Izici zikaphalafini: umlando nokukhiqizwa komkhiqizo, izinhlobo zawo kanye nobubanzi

Uphalafini uyinto esobala enesakhiwo esinamafutha, obala noma okhanyayo, ophuzi ngombala. I-substance itholakala ngokuhlukanisa izingxenye ze-multicomponent nge-distillation noma ngokufaka amafutha aqondile. Ingxube evuthayo yama-hydrocarbon awuketshezi inephuzu lokubila ukusuka ku-+150°C ukuya ku-+250°C. Ngenxa yezakhiwo zomkhiqizo kawoyela nezici zawo, ungathenga uphalafini wokusevisa izimoto nezindiza, kanye namadivayisi okukhanyisa nokunye okuningi.

Igama likaphalafini livela kwelesiGreki lasendulo elithi "Κηρός", okusho ukuthi ingcina

Umlando wokusatshalaliswa kukaphalafini eRussia

Ifomula kaphalafini, ukuminyana kwayo, ukuvutha kanye nezinye izici kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukushintsha igesi yokukhanyisa nazo zonke izinhlobo zamafutha. Yaqala ukusetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Lokhu kwaholela ekwenyukeni kwesidingo sikawoyela, futhi imboni kaphalafini yaba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlela zokumba kanye nokwanda kokusetshenziswa kwegolide elimnyama.

Isidingo sikaphalafini sikhule kakhulu njengoba sekunezitofu zikaphalafini nezitofu zikaphalafini, ebezisetshenziswa yonke indawo ukupheka.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, imishini yezolimo enezinjini ze-carburetor ne-diesel yaqala ukugcwala uphalafini. Kodwa lokhu kwabangela ubunzima obuthile.

Inombolo ye-octane kaphalafini ingaphansi kwamayunithi angama-40, futhi ukuntengantenga kubi kakhulu kunekaphethiloli, ngakho ukuqala injini ebandayo kwakunzima kakhulu. Mayelana nalokhu, le mishini yayifakwe ithangi elincane legesi elengeziwe.

Inqwaba kaphalafini osetshenziswa izimoto njengoba uphethiloli wawuphezulu, futhi ngokushesha wathathelwa indawo uphethiloli nodizili.

Ukuthandwa kukaphalafini kwaqala kabusha maphakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili, ngokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni zezindiza nezamarokhethi.

Indlela yokuthola uphalafini

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uwoyela ucutshungulwa kanjani (i-distillation eqondile noma ukulungiswa), into iqala ukuhlungwa emanzini, ukungcola kwe-inorganic, njll. Lapho uketshezi silethwa emazingeni okushisa athile, izingxenyana ezihlukahlukene ziyabila futhi zigqame:

• Kufika ku-250 ° C - i-naphtha nophethiloli.
• Ukusuka ku-250 ° C kuya ku-315 ° C - uwoyela we-parafini-gas.
• Kusukela ku-300 ° C kuya ku-350 ° C - amafutha (ilanga).

Ngokusho kwe-GOST 12.1.007-76, isigaba esiyingozi se-parafini singu-4, okufanele sicatshangelwe ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, ukuthutha nokusetshenziswa. Uketshezi luvutha kakhulu, futhi umhwamuko walo, lapho uhlangana nomoya, wenza izingxube eziqhumayo.

Uphalafini, uma uhlangana namehlo nesikhumba, ungabangela ukucasuka.

Ukwakheka kukaphalafini

Ukwakheka kukaphalafini kuncike kakhulu ezingxenyeni zamakhemikhali nezindlela zokucubungula imikhiqizo kawoyela. Ngaphezu kokungcola komoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen ne-sulfur compounds, iqukethe ama-hydrocarbons:

buka	Iphesenti
Umkhawulo	I-20 kuya ku-60
Unlimited	Kuze kube yi-2
Ibhayisikili	I-5 kuya ku-25
I-Naphthenic	I-20 kuya ku-50

I-Kerosene RO nezinye izici zingahluka. Ku +20°C izibalo zimi kanje:

• Ukuminyana kusuka ku-0,78 kuye ku-.85 g/cm³.
• I-Viscosity isuka ku-1,2 iye ku-4,5 mm²/s.

I-flash point isuka ku-+28 iye ku-72°C, kuyilapho izinga lokushisa lokuzishisa lingafinyelela ku-+400°C. Ukuminyana kukaphalafini, njengezinye izinkomba, kuyahlukahluka ngokuhlelwa kwezinkomba ezishisayo nezinye izimo.

Isilinganiso sokuminyana sikaphalafini singu-0.800 kg/m³·

Uphalafini usetshenziselwa ini?

Njengomunye wemikhiqizo evame kakhulu ye-petroleum, uphalafini uthole ukusetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene. Izinto ezingavuthiwe zingase zilungele ukudala:

• Amafutha ejethi.
• rocket fuel izithasiselo.
• Isibaseli imishini yokudubula.
• Ukufaka amafutha ezinsizeni zasendlini.
• Izinyibilikisi ezingabizi.
• Okunye okuhlukile kunodizili wasebusika kanye ne-arctic.

Kokubili esikhathini esidlule namanje, uphalafini wokukhanyisa ikhwalithi usetshenziswa kabanzi. Ingatholakala ekukhiqizeni kuma-workshops, ama-workshops asekhaya, njll. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi izinyathelo zokuphepha kufanele zithathwe ngesikhathi sokusebenza.

Izinkomba eziyinhