Ukuqonda Izimoto Ze-Fuel Cell
Abathuthukisi bezimoto zikagesi bavame ukufuna ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ephansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezimoto ezivamile zenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi (ICE). Izimoto eziningi ezithwala uphethiloli azikhiphisi, zikhipha amanzi nokushisa kuphela. I-fuel cell car kuseyimoto kagesi (EV) kodwa isebenzisa igesi ye-hydrogen ukuze inike amandla injini yayo kagesi. Lezi zimoto zisebenzisa "i-fuel cell" esikhundleni sebhethri, elihlanganisa i-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi, obese enika injini amandla futhi ekhipha amagesi akhipha umoya angangeni kwemvelo kuphela.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen esetshenziselwa ukufuthela imoto kubangela ukungcoliswa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa lapho ikhiqizwa ngegesi yemvelo, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwayo ezimotweni zamangqamuzana kaphethiloli kunciphisa kakhulu ukukhishwa kwamapayipi angemuva. Abakhiqizi bezimoto abaningi abanjengoHonda, Mercedes-Benz, Hyundai kanye neToyota, okuvame ukubhekwa njengemoto ehlanzekile yangomuso, sebevele banikela ngezimoto zamangqamuzana kaphethiloli, kanti abanye abakhiqizi basesigabeni somqondo. Ngokungafani nezimoto zikagesi, amabhethri azo ayinkimbinkimbi abeka imikhawulo ethile yokuklama, izimoto zamaseli kaphethiloli zinamandla wokushintsha wonke amamodeli womkhiqizi.
Ukuze uziqonde kangcono izimoto ze-hydrogen fuel cell, bheka ukuthi ziqhathaniswa kanjani nezinjini ezivuthayo ezivamile, izimoto zikagesi nama-hybrids ngokwemibandela yokugcwalisa uphethiloli nobubanzi, umthelela wendawo kanye nokuthengeka.
Ukufaka uphethiloli kanye nobubanzi
Yize isibalo seziteshi ezithela uphethiloli sinqunyelwe okwamanje, izimoto ze-hydrogen fuel cell zigcwaliswa ngendlela efanayo ezimotweni ze-ICE. Iziteshi zokugcwalisa i-Hydrogen zithengisa i-hydrogen ecindezelwe efaka amafutha emotweni ngemizuzu. Isikhathi sangempela sokugcwalisa i-refueling sincike kumfutho we-hydrogen nezinga lokushisa elizungezile, kodwa ngokuvamile singaphansi kwemizuzu eyishumi. Ezinye izimoto zikagesi zithatha isikhathi eside ukushajwa futhi azifinyeleli ibanga elifana nelezimoto ezijwayelekile.
Ebangeni eligcwele, imoto ye-fuel cell ifana nezimoto zikaphethiloli ne-diesel, eziletha amamayela angu-200-300 ukusuka ekushajeni okugcwele. Njengezimoto zikagesi, zingaphinda zivale i-fuel cell ukuze zonge amandla emarobhothini noma esiminyaminya. Amanye amamodeli afaka ngisho nokubhuleka okuvuselelayo ukuze uthole amandla alahlekile nokugcina ukushajwa kwebhethri. Mayelana nophethiloli nobubanzi, izimoto zamaseli kaphethiloli zithola indawo emnandi ngama-hybrids athile, asebenza ngebhethri kanye/noma amandla enjini kuye ngezimo zokushayela. Zihlanganisa izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ezihamba phambili nezimoto zikagesi ezinokugcwalisa ngokushesha uphethiloli, ububanzi obunwetshiwe kanye nezindlela zokonga amandla.
Ngeshwa, njengoba kukhanga njengobubanzi nokusheshisa ukufutheka, inani leziteshi eziphehla uphethiloli we-hydrogen lilinganiselwe emadolobheni amakhulu ambalwa—cishe ezindaweni zaseCalifornia eSan Francisco naseLos Angeles kuphela. Ingqalasizinda yokushaja amaseli kaphethiloli kanye neyokufaka uphethiloli iyasebenza ukuze ihlangabezane nesidingo esilokhu sikhula, kodwa kusekuningi okumele kwenziwe uma kuqhathaniswa nenani leziteshi zokushaja ze-EV futhi, ngisho nangaphezulu, indawo yeziteshi zikaphethiloli.
Umthelela endaweni
Ngezimoto zendabuko, izimoto zikagesi, nezimoto ezithwala uphethiloli, kunezingxoxo eziqhubekayo nokukhathazeka mayelana nemithelela yesikhathi eside yemvelo. Izimoto ezisebenza ngophethiloli zikhiqiza isamba esikhulu sokukhishwa kwegesi, kanti izimoto ezisebenza ngogesi ngamabhethri zakha umkhondo obonakalayo ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza.
I-hydrogen esetshenziswa ezimotweni ze-fuel cell ikhiqizwa ikakhulukazi ngegesi yemvelo. Igesi yemvelo ihlangana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nesitimu somfutho ophezulu ukuze kwakhiwe i-hydrogen. Le nqubo, ebizwa ngokuthi i-steam-methane reforming, ikhiqiza i-carbon dioxide, kodwa ngokuvamile ngamanani amancane uma iqhathaniswa nezimoto zikagesi, i-hybrid kanye ne-fossil fuel.
Ngenxa yokuthi izimoto ezithwala uphethiloli zivame kakhulu eCalifornia, izwe lidinga ukuthi okungenani amaphesenti angu-33 egesi ye-hydrogen efakwa emotweni asuke emithonjeni evuselelekayo.
Ukutholakala kanye nezinzuzo
Izimoto ezithwala amafutha zinikeza izinzuzo eziningi mayelana nokusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli kanye nomthelela wemvelo. Zigcwala ngokushesha futhi zibe nohlobo lokuncintisana nezimoto ze-ICE. Nokho, kubiza imali eningi ukuqasha noma ukuthenga, njengoba kwenza uphethiloli wabo we-hydrogen. Abakhiqizi abaningi bakhokhela izindleko zikaphethiloli isikhathi esilinganiselwe ukuze kuncishiswe intengo ephezulu, ngethemba lokuthi izindleko zemoto nophethiloli zizokwehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
E-California, izwe elinengqalasizinda yamaseli kaphethiloli enkulu kunazo zonke, nakuba encane, yayitholakala. Kusukela ngoFebhruwari 2016, iCalifornia yanikeza izaphulelo zezimoto zamaseli kaphethiloli lapho uxhaso lutholakala. Lokhu bekuyingxenye yomkhankaso kahulumeni wokuthola izimoto ezihlanzekile emigwaqeni. Abanikazi bezimoto zikaphethiloli kumele bafake izicelo zemoto yabo ukuze bathole isaphulelo. Abanikazi bazophinde bafanelekele ukuthola idecal ebanika ukufinyelela emizileni yezimoto ezihlala abantu abaningi (i-HOV).
Izimoto zamaseli amafutha zingaba yimoto yakusasa. Nakuba izindleko nokutholakala kweziteshi zokushaja zibambezela isidingo njengamanje, amandla okutholakala okubanzi nokushayela ngendlela efanele asekhona. Zibukeka futhi zenza njengezinye izimoto eziningi emgwaqeni—ngeke uthole noma yiziphi izimanga ngemva kwesondo—kodwa zicabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukushayela okugcwele amandla ahlanzekile esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.
