Ukuhlola ukushayela ukutholwa kukaCharles Goodyear kanye nokwehluleka kukaHenry Ford

Injoloba yemvelo isalokhu iyisithako esikhulu samathayi ezimoto kuze kube namuhla.

Emibhalweni yabatholi baseNingizimu Melika abanjengo-Eranando Cortez, ungathola izindaba zabomdabu abadlala ngamabhola e-resin, ababewasebenzisela nokugqokisa izikebhe zabo. Eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili kamuva, usosayensi waseFrance wachaza isihlahla esifundazweni sase-Esmeralda, abantu bendawo abasibiza ngokuthi yiheve. Uma kwenziwa ukusikwa kugxolo lwayo, kuzovela ujusi omhlophe, ofana nobisi, oba nzima futhi ube mnyama emoyeni. Kwakungusosayensi owaletha amaqoqo okuqala ale resin eYurophu, amaNdiya awabiza ngokuthi i-ka-hu-chu (umuthi ogelezayo). Ekuqaleni, yayisetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokusula ipensela, kepha kancane kancane yathola ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi. Kodwa-ke, ukutholakala okukhulu kunakho konke kule ndawo kungokwaseMelika uCharles Goodyear, owachitha imali eningi ekuhlolweni kwamakhemikhali okuhlukahlukene ukucubungula injoloba. Umlando uthi umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu kunayo yonke, ukutholakala kwenqubo yamakhemikhali ebizwa nge-vulcanization, kwenzeka ngengozi kudala ngaphambi kokuba uDunlop aqale ukukhiqiza amathayi womoya. Ngawo-30, ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwaselebhu kaGoodyear, ucezu lwenjoloba lwawela ngephutha esimbileni sesibabule esincibilikisiwe, lwakhipha iphunga elingaqondakali. Uthatha isinqumo sokuyiphenya ngokujulile bese ethola ukuthi imiphetho yayo iyashiswa, kepha umgogodla usuqinile futhi unwebeka. Ngemuva kokuhlolwa okungamakhulu, uGoodyear ukwazile ukuthola isilinganiso esifanele sokuxubeka kanye nezinga lokushisa lapho iraba lingashintsha khona izici zalo ngaphandle kokuncibilika noma kokushaja. UGoodyear uprinte izithelo zomsebenzi wakhe ekhasini lenjoloba walisonga ngenye irabha enzima yokwenziwa. Kancane kancane kusetshenzwe ngale ndlela irabha (noma injoloba, njengoba singayibiza kanjalo, yize leli gama lisetshenziselwa umkhiqizo wonke) selingene kabanzi ezimpilweni zabantu, lisebenzela ukukhiqizwa kwama-pacifiers, izicathulo, amasudi okuvikela nokunye. Ngakho-ke indaba ibuyela emuva kuDunlop naseMichelin, ababheka leli sondo njengento yemikhiqizo yabo, futhi njengoba sizobona, inkampani enhle yamathayi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi izobizwa ngegama likaGoodyear. Wonke amehlo abheke esifundeni iPutumayo, emngceleni ophakathi kweBrazil, i-Ecuador, iPeru neColombia. Yilapho lapho amaNdiya asenesikhathi eside ekhipha injoloba kwi-hevea yaseBrazil noma i-hevea brasiliensis, njengoba ibizwa ngemibuthano yesayensi. Iningi lenjoloba yaseBrazil ibilokhu iqoqwe esigodini saseParao iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50, futhi kulapho iMichelin, iMetzeler, iDunlop, iGoodyear neFirestone ziya khona zithenge inqwaba yale nto yemilingo. Ngenxa yalokho, yanda ngokushesha, futhi ujantshi okhethekile wesitimela waqondiswa kuwo. Ngokungazelelwe, uhulumeni wamakoloni wasePortugal wakwazi ukuthola imali entsha, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwenjoloba kwaba yinto ephambili. Kodwa-ke, amaHevea akule ndawo asendle futhi akhula ngendlela engaqondakali, esakazeka ezindaweni ezinkulu ngokwedlulele. Ukuze zikhule, iziphathimandla zaseBrazil zathutha amashumi ezinkulungwane zamaNdiya zaya ezindaweni ezinemali, ngaleyo ndlela zacekela phansi izindawo zokuhlala eBrazil.

