Kungani kunegolide elingaka endaweni yonke eyaziwayo?

Kunegolide eliningi kakhulu endaweni yonke, noma okungenani endaweni esihlala kuyo. Mhlawumbe lokhu akuyona inkinga, ngoba silazisa kakhulu igolide. Into ewukuthi, akekho owaziyo ukuthi ivelaphi. Futhi lokhu kubaxaka ososayensi.

Ngoba umhlaba wawuncibilikile ngesikhathi wawubunjwa. cishe lonke igolide embulungeni yethu ngaleso sikhathi cishe laphonseka emnyombweni weplanethi yethu. Ngakho-ke, kucatshangwa ukuthi iningi legolide elitholakala ku Uqweqwe lomhlaba futhi isiphuku salethwa eMhlabeni kamuva ngenxa yethonya le-asteroid ngesikhathi se-Late Heavy Bombardment, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezi-4 edlule.

Nasi isibonelo igolide endaweni yaseWitwatersrand eNingizimu Afrika, umthombo ocebe kakhulu owaziwayo igolide emhlabeni, isici. Kodwa-ke, lesi simo siyabuzwa okwamanje. Amatshe anegolide aseWitwatersrand (1) zapakishwa phakathi kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-700 nezingu-950 ngaphambi komthelela i-Vredefort meteorite. Kunoma yikuphi, cishe kwakungelinye ithonya langaphandle. Ngisho noma singacabanga ukuthi igolide esilithola emagobolondweni livela ngaphakathi, kufanele ukuthi livela ndawana thize ngaphakathi.

1. Amatshe anegolide esigodini saseWitwatersrand eNingizimu Afrika.

Pho lavelaphi lonke igolide lethu hhayi elethu ekuqaleni? Kuneminye imibono eminingana mayelana nokuqhuma kwe-supernova okunamandla kangangokuthi izinkanyezi ziyawa. Ngeshwa, ngisho nezimo ezinjalo eziyinqaba aziyichazi inkinga.

okusho ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukwenza, nakuba izazi ze-alchem ​​zazama eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Thola insimbi ecwebezelayoama-proton angamashumi ayisikhombisa nesishiyagalolunye kanye nama-neutron angama-90 kuye kwayi-126 kufanele ahlanganiswe ukuze akhe i-nucleus ye-athomu efanayo. Lokhu . Ukuhlanganiswa okunjalo akwenzeki kaningi ngokwanele, noma okungenani akwenzeki endaweni yethu eseduze ye-cosmic, ukuze sikuchaze. ingcebo enkulu yegolideesikuthola eMhlabeni nangaphakathi. Ucwaningo olusha luye lwabonisa ukuthi imibono evame kakhulu yemvelaphi yegolide, i.e. ukungqubuzana kwezinkanyezi ze-neutron (2) nakho akunikezi impendulo ephelele embuzweni wokuqukethwe kwakho.

Igolide lizowela emgodini omnyama

Manje kwaziwa lokho izakhi ezinzima kakhulu kwakheka lapho ama-nuclei ama-athomu asezinkanyezini ethwebula ama-molecule abizwa ama-neutron. Okwezinkanyezi eziningi ezindala, kuhlanganisa nalezo ezitholakala ku imithala emincane kusukela kulolu cwaningo, inqubo iyashesha ngakho-ke ibizwa ngokuthi "i-r-process", lapho "r" imele "fast". Kunezindawo ezimbili eziqokiwe lapho inqubo yenzeka ngokwethiyori. Ukugxila kokuqala okungase kube khona ukuqhuma kwe-supernova okudala izizibuthe ezinkulu - i-magnetorotational supernova. Okwesibili ukuhlanganisa noma ukushayisana izinkanyezi ezimbili ze-neutron.

Buka ukukhiqizwa izakhi ezinzima emithala Ngokuvamile, ososayensi baseCalifornia Institute of Technology eminyakeni yamuva baye bafunda eziningana imithala emincane eseduze kusukela I-telescope ye-Keck itholakala eMauna Kea, Hawaii. Babefuna ukubona ukuthi zakha nini futhi kanjani izakhi ezisinda kakhulu emithalani. Imiphumela yalezi zifundo inikeza ubufakazi obusha bethisisi yokuthi imithombo evelele yezinqubo emithala emincane ivela esikalini sesikhathi eside uma kuqhathaniswa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izakhi ezisindayo zadalwa kamuva emlandweni wendawo yonke. Njengoba i-magnetorotational supernovae ibhekwa njengento eyenzeka endaweni yonke yangaphambili, ukunensa ekukhiqizeni izakhi ezisindayo kukhomba ukungqubuzana kwenkanyezi ye-neutron njengomthombo wazo oyinhloko.

Izimpawu ze-Spectroscopic zezinto ezisindayo, okuhlanganisa negolide, kwabonwa ngo-August 2017 yizimboni zikagesi kumcimbi wokuhlanganisa inkanyezi ye-neutron GW170817 ngemva kokuqinisekiswa komcimbi njengokuhlanganisa inkanyezi ye-neutron. Amamodeli wamanje we-astrophysical aphakamisa ukuthi umcimbi wokuhlanganisa inkanyezi eyodwa ye-neutron ukhiqiza phakathi kwezisi-3 nezingu-13 zegolide. ngaphezu kwalo lonke igolide emhlabeni.

Ukungqubuzana kwenkanyezi ye-Neutron kudala igolide, ngoba ahlanganisa ama-proton ne-neutron abe yinuclei ye-athomu, bese ekhipha i-nuclei esindayo ewumphumela isikhala. Izinqubo ezifanayo, ezizonikeza inani elidingekayo legolide, zingenzeka ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwe-supernova. "Kodwa izinkanyezi ezinkulu ngokwanele ukukhiqiza igolide kulokhu kuqhuma ziphenduka izimbobo ezimnyama," u-Chiaki Kobayashi (3), isazi sezinkanyezi e-University of Hertfordshire e-UK futhi umbhali oholayo wocwaningo lwakamuva ngale ndaba, utshele i-LiveScience. Ngakho-ke, ku-supernova evamile, igolide, ngisho noma lakhiwe, lifakwa emgodini omnyama.

3. Chiaki Kobayashi waseNyuvesi yaseHertfordshire

Kuthiwani ngalawo ma-supernova angavamile? Lolu hlobo lokuqhuma kwenkanyezi, okuthiwa I-supernova magnetorotational, i-supernova engavamile kakhulu. inkanyezi efayo uphotha ngokushesha kuyo futhi uzungezwe yiyo insimu enamandla kazibutheukuthi yazigingqa yodwa ngesikhathi iqhuma. Lapho ifa, inkanyezi idedela amajethi amhlophe ento emkhathini. Ngenxa yokuthi inkanyezi ijikijelwa ngaphandle, amajethi ayo agcwele izinongo ezisagolide. Ngisho namanje, izinkanyezi ezakha igolide ziyinto eyivelakancane. Okungavamile nakakhulu izinkanyezi ezidala igolide futhi zilethule emkhathini.

Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kwabacwaningi, ngisho nokushayisana kwezinkanyezi ze-neutron kanye ne-magnetorotational supernovae akuchazi ukuthi igolide eliningi kangaka eplanethini yethu livelaphi. “Ukuhlanganiswa kwenkanyezi ye-Neutron akwanele,” usho kanje. Kobayashi. "Futhi ngeshwa, ngisho nokwengezwa kwalo mthombo wegolide wesibili ongaba khona, lesi sibalo asilungile."

Kunzima ukucacisa ukuthi kaningi kangakanani izinkanyezi ze-neutron, okuyizinsalela eziminyene kakhulu ze-supernovae yasendulo, ziyangqubuzana. Kodwa lokhu cishe akuvamile kakhulu. Ososayensi baye bakubona lokhu kanye kuphela. Izilinganiso zibonisa ukuthi azishayisani njalo ukuze kukhiqizwe igolide elitholiwe. Iziphetho zalentokazi Kobayashi kanye nozakwabo, abayishicilela ngoSepthemba 2020 ku-Astrophysical Journal. Lokhu akukona okokuqala okutholwe ososayensi, kodwa ithimba lakhe liqoqe inani elirekhodiwe ledatha yocwaningo.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ababhali bachaza ngokuningiliziwe inani lezinto ezilula ezitholakala endaweni yonke, njengekhabhoni ¹²C, futhi inzima kunegolide, njenge-uranium ²³⁸U. Kumamodeli abo, amanani ezinto ezifana ne-strontium angachazwa ngokushayisana kwezinkanyezi ze-neutron, kanye ne-europium ngomsebenzi we-magnetorotational supernovae. Lezi kwakuyizakhi ososayensi ababevame ukuba nobunzima ekuchazeni isilinganiso sokuvela kwazo emkhathini, kodwa igolide, noma kunalokho, ubuningi balo, kuseyimfihlakalo.