayelayo zinemephu yangaphakathi yendawo yazo edalwe futhi inakekelwa izinzwa ezihlukahlukene kanye nokokufaka kwama-transmitter. Cishe zonke izimoto ezizishayelayo zibona indawo ezikuyo zisebenzisa inhlanganisela yamakhamera evidiyo, i-radar, ne-lidar, uhlelo olusebenzisa ukukhanya okuvela kulaser. Lonke ulwazi oluqoqwe yilawa masistimu okufakwayo lucutshungulwa yi-software ukwenza indlela bese ithumela imiyalelo yokusebenza kwemoto. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukusheshisa, ukubhuleka, ukuqondisa, nokunye okwengeziwe, kanye nemithetho enekhodi eqinile kanye nama-algorithms okugwema izithiyo ukuzulazula okuphephile nokuhambisana nemithetho yethrafikhi.

Amamodeli wezimoto ezizishayelayo manje azilawula kancane futhi adinga umshayeli ongumuntu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izimoto zesintu ezine-brake assist kanye ne-prototypes yezimoto ezizishayelayo ezicishe zizimele. Kodwa-ke, amamodeli azayo azimele ngokugcwele angase angadingi ngisho nesondo lokuqondisa. Abanye babo bangase bafaneleke "njengabaxhumekile", okusho ukuthi bangakwazi ukuxhumana nezinye izimoto emgwaqeni noma engqalasizinda.

Ucwaningo luhlukanisa amazinga okuzimela esikalini sika-0 kuye ku-5:

• Izinga 0: Akukho ukusebenza okuzenzakalelayo. Abantu baphatha futhi balawule zonke izinhlelo ezinkulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa nezimoto ezine-cruise control njengoba umshayeli esethi futhi ushintsha isivinini njengoba kudingeka.

• Izinga 1: kudingeka usizo lomshayeli. Amanye amasistimu, njenge-adaptive cruise control noma i-auto braking, angalawulwa imoto uma ecushwa ngawodwa umshayeli ongumuntu.

• Izinga 2: Izinketho ze-automation ingxenye ziyatholakala. Imoto inikeza okungenani imisebenzi ezenzakalelayo emibili ngesikhathi esisodwa ngezikhathi ezithile, njengokuqondisa nokusheshisa emgwaqeni onguthelawayeka, kodwa isadinga ukufakwa komuntu. Imoto izofanisa isivinini sakho ngokusekelwe kuthrafikhi futhi ilandele amajika omgwaqo, kodwa umshayeli kufanele alungele ukunqoba njalo ukulinganiselwa okuningi kwezinhlelo. Izinhlelo zeLevel 2 zihlanganisa iTesla Autopilot, Volvo Pilot Assist, Mercedes-Benz Drive Pilot, neCadillac Super Cruise.

• Izinga lesi-3: I-Automation enemibandela. Imoto ilawula yonke imisebenzi ebalulekile yokuphepha ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, kodwa umshayeli ongumuntu kufanele alawule lapho exwayiswa. Imoto iqapha imvelo esikhundleni somuntu, kodwa umuntu akufanele athathe isihlwathi, ngoba kuzodingeka azi ukuthi ulawula kanjani lapho kudingeka.

• Izinga lesi-4: I-automation ephezulu. Imoto iyazimela ngokugcwele ezimweni eziningi zokushayela ezinamandla, nakuba ingekho kuzo zonke. Kusazodinga ukungenelela komshayeli esimweni sezulu esibi noma izimo ezingajwayelekile. Izimoto ezisezingeni lesi-4 zizoqhubeka nokuhlonyiswa ngesiteringi namaphedali ukuze zilawuleke abantu uma kudingeka.

• Izinga lesi-5: Isebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo. Kunoma isiphi isimo sokushayela, imoto isebenzisa ukushayela okuzenzakalelayo futhi icela izikhombisi-ndlela kuphela kubantu.

Kungani kuvela izimoto ezizishayelayo?

Abathengi nezinkampani ngokufanayo banentshisekelo kubuchwepheshe bezimoto ezizishayelayo. Noma ngabe kuyisici esisebenziseka kalula noma ukutshalwa kwezimali kwebhizinisi okuhlakaniphile, nazi izizathu eziyisi-6 zokuthi izimoto ezizishayelayo zivame kakhulu:

1. Uhambo lokuya emsebenzini: Abahambi ababhekene nohambo olude nolumatasa lokuya nokubuya emsebenzini bayawuthanda umqondo wokubuka i-TV, ukufunda izincwadi, ukulala noma ukusebenza. Yize kungelona iqiniso okwamanje, abanikazi bezimoto abangabanikazi bezimoto bafuna imoto ezishayelayo ukuze uma ingabalondolozeli isikhathi emgwaqeni, okungenani ibavumele ukuthi bagxile kwezinye izinto abazithandayo phakathi nohambo lwabo lokubuya.

