Ukusuka Endala Kuya Ezemidlalo Kanokusho

I-Poland ayikaze idume ngemboni yezimoto eqinile nesimanje, kodwa phakathi nenkathi yezimpi futhi phakathi ne-Polish People's Republic, kwadalwa amamodeli amaningi athakazelisayo nama-prototypes ezimoto. Kulesi sihloko, sizokhumbula impumelelo ebaluleke kakhulu yemboni yezimoto yasePoland kuze kube ngu-1939.

Yakhiwa nini futhi kuphi imoto yomgibeli ePoland? Ngenxa yobuningi bemithombo eyehlele kithina, kunzima ukunikeza impendulo ecacile kulo mbuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngezikhathi ezithile, abacwaningi bathola izinto ezintsha ezigciniwe ezichaza amamodeli ayengaziwa ngaphambili. Nokho, kunezinkomba eziningi zokuthi intende ingasetshenziswa I-Warsaw Society for the Exploitation of Motor Vehicles amancane amakheshi amathathu. Ngeshwa, kuncane okwaziwayo ngabo ngoba inkampani yaqothuka ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa isebenza.

Ngakho-ke, imoto yokuqala yabagibeli ebhalwe phansi eyakhiwe ePoland ibhekwa njenge Kudalaeyakhiwe ngo-1912 Imishini yezimoto nemishini e-Krakow. Cishe ngaphansi kobuholi bukaNymburk, owazalelwa eCzech Republic Bogumila Behine Ngaleso sikhathi, kwenziwa ama-prototypes amabili "amaloli emoto" - izimoto ezincane ezinezihlalo ezimbili zohlobo oluyi-2,2 m ubude. Ngenxa yesimo esibi semigwaqo yaseGalicia, imoto yaseKrakow yayinemvume yomhlabathi engu-25 cm. Yayifakwe injini engu-1385 cc four-cylinder.³ kanye ne-10-12 hp, i-air-cooled, edla u-7-10 l / 100 km. Encwajaneni, ukusebenza kokushayela kwemoto kwaphawulwa. Injini “yayilinganisela kahle futhi ihamba kahle kakhulu ngaphandle kokundindizela. Ukushisa kwenzeka ngosizo lwe-magnetic Ruthard, okuthi, ngisho nenani eliphansi lokuguquguquka, linikeze inhlansi ende, eqinile, ukuze kungabi nobunzima obuncane ukusetha injini. Ukushintsha isivinini kungenzeka ngenxa yomklamo onelungelo lobunikazi ovumela izivinini ezimbili zokuya phambili kanye nesivinini esisodwa esibuyela emuva. Amandla adluliselwa emasondweni angemuva ngamaketanga kanye ne-shaft esekelayo." Amacebo abadali beNkanyezi ayenesifiso sokuvelela - izimoto ezingamashumi amahlanu zazizokwakhiwa ngo-1913, kanye nezimoto ezingu-XNUMX ngonyaka eminyakeni eyalandela, kodwa ukuntuleka kwezimali kwavimbela lo mgomo ukuba ufezeke.

I-SCAF, iPoland ne-Stetische

Ngesikhathi se-Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, okungenani ama-prototypes amaningana ezimoto akhiqizwa, ayengekho ngaphansi kwezimoto ezakhiwe eNtshonalanga, futhi ezicini eziningi zaziphakeme kakhulu kunabo. Imiklamo yasekhaya yadalwa ngawo womabili ama-20s nama-30s, nakuba eminyakeni eyishumi edlule ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yezimoto yasePoland kwavinjwa isivumelwano selayisense esasayinwa ngo-1932 neFiat yase-Italy, esasingabandakanyi ukwakhiwa nokudayiswa kwezimoto zasekhaya ngokuphelele iminyaka eyishumi. . . . . Kodwa-ke, abaklami basePoland babengeke babeke phansi izingalo zabo ngenxa yalesi sizathu. Futhi abazange baswele imibono. Phakathi nenkathi yezimpi, kwadalwa ama-prototypes ezimoto ezithakazelisayo kakhulu - zombili ezihloselwe abathengi abacebile kanye nama-analogues asePoland weVolkswagen Beetle, i.e. imoto yabantu abaningi.

Ngo-1920, abaklami ababili abanamakhono abavela eWarsaw, UStefan Kozlowski i Anthony Fronczkowski, yakhe i-prototype enegama elifihlekile I-SCAF

"Izimoto zenkampani yethu azihlanganisi izingxenye ezihlukene ezenziwe lapha nalaphaya phesheya, kodwa zikhethiwe lapha kuphela: yonke imoto nesithuthuthu, ngaphandle kwamasondo, yiqiniso, zenziwe ezindaweni zethu zokusebenzela, zonke izingxenye zayo zishintshwe ngokukhethekile. komunye nomunye ukuze kwakheke umklamo omncane novumelanayo, umklamo ocushwe kahle ngokwezibalo,” batuse abadali bemoto encwajaneni yokukhangisa. Igama lemoto livela kuma-initials abo bobabili abaklami, futhi isitshalo sasiseWarsaw, emgwaqweni. I-Rakowiecka 23. Imodeli yokuqala ye-SKAF kwakuyimoto encane enezihlalo ezimbili ene-wheelbase engu-2,2 m, ifakwe injini eyodwa-cylinder ene-displacement ye-500 cmXNUMX.³,amanzi asepholile. Isisindo imoto kwaba 300 kg kuphela, okwenza imoto ukonga kakhulu - 8 litre uphethiloli ekhemisi kanye 1 amalitha kawoyela idliwe 100 km. Ngeshwa, imoto ayizange ikholise abathengi futhi ayizange ingene ekukhiqizeni okuningi.

Isiphetho esifanayo samehlela Umphakathi wasePoland, imoto eyakhiwa ngo-1924 IsiNgisi UMykola Karpovski, uchwepheshe owaziwayo e-Warsaw emkhakheni wezinguquko ezifakwe ezimotweni ezihamba enhloko-dolobha - kuhlanganisa. i-"MK gas saving system" ethandwayo esetshenziswa ezimotweni zakwaFord, uT. Karpovsky wahlanganisa imoto yakhe ezingxenyeni zamamodeli adumile emikhiqizo yaseNtshonalanga, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo wasebenzisa izixazululo eziningi eziyingqayizivele ngaleso sikhathi, njengenkomba yokusetshenziswa kukawoyela noma i-thi- thin- amagobolondo anezindonga anezindonga ezindongeni zokuxhuma. Ikhophi eyodwa kuphela ye-diaspora yase-Polish eyakhiwe, eyagcina ifakwe efasiteleni lesitolo samaswidi e-Franboli ku-Marszałkowska Street, futhi yathengiswa njengomklomelo we-raffle wenhlangano esiza abantulayo.

Izimoto ezimbili zasePoland Ralf-Stetysz zikhonjiswe e-International Salon eParis ngo-1927 (iqoqo le-NAC)

Banenhlanhla kancane. UJan Laski Oraz Bala uStefan Tyshkevich. Owokuqala wabo wadalwa e-Warsaw ngo-1927 emgwaqweni. Isiliva I-Automotive Construction Company AS, futhi izimoto ezikhiqizwa lapho ngochungechunge oluncane ziklanywe Eng. Alexander Liberman, bakhonze kakhulu amatekisi namakhumbi. UTyszkiewicz naye wavula imboni encane eParis ngo-1924: Isitshalo sezolimo, izimoto kanye nezindiza ze-Count Stefan Tyszkiewicz, wabe esethuthela ukukhiqizwa eWarsaw, emgwaqweni. Imboni 3. Bala imoto kaTyshkevich - URalph Stetish - waqala ukunqoba imakethe ngoba yayinezinjini ezinhle ze-1500 cc³ ngi 2760cm³, kanye nokumiswa okulungiselwe imigwaqo yasePoland eyinhlekelele. Ilukuluku lokuklama kwakuwumehluko okhiyiwe, okwenza kwaba nokwenzeka, isibonelo, ukushayela endaweni enamaxhaphozi. UStetishes ubambe iqhaza ngempumelelo emiqhudelwaneni yasekhaya neyangaphandle. Ziyaboniswa futhi njengemoto yokuqala evela ePoland, e-International Motor Show eParis ngo-1926. Ngeshwa, ngo-1929, umlilo washisa inqwaba yezimoto nayo yonke imishini edingekayo ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokukhiqizwa. U-Tyszkiewicz wayengafuni ukuqala kabusha futhi yingakho ehlanganyela ekusakazweni kwe-Fiats ne-Mercedes.

Izitolo zokulungisa izimoto ezimaphakathi

Ukunethezeka futhi sporty

Izimoto ezimbili ezihamba phambili zangaphambi kwempi zakhiwe phakathi Izitolo zokulungisa izimoto ezimaphakathi eWarsaw (kusukela ngo-1928 bashintsha igama labo laba State Engineering Works). Okokuqala I-CWS Т-1 - imoto yokuqala enkulu yasePoland. Wayiklama ngo-1922-1924. IsiNgisi Tadeusz Tanski. Kwaba yinto yomhlaba wonke ukuthi imoto ingahlakazwa futhi ihlanganiswe ngokhiye owodwa (kwakudingeka ithuluzi elengeziwe kuphela ukuze kukhululwe amakhandlela)! Imoto yavusa isithakazelo esikhulu phakathi kwabantu abazimele kanye nebutho, ngakho kusukela ngo-1927 yangena ekukhiqizeni okuningi. Ngo-1932, lapho inkontileka ye-Fiat eshiwo ngenhla isayinwa, cishe kwakhiwe ama-CWS T-1 angamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili. Kwakubalulekile futhi ukuthi ifakwe iyunithi entsha yamandla angama-cylinder angu-3 enamandla amalitha angu-61 no-XNUMX hp, nama-valve ekhanda le-aluminium.

Phakathi nokubusa kwe-Fiat, onjiniyela be-CWS/PZInż abazange bawuyeke umqondo wokwakha i-limousine ewubukhazikhazi yasePoland. Ngo-1935, umsebenzi wokuklama waqala, ngenxa yalokho umshini waqanjwa umdlalo wokunethezeka. Ithimba elingaphansi kwabaphathi IsiNgisi UMieczyslaw Dembicki ezinyangeni ezinhlanu wakha i-chassis yesimanjemanje, okwathi ngemva kwesikhathi esithile yafakwa injini eyongayo engu-8-cylinder yomklamo wayo, nokugudluzwa kwe-3888 cc.³ kanye 96hp Nokho, umxhwele kakhulu kwaba umzimba - umsebenzi wobuciko. ngi. UStanislav Panchakevich.

I-Aerodynamic, umzimba oqondile namalambu afihliwe kuma-fender wenze i-Lux-Sport imoto yesimanje. Izixazululo eziningi ezintsha ezisetshenziswe kule moto zazingaphambi kwesikhathi sazo. Imiphumela yomsebenzi wabaklami basePoland, phakathi kwezinye izinto, yayiyisakhiwo se-chassis yohlaka, ukumiswa okuzimele okuphindwe kabili okufisa okusetshenziselwa kuwo wonke amasondo amane, ama-absorber abamba kabili ama-hydraulic shock, ukugcotshwa okuzenzakalelayo kwezakhi ze-chassis ezifanele, ukumiswa ngemigoqo ye-torsion, ukungezwani okungahle kulungiswe ngaphakathi ekhabetheni, isihlungi sikawoyela ozihlanzayo, amawipha womoya kanye nokulawula ukuthungela kwe-vacuum. Ijubane eliphezulu imoto kwaba mayelana 135 km / h.