Ukusuka eBrazil kuya eMpumalanga Ekude

Amanani amancane ale rabha yemifino yomdabu atholakala eBelgian Congo exhaswe yiJalimane. Kodwa-ke, uguquko lwangempela lwezimayini zenjoloba yemvelo ngumsebenzi wabaseBrithani, abazoqala ukutshala izimayini eziqhingini eziningana ezinkulu njengeBorneo neSumatra esifundeni sase-Asia-Pacific.

Konke kwaqala ngenxa yokusebenza okuyimfihlo kohulumeni wasebukhosini, okwase kuyisikhathi eside ehlela ukutshala izitshalo zenjoloba emakoloni amaNgisi namaDashi aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, lapho isimo sezulu sifana neseBrazil. Isazi sezitshalo esiyiNgisi sathunyelwa eBrazil futhi, ngesizathu sokuthutha ama-orchid asongwe ngolwelwe namahlamvu kabhanana, sakwazi ukuthumela ngaphandle imbewu ye-hevea engu-70 000. Ngokushesha imbewu eyizi-3000 etshalwe ngokucophelela yamila endlini yesundu e-Kew Gardens, futhi lezi zithombo zayiswa e-Ceylon. Khona-ke izithombo ezikhulile zitshalwa eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukutshalwa kwenjoloba yemvelo kuqala. Kuze kube namuhla, ukukhishwa okukhulunywa ngakho kugxilwe lapha - ngaphezu kwe-80% yenjoloba yemvelo ikhiqizwa eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia - eThailand, eMalaysia nase-Indonesia. Nokho, amaheve ahlelwe abe yimigqa eminyene yezindawo ezilinywayo, futhi ukumba injoloba kuyashesha futhi kuphumelela kakhulu kunaseBrazil. Ngo-1909, kwakumila izihlahla ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-400 kule ndawo, futhi ngokungafani nezisebenzi ezixhaphazayo eBrazil, izimayini zenjoloba eMalaya ziyisibonelo sebhizinisi—izinkampani zihlelwa njengezinkampani ezihlanganisa amasheya, ezisohlwini lwe-London Stock Exchange, futhi ukutshalwa kwezimali kuye kwaba yisibonelo. izinzuzo eziphezulu kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvuna kungase kwenzeke unyaka wonke, ngokungafani naseBrazil, lapho lokhu kungenzeki khona phakathi nenkathi yemvula yezinyanga eziyisithupha, futhi izisebenzi zaseMalaya ziphila kahle futhi zithola iholo elihle uma kuqhathaniswa.

Ibhizinisi lokukhipha injoloba yemvelo licishe lifane nebhizinisi lokukhipha uwoyela: imakethe ivame ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa futhi isabela kulokhu ngokuthola amasimu amasha noma ukutshala amasimu amasha. Kodwa-ke, banesikhathi sokungena embusweni, okungukuthi, badinga okungenani iminyaka engu-6-8 ukunikeza isivuno sokuqala ngaphambi kokuba bangene enkambisweni yemakethe futhi banciphise amanani. Ngeshwa, irabha yokwenziwa, esizoxoxa ngayo ngezansi, ingenye yemikhiqizo embalwa ye-synthetic chemistry engakwazi ukufeza ezinye zezimfanelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zemvelo yasekuqaleni futhi ingashiyi enye indlela yayo. Kuze kube manje, akekho odale izinto ezanele zokuzishintsha ngo-100%, ngakho-ke izingxube ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amathayi ahlukahlukene zihlanganisa izilinganiso ezahlukene zomkhiqizo wemvelo nowokwenziwa. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, isintu sincike ngokuphelele emasimini ase-Asia, nawo, angathinteki. I-Hevea iyisitshalo esibuthakathaka, futhi abantu baseBrazil basakhumbula izikhathi lapho wonke amasimu abo abhujiswa uhlobo olukhethekile lwekhanda - ngenxa yalesi sizathu, namuhla izwe alisekho phakathi kwabakhiqizi abakhulu. Imizamo yokutshala ezinye izitshalo ezishintshayo e-Europe naseMelika yehlulekile kuze kube manje, hhayi nje ngenxa yezizathu zezolimo, kodwa nangenxa yezizathu zobuchwepheshe kuphela - izimboni zamathayi manje sezizosebenza ngokuhambisana nemininingwane yalawo asindayo. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, iJapane yathatha izindawo ezikhulayo ze-hevea, yabaphoqa ukuthi banciphise kakhulu ukusebenzisa kwabo izimoto, baqale umkhankaso wokuvuselela kabusha, futhi babheke ezinye izindlela. Osokhemikhali bayakwazi ukwakha iqembu lama-rubber okwenziwa futhi benzele ukushoda, kodwa, njengoba sesishilo kakade, ayikho ingxube engashintsha ngokuphelele ezemvelo ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Kakade eminyakeni yama-XNUMXs, uhlelo lokuthuthuka okujulile kwenjoloba yokwenziwa esezingeni eliphezulu e-United States lwanqanyulwa, futhi imboni yaphinde yancika enjolweni yemvelo.