2. Izinkampani eziqashisa izimoto: Izinsizakalo zokwabelana ngabagibeli njenge-Uber neLyft zibheke ukwenza amatekisi azishayelayo ukuze kuqedwe isidingo sabashayeli abangabantu (kanye nabashayeli abangabantu abakhokhelwayo). Kunalokho, bazogxila ekudaleni uhambo oluphephile, olusheshayo noluqondile oluya ezindaweni.

3. Abakhiqizi bezimoto: Cishe, izimoto ezizimele zizonciphisa inani lezingozi zezimoto. Izinkampani zezimoto zifuna ukusekela ubuchwepheshe bokuzishayela ukuze kukhuliswe izilinganiso zokuphepha, futhi izilinganiso ze-AI zingase zibe impikiswano evuna abathengi bezimoto bakusasa.

4. Ukugwenywa Kwethrafikhi: Ezinye izinkampani zezimoto nezinkampani zobuchwepheshe zisebenzela izimoto ezizishayelayo ezizoqapha izimo zethrafikhi nezindawo zokupaka ezindaweni emadolobheni athile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lezi zimoto zizofika endaweni ngokushesha nangempumelelo kunezimoto ezingashayeli. Bazothatha umsebenzi womshayeli osebenzisa ama-smartphone kanye nemishini ye-GPS ukuze bathole izikhombisi-ndlela eziya emzileni osheshayo, futhi bazosebenza ngokubambisana neziphathimandla zendawo.

5. Isevisi yokulethwa: Njengoba behlisa izindleko zabasebenzi, izinkampani ezidilivayo zigxila ezimotweni ezizishayelayo. Amaphasela nokudla kungathuthwa kahle ngemoto ezimele. Izinkampani zezimoto ezifana neFord seziqalile ukuhlola le sevisi zisebenzisa imoto engakwazi ukuzishayela yona, kodwa yakhelwe ukukala ukuthi abantu bathini.

6. Isevisi yokushayela yokubhaliselwe: Ezinye izinkampani zezimoto zisebenzela ukwakha inqwaba yezimoto ezizishayelayo ezikhokhelwa amakhasimende ukuze azisebenzise noma abenazo. Abagibeli bazokhokhela ilungelo hhayi tshuza.

Uyini umthelela ongaba khona wezimoto ezizishayelayo?

Ngaphezu kokuheha abathengi, ohulumeni namabhizinisi, izimoto ezizishayelayo zingalindelwa ukuthi zibe nomthelela emiphakathini nakwezomnotho ezamukelayo. Izindleko nezinzuzo zizonke zihlala zingaqinisekile, kodwa izici ezintathu zomthelela kufanele zikhunjulwe:

1. Ukuphepha: Izimoto ezizishayelayo zinamandla okunciphisa ukufa kwezimoto ngokuvula indawo yamaphutha abantu. I-software ingase ibe namaphutha amancane kunabantu futhi ibe nezikhathi zokuphendula ngokushesha, kodwa onjiniyela basakhathazeke ngokuvikeleka ku-inthanethi.

2. Ukungakhethi: Izimoto ezizishayelayo zingahlanganisa abantu abaningi, njengabantu abadala noma abakhubazekile. Nokho-ke kungase kuholele ekutheni kudilizwe inqwaba yabasebenzi ngenxa yokwehla kwesibalo sabashayeli nokungahle kube nomthelela omubi ekuxhasweni kwezimali zokuthutha umphakathi ngaphambi kokuthi luthathe lolu hlelo. Ukuze usebenze kangcono, izimoto ezizishayelayo noma izinsiza zabo zokubhalisa zidinga ukutholakala kubantu abaningi.

3. Imvelo: Ngokuya ngokutholakala kanye nokuba lula kwezimoto ezizishayelayo, zinganyusa isibalo samakhilomitha ahanjwa unyaka nonyaka. Uma isebenzisa uphethiloli, ingase inyuse ukukhishwa kwegesi; uma zisebenza ngogesi, intuthu ephumayo ehlobene nezokuthutha ingancipha kakhulu.