Omunye walabo ababenethuba lokushayela imoto ye-prototype wayengumhleli we-pre-war "Avtomobil" Tadeusz Grabowski. Umbiko wakhe walolu hambo uthwebula kahle izinzuzo ze-limousine yasePoland:

“Okokuqala nje, ngifikelwa wukusebenza kalula: i-clutch isetshenziswa kuphela uma isuka, bese kuba wukushintsha kwegiya kusetshenziswa i-lever engaphansi kwesiteringi, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ezinye izilawuli. Zingashintshwa ngaphandle kwegesi, ngegesi, ngokushesha noma kancane - i-gearbox kagesi ye-Cotala isebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi ayivumeli amaphutha. (...) Ngokungazelelwe ngengeza igesi: imoto igxuma phambili, njengokungathi isuka ku-slingshot, ngokushesha ifinyelela ku-118 km / h. (…) Ngiyaqaphela ukuthi imoto, ngokungafani nezimoto ezijwayelekile ezinomzimba, ayihlangabezani nokuphikiswa komoya okuningi. (...) Siyaqhubeka nendlela yethu, ngibona umugqa ohlukile wamatshe e-cobblestone enziwe ngamatshe asensimini. Ngibikezela ukuthi ngehlisa ijubane ngifike ku-XNUMX futhi ngishaye ama-bumps ngilindele ukugoqa okuqinile njengemoto emaphakathi. Ngidumele kakhulu, imoto ihamba kahle.

Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakungenye yezimoto zanamuhla zabagibeli emhlabeni wonke, njengoba kufakazelwa ukuthi amaJalimane akopisha izixazululo zasePoland ngezinhlamvu zeHanomag 1,3 ne-Adler 2,5 litre. 58 Ukugqashuka kwempi kwawaphazamisa lamacebo.

Kushibhile futhi kuhle

umklami wasePoland onekhono IsiNgisi U-Adam Gluck-Gluchowski kwakuwukudala imoto encane, okulula ukuyihlanganisa futhi eshibhile "yabantu." Umbono ngokwawo wawungewona owokuqala. izinkampani ezinkulu zaseNtshonalanga zasebenza ngezimoto ezinjalo, kodwa zakubona ngokunciphisa izimoto ezinkulu zikanokusho, kuyilapho I-Iraq (igama lisuselwa ekuhlanganiseni kwamagama kanjiniyela kanye nomkakhe, u-Irena), owethulwe ngo-1926, kwakuyisakhiwo esakhiwe kusukela ekuqaleni ngokuqagela okusha ngokuphelele. Izihlalo ezintathu ekuqaleni bezihlome ngezinjini ezingama-500, 600 no-980 cc eyodwa namasilinda amabili.³. UGlukhovsky uphinde wahlela ukusebenzisa iyunithi yesibhakela engu-1 litre futhi akhe inguqulo ehlala abantu abane. Ngeshwa, amakhophi amathathu kuphela ale moto emisha enziwe.

Eminye imizamo ethokozisayo yokwakha imoto eshibhile yayingamamodeli AW, u-Antoni Ventskovski noma VM Vladislav Mrajski. Kodwa-ke, ama-prototypes emoto athakazelisa kakhulu kubantu abaningi kwakuyimisebenzi yobuciko. IsiNgisi UStefan Praglovsky, isisebenzi seNkampani Yezabelo Zamafutha E-Galician-Carpathian e-Lviv. Sikhuluma ngezimoto eziqanjwe nguye Galkar i Radwan.

UStefan Praglovsky waqala iphrojekthi yokuqala ekuqaleni kwawo-30. Njengoba imoto kwakudingeka ibe eshibhile, unjiniyela wacabanga ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqizwa kwayo kufanele buvumele ukukhiqizwa kwazo zonke izingxenye emishinini elula futhi efinyeleleka kalula. UPragłowski usebenzise izixazululo ezimbalwa zedizayini yakhe nesimanje e-Galkar, kuhlanganisa. Isiguquli se-torque esihlinzeka ngokugudluzwa kwegiya okungenazinyathelo (akukho clutch) nokumiswa okuzimele kwawo wonke amasondo. I-prototype yaqedwa ekwindla ka-1932, kodwa ukuwohloka komnotho emhlabeni wonke nokusayinwa nguhulumeni wasePoland isivumelwano esesishiwo kakade ne-Fiat kwamisa umsebenzi owengeziwe ku-Galcar.

Nokho, uStefan Praglovsky wayeyindoda enenkani futhi ezimisele. Esebenzisa isipiliyoni asithola ngokwakha i-prototype yakhe yokuqala, ngo-1933 waqala ukusebenza emshinini omusha - i-Radwan, igama layo elibhekisela ejazi lezikhali lomndeni wakwaPraglovsky. Imoto entsha yayinezicabha ezine, izihlalo ezine, ezimbili-stroke, ifakwe injini SS-25, ekhiqizwa ePoland (Steinhagen kanye Stransky). Ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko zokukhiqiza, uphahla lwenziwe nge- dermatoid, ipulasitiki elingisa isikhumba. Zonke izixazululo ezintsha ezaziwa e-Galkar nazo zavela e-Radwan. Imoto entsha nokho ibinomzimba omusha ngokuphelele, ohlabeke umxhwele ngesitayela sayo sesimanje nokwenza le moto ibukeke njengesporty kancane. Imoto, eyethulwa emphakathini, yavusa isithakazelo esikhulu (njenge-Galkar ne-WM, ibiza ama-zloty angu-4 kuphela), futhi amayunithi okuqala e-Radwan kwakufanele aphume emgqeni womhlangano ekuqaleni kwawo-40s.

I-Fiat yasePoland

Isikhangiso se-Polish Fiat 508

Ekupheleni kohambo lomgwaqo ngezikhathi ze-Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, sizophinde sikhulume IFiat 508 Junak yasePoland (leli yigama elisemthethweni lemodeli ekhiqizwa ezweni lethu), "ingane" ebaluleke kakhulu yesivumelwano selayisense ne-Italy. Imoto yayisekelwe ku-prototype yase-Italy, kodwa izinguquko eziningi zenziwa ePoland - uhlaka lwaqiniswa, i-axle yangaphambili, i-axle yangemuva, iziphethu kanye nama-driveshafts aqiniswa, i-gearbox yamagiya amathathu yathathelwa indawo ngamagiya amane. . , amandla enjini anyuswa abe ngu-24 hp, futhi izici zokumiswa zashintshwa. Ukwakheka komzimba nakho kuba yindilinga. Ekupheleni kokukhiqizwa, imoto cishe yakhiqizwa ngokuphelele ePoland kusukela ezingxenyeni zasePoland; zingaphansi kuka-5% kuphela izinto ezingenisiwe. Zakhangiswa ngesiqubulo esihehayo esithi “eyonga kakhulu kokunethezeka futhi evumelana kakhulu neyongayo.” I-Fiat 508 ngokungangabazeki kwakuyimoto ethandwa kakhulu ngaphambi kwempi yasePoland. Ngaphambi kokuqala kwempi, cishe izimoto eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-7 zakhiqizwa. amakhophi. Ngaphezu kwe-508 siphinde sakha: imodeli enkulu 518 Mazuria, amaloli 618 Ukuduma i I-621 L nezinguqulo zezempi ze-508, ezibizwa Jeep.

Uhlu lwama-prototypes athakazelisayo wangaphambi kwempi namamodeli, yiqiniso, lude. Kwabonakala sengathi sizongena kuma-40s ngemiklamo yesimanje kakhulu neyokuqala. Ngeshwa, ngokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe II nemiphumela yayo edabukisayo, kwadingeka siqale phansi. Kodwa okwengeziwe ngalokho esihlokweni esilandelayo.