Ukubonakaliswa kwePhilippines 1944-1945
Izikebhe ezifikayo ezithwele amasosha zisondela emabhishi aseLeyte ngo-Okthoba 20, 1944. Ugu olusempumalanga yesiqhingi lwakhethwa ukuze lufike, futhi izigaba ezine eziqulwini ezimbili zafika ngokushesha kulo - zonke zivela e-US Army. I-Marine Corps, ngaphandle kweyunithi yezikhali, ayizange ibambe iqhaza ekusebenzeni ePhilippines.
Umkhankaso omkhulu kunawo wonke wemikhumbi Yezempi Yamazwe Ahlangene ePacific kwakuwumkhankaso wasePhilippines, owathatha kusukela ekwindla ka-1944 kuya ehlobo lika-1945. ukulahlekelwa kwabo ngokomzimba kokubili ngokombono ohloniphekile nongokwengqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iJapane yanqanyulwa ekusetshenzisweni kwayo e-Indonesia, Malaya nase-Indochina, futhi abaseMelika bathola isisekelo esiqinile sokugxuma kokugcina - eziqhingini zasekhaya zaseJapane. Umkhankaso wasePhilippine we-1944-1945 wawuyingqophamlando yomsebenzi kaDouglas MacArthur, ujenene waseMelika "wezinkanyezi ezinhlanu", omunye wabaphathi ababili abakhulu bemidlalo yaseshashalazini yasePacific.
UDouglas MacArthur (1880-1962) waphothula iziqu ze-summa cum laude eWest Point ngo-1903 wabelwa e-Corps of Engineers. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni, waya ePhilippines, lapho akha khona izakhiwo zezempi. Wayengumkhuzi wenkampani ye-sapper e-Fort Leavenworth e-USA futhi wahamba noyise (ujenene omkhulu) baya eJapane, e-Indonesia nase-India ngo-1905-1906. Ngo-1914, wabamba iqhaza ohambweni lokujezisa lwaseMelika oluya ethekwini laseMexico laseVeracruz ngesikhathi seNguquko yaseMexico. Waklonyeliswa ngeNdondo Yokuhlonishwa ngemisebenzi yakhe esifundeni saseVeracruz futhi ngokushesha wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba nguMajoro. Wabamba iqhaza ezingxabanweni zeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala njengenduna yezisebenzi ze-42nd Infantry Division, wakhuphukela esikhundleni sokuba nguColonel. Kusukela ngo-1919-1922 wayengumkhuzi we-West Point Military Academy enezinga lika-brigadier general. Ngo-1922, wabuyela ePhilippines njengomphathi wesifunda saseManila Military futhi wabe esengumkhuzi we-23rd Infantry Brigade. Ngo-1925 waba ujenene omkhulu futhi wabuyela e-United States ukuze athathe umyalo we-Corps ka-1928 e-Atlanta, eGeorgia. Kusukela ngo-1930 kuya ku-1932, waphinde wakhonza eManila, ePhilippines, kwase kuthi, njengomncane kunabo bonke, wathatha isikhundla sokuba yiNhloko Yezabasebenzi Yezempi Yase-US eWashington, ngenkathi ekhuphukela esikhundleni sokuba ujenene wezinkanyezi ezine. Kusukela ngo-XNUMX, uMajor Dwight D. Eisenhower ube ngumsizi kaGeneral MacArthur.
Ngo-1935, lapho isikhathi sikaMacArthur sokuba yiChief of Staff of the US Army siphela, iPhilippines yathola ukuzimela ngokwengxenye, nakuba yahlala incike e-United States. Umongameli wokuqala wasePhilippine ngemuva kwenkululeko, uManuel L. Quezon, umngani kababa kaDouglas MacArthur ongasekho, waya kulaba wakamuva ukuze bathole usizo lokuhlela amasosha asePhilippine. Ngokushesha uMacArthur wafika ePhilippines futhi wathola isikhundla sokuba yi-marshal yasePhilippine, kuyilapho ehlala engujenene waseMelika. Ekupheleni kuka-1937, uGeneral Douglas MacArthur wathatha umhlalaphansi.