Ukuhlolwa kukaHenry Ford

Kodwa masingaboni kusengaphambili izenzakalo - emuva kuma-20s wekhulu leminyaka elidlule, abantu baseMelika babexakwe isifiso sokukhulisa i-hevea bebodwa futhi bengafuni ukuhlala bencike emibonweni yamaBrithani namaDashi. Usozimboni uHarvey Firestone wazama ukutshala izitshalo zenjoloba eLiberia ngokugqugquzelwa uHenry Ford, futhi uThomas Edison wachitha ingxenye enkulu yengcebo yakhe efuna ezinye izitshalo ezingakhula eNyakatho Melika. Nokho, uHenry Ford ngokwakhe wahlupheka kakhulu kule ndawo. Ngo-1927, waxhasa ngezimali iphrojekthi yezigidi zamaRandi eBrazil ebizwa ngokuthi iFordland, lapho indoda yaseNgilandi uHenry Wickman yaphumelela ukukhipha imbewu ye-hevea eyadala imboni yenjoloba yase-Asia. IFord yakha idolobha lonke elinemigwaqo nezindlu, izimboni, izikole namasonto. Izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba zihlwanyelwa izigidi zembewu yezinga lokuqala elethwa e-Dutch East Indies. Ngo-1934, yonke into yathembisa impumelelo kulo msebenzi. Bese kwenzeka okungalungiseki - into esemqoka ukugunda izitshalo. Njengesifo esiwumshayabhuqe, ngonyaka owodwa nje sicekela phansi wonke amasimu. UHenry Ford akazange adikibale futhi wenza umzamo wesibili, ngezinga elikhulu nakakhulu, wokwakha idolobha elikhulu nakakhulu futhi atshale izitshalo ezengeziwe.

Umphumela uyafana, futhi ukubuswa kweMpumalanga Ekude njengomkhiqizi omkhulu wezinsalela zemvelo zenjoloba.

Kwabe sekufika iMpi Yezwe II. AmaJapane athatha indawo futhi asongela yonke imboni yenjoloba yaseMelika. Uhulumeni wethula umkhankaso omkhulu wokugaywa kabusha kwezinto, kodwa izwe lisabhekene nokuntuleka okukhulu kwemikhiqizo yenjoloba, okuhlanganisa neyokwenziwa. I-America yasindiswa yizivumelwano zezwe ezikhethiwe kanye nenhlangano mayelana nomqondo wokudala ngokushesha imboni yokwenziwa - ekupheleni kwempi, ukukhiqizwa kwenjoloba engaphezu kwama-85% kwakuvela kulo msuka. Ngaleso sikhathi, lolu hlelo lwabiza uhulumeni wase-US imali eshisiwe engu-$700 million futhi lwalungenye yezimpumelelo ezinkulu kakhulu zobunjiniyela esikhathini sethu.

(ukulandela)

Umbhalo: UGeorgy Kolev