Kungani kufanele izimoto zibe neziguqulwana zokukhanda?

Izimoto mhlawumbe zingenye yezinto ezisungulwe kakhulu emlandweni wesintu. Ngenxa yalezi zimoto ezilula futhi zikhululekile, namuhla singashesha ukuhambisa, ukuthutha izimpahla, ukuhambahamba emhlabeni jikelele.

Kanye nobulula nenduduzo abasinikeza yona, izimoto zethu zingcolisa imvelo futhi zinciphise nezinga lomoya esiwuphefumulayo.

Izimoto ziwungcolisa kanjani umoya?

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi izinjini zezimoto zigijima kakhulu kuphethiloli, noma kudizili. Yomibili le mikhiqizo yenziwa ngophethiloli. Futhi, iqukethe ama-hydrocarbon. Ukugcina injini isebenza, kufakwa umoya kuphethiloli ukushisa kahle ingxube kaphethiloli nokwenza i-torque yokushayela imoto.

Ngesikhathi somlilo, amagesi afana ne-carbon monoxide, ama-organic compounds aguquguqukayo, ama-nitrogen oxides akhiwa, aphuma ngesistimu yokukhipha imoto futhi ayimbangela eyinhloko ekwandiseni ukukhishwa okuyingozi. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuwanciphisa ukufaka isiguquli se-catalytic kusistimu yokukhipha umoya wemoto.

Yini i-catalyst yezimoto?

Isiguquli se-catalytic yisakhiwo sensimbi esixhunywe ohlelweni lokukhipha imoto. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wesiguquli se-catalytic ukubamba amagesi wokukhipha ayingozi avela enjini yemoto ukuze ushintshe ukwakheka kwawo kwamangqamuzana. Kuphela-ke lapho zidlulela ohlelweni lokukhipha bese zikhishelwa emkhathini.

Kungani izimoto kufanele zibe nesiguquli sokuguqula?

Kunamaqembu amathathu amabi kakhulu ayingozi ezakhiwe ezinjini zezimoto:

• I-Hydrocarbons - I-hydrocarbon iyinhlanganisela yezinto eziphilayo ezakhiwe nge-carbon ne-athomu ye-hydrogen ekhishwa njengophethiloli ongashisiwe. Emadolobheni amakhulu, kungenye yezizathu zokwakheka kwe-smog.
• I-Carbon monoxide yakheka ngesikhathi sokusha kukaphethiloli enjinini futhi iyingozi kakhulu ekuphefumuleni.
• Ama-nitrogen oxide yizinto ezikhishelwa emkhathini ezakha imvula ene-asidi kanye nentuthu.

Wonke la magesi ayingozi angcolisa imvelo, umoya futhi angalimazi imvelo kuphela, kodwa nazo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Lapho izimoto zanda emadolobheni, ukukhishwa okuyingozi kuyadedelwa emkhathini.

Isiguquli sokuguqula singabhekana nabo ngokuwaguqula futhi siwenze angabi nabungozi kubantu nasemvelweni. Lokhu kwenziwa nge-catalysis eyenzeka ngaphakathi kwento.

Ngabe i-catalyst isebenza kanjani?

Uma wenza imbobo emzimbeni wensimbi we-catalyst, ungabona ukuthi iqukethe ikakhulukazi isakhiwo sekhekhe lezinyosi, lapho kunezinkulungwane zemigudu emincane efana nezinyosi zezinyosi. Okufakwa kufakwe ungqimba omncane wezinsimbi eziyigugu (i-platinum, i-rhodium noma i-palladium) esebenza njengesihluthulelo.

Lapho amagesi ayingozi edlula enjinini eya kwisiguquli, adlula kuzinsimbi eziyigugu. Ngenxa yesimo sokushisa kanye nokushisa okuphezulu, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali (ukunciphisa kanye ne-oxidation) kwakheka ku-catalyst, okuguqula amagesi ayingozi abe yi-nitrogen gas, i-carbon dioxide namanzi. Ngakho-ke, ukukhipha kuguqulwa kube amagesi angenabungozi angathululelwa ngokuphepha emkhathini.