NgoJulayi 1941, lapho uMongameli Roosevelt ebiza iButho LasePhilippines ukuthi libe yinkonzo yenhlangano ebhekene nosongo lwempi ePacific, waphinde waqoka uMacArthur esikhundleni sokuba nguLieutenant General, kwathi ngoZibandlela wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sakhe unomphela. isikhundla jikelele. Umsebenzi osemthethweni kaMacArthur unguMkhuzi Wezempi Yase-United States eMpumalanga Ekude - Amabutho Amasosha Ase-United States eMpumalanga Ekude (USAFFE).
Ngemva kokuzivikela okumangalisayo kwePhilippines ngo-March 12, 1942, indiza yebhomu i-B-17 yandizisa uMacArthur, umkakhe nendodana, nezisebenzi zakhe eziningana zaya e-Australia. Ngo-April 18, 1942, kwasungulwa umyalo omusha, iSouthwest Pacific, futhi uGeneral Douglas MacArthur waba umkhuzi wawo. Wayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenza kwamabutho ahlangene (ikakhulukazi aseMelika) esuka e-Australia edlula eNew Guinea, ePhilippines, e-Indonesia kuya ogwini lwaseChina. Kwakungomunye wemiyalo emibili ePacific; kwakuyindawo enenani elikhulu lezindawo zomhlaba, ngakho-ke ujenene wamabutho aphansi wabekwa enhloko yalo myalo. Ngokulandelayo, u-Admiral Chester W. Nimitz wayephethe i-Central Pacific Command, eyayibuswa izindawo zasolwandle ezineziqhingi ezincane. Amasosha kaGeneral MacArthur enza imashi ende nenkani eya eNew Guinea naseziqhingini zasePapua. Entwasahlobo ka-1944, lapho uMbuso WaseJapane usuvele waqala ukuqhuma, kwaphakama umbuzo - yini elandelayo?
Izinhlelo Zesikhathi esizayo
Entwasahlobo ka-1944 kwase kucace kuwo wonke umuntu ukuthi umzuzu wokunqotshwa kokugcina kweJapan wawusondela. Emkhakheni wezenzo zikaGeneral MacArthur, ukuhlasela kwePhilippines kwahlelwa ekuqaleni, kwase kuba seFormosa (manje eyiTaiwan). Kubuye kwacatshangelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuhlasela ogwini lwaseChina oluphethwe amaJapane ngaphambi kokuhlasela iziqhingi zaseJapane.
Kulesi sigaba, kwavela ingxoxo yokuthi kungenzeka yini ukudlula iPhilippines futhi uhlasele iFormosa ngokuqondile njengendawo ekahle yokuhlasela iJapan. Le nketho ivikelwe ngu-adm. U-Ernest King, oyiNhloko Yezokusebenza Zasemanzini eWashington (okungukuthi u-Commander-in-Chief we-US Navy) futhi - okwesikhashana - noJenene George C. Marshall, oyiNhloko Yezisebenzi Zebutho Lezempi LaseMelika. Kodwa-ke, abaphathi abaningi basePacific, ngokuyinhloko uGeneral MacArthur kanye nabangaphansi kwakhe, babheka ukuhlasela kwePhilippines njengento engenakugwenywa - ngenxa yezizathu eziningi. Adm. UNimitz uncike embonweni kaGeneral MacArthur, hhayi umbono waseWashington. Kwakunezizathu eziningi zamasu, ezombangazwe nezihloniphekile zalokhu, futhi endabeni kaGeneral MacArthur kwakukhona nezinsolo (hhayi ngaphandle kwesizathu) zokuthi wayeqondiswa izisusa zomuntu siqu; IPhilippines cishe yayiyikhaya lakhe lesibili.