Ngenxa yalesi sici nokwethulwa kwemithetho eqinile yokwehlisa ukukhishwa okuyingozi okuvela emagesi aqeda imoto, cishe wonke amazwe angamalungu e-EU angaziqhayisa ngokunciphisa ukukhishwa okuyingozi emadolobheni.

Baqale nini ukufaka ama-catalysts ezimotweni?

Kuze kube sekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1960, umhlaba wawungaze ungabaze nokuthi izimoto ezihamba emigwaqweni zingayilimaza imvelo nabantu. Kodwa-ke ngokwanda kwesibalo sezimoto emadolobheni aseMelika, kwacaca ukuthi yini engavela maqondana nalokhu. Ukuthola ubungozi, iqembu lososayensi lenze ucwaningo ngomthelela wamagesi okukhipha emvelweni nasempilweni yabantu.

Ucwaningo lwenziwe eCalifornia (e-USA) futhi lwabonisa ukuthi ukusabela kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwama-hydrocarbon nama-nitrogen oxides akhishwe emoyeni ezimotweni kubanga ubunzima bokuphefumula, ukucasuka kwamehlo, ikhala, intuthu, imvula ene-asidi, njll.

Ukuthola okushaqisayo kulolu cwaningo kuqubule ushintsho ku-Environmental Protection Act. Ngokokuqala ngqá, baqala ukukhuluma ngesidingo sokwehlisa ukungcola nokufaka izinto zokuqinisa izimoto ezimotweni.

Izindinganiso zokukhishwa kwezimoto zabagibeli zethulwa okokuqala eCalifornia ngo-1965, zalandelwa eminyakeni emithathu kamuva ngamazinga wokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-federal. Ngo-1970, kwaphasiswa uMthetho Womoya Ohlanzekile, owabeka imingcele eqinile nakakhulu - izidingo zokunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-HC, CO ne-NOx.

Ngokushaywa nokuchibiyelwa koMthetho wango-1970, uhulumeni wase-US waphoqa imboni yezimoto ukuthi yenze izinguquko ukunciphisa ukukhishwa okuyingozi ezimotweni.

Ngakho-ke, kusukela ngo-1977, ukufakwa kwezinto eziqinisa ukusetshenziswa ezimotweni zaseMelika sekuyimpoqo.

Ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokuba i-United States yethule amazinga ezemvelo nokulawula ukukhipha umoya, amazwe aseYurophu aqala ukusebenza kanzima ukuze asebenzise amazinga amasha ezemvelo. Abokuqala ukwethula ukufakwa okuyimpoqo nokusetshenziswa kweziguquli eziguqula amandla yiSweden neSwitzerland. Balandelwa yiJalimane namanye amalungu e-EU.

Ngo-1993, i-European Union yethula ukuvinjelwa kokukhiqizwa kwezimoto ngaphandle kwezishintshi eziguqula izinto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwethulwe amazinga ezemvelo i-Euro 1, i-Euro 2, njll. Ukuze kutholakale izinga elivumelekile lamagesi okukhipha imoto ngayinye nokwenza imodeli.

Izindinganiso zokuphuma kwe-European zibizwa ngama-Euro futhi zikhethwa ngenombolo. Ukuphakama kwenombolo ngemuva kwegama, kuphakama izidingo zamanani avunyelwe wokukhipha amagesi (imikhiqizo yomlilo wephethiloli kuleli cala izoqukatha izinto ezingeyona ingozi kangako).

Zisebenza kangakanani izikhuthazi?

Njengoba kunikezwe lezi zici ezingenhla, kuyaqondakala ukuthi kungani izimoto kufanele zibe nesiguquli esisebenzisayo, kepha ingabe ziyasebenza ngempela? Iqiniso ukuthi akulona ize ukuthi kunezidingo zezimoto ukufaka ama-catalysts. Kusukela zaqala ukusebenza, ukukhishwa kwegesi okukhipha ugesi okuyingozi kwehle kakhulu.

Vele, ukusetshenziswa kwama-catalysts akukwazi ukuqeda ngokuphelele ukungcoliswa komoya, kepha lokhu kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile esiqondisweni esifanele ... Ikakhulukazi uma sifuna ukuhlala ezweni elihlanzekile.

Yini ongayenza ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwemoto yakho?

Sebenzisa izinto zokubasa ezinezithasiselo ezisezingeni eliphakeme zokulwa nokufaka imali. Njengoba imoto iguga, amadiphozi ayingozi ayakha enjini, anciphisa ukusebenza kwayo kahle futhi andise ukukhishwa okuyingozi. Ukungeza izithasiselo zokulwa nesikali ngeke kukusize nje kuphela ukwandisa impilo yenjini yakho, kodwa futhi kuzokusiza wehlise ukukhishwa.

Shintsha uwoyela wakho ngesikhathi

Uwoyela uwumthombo wempilo wenjini. Uketshezi lugcoba, luhlanze, lupholise futhi luvimbele ukuguga kwezingxenye zeyunithi yamandla. Ukushintsha uwoyela ngesikhathi kusiza ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa komoya.

Ilahlekelwa yizakhiwo zayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngenxa yokuthi umkhawulo kawoyela ungancipha, ukuminyana kwenjini kungancipha futhi igrisi engaphezulu nangaphezulu ingangena kuma-cylinders, okuthi uma eshisiwe, engeza izinto eziyingozi ku-exhaust.

Shintsha isihlungi somoya ngesikhathi

Lapho isihlungi somoya siminyene, inani lomoya elidingekayo alingeni enjinini, yingakho uphethiloli ungashi ngokuphelele. Lokhu kukhulisa inani lediphozi futhi, vele, kudala ukukhishwa okungaphezulu okuyingozi. Uma ufuna ukuthi imoto yakho ikhiqize amagesi amancane ayingozi ngangokunokwenzeka, qiniseka ukuthi uhlanza noma ufake esinye isihlungi somoya ngesikhathi.

Hlola ukucindezela kwesondo

Ekuboneni kokuqala, lokhu kubonakala kuyimibono engahambelani. Iqiniso ukuthi, bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuthi ingcindezi yamathayi aphansi yandisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli ngakho-ke yandisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 okuyingozi.

Ungavumeli imoto ihlale ingenzi lutho nenjini isebenza

Kukhonjisiwe ukuthi izinga lomoya liwohloka kakhulu ezindaweni lapho kupakwe khona izimoto nezinjini zazo zigijima (isiminyaminya, phambi kwezikole, izinkulisa, izikhungo). Uma ufuna ukunciphisa ukungcola, noma ngabe ulinde emotweni imizuzu emi-2 noma engama-20, cisha injini.

Faka isiguquli se-catalytic

Uma imoto yakho indala futhi ingenayo i-catalyst, cabanga ukuthenga entsha enedivayisi efanayo. Uma ungeke ukwazi ukuthenga, ngakho-ke qiniseka ukuthi ufaka isiguquli se-catalytic kungekudala.

Gwema ukuhamba okungadingekile

Uma udinga ukuya esitolo esikude ngamamitha ayi-100 noma ama-200, awudingi ukuya lapho ngemoto yakho. Hamba ngezinyawo. Lokhu kuzokongela igesi, kukugcine uphilile futhi kugcine indawo ihlanzekile.

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Iyini i-neutralizer emotweni? Lena isici se-exhaust system efakwe phambi kwe-resonator noma esikhundleni sayo - eduze ngangokunokwenzeka ku-injini yokukhipha amandla amaningi.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwesiguquli se-catalytic kanye ne-catalyst? Lokhu kufana ne-catalytic converter noma i-catalyst, abashayeli bezimoto nje babiza le ngxenye yesistimu yokukhipha ngokuhlukile.

Iyini i-neutralizer esetshenziselwa? Isiguquli se-catalytic siklanyelwe ukuqeda ama-nitrogen oxide ayingozi aqukethwe kumagesi ombhobho wezimoto. Aguqulwa abe yizinto ezingenabungozi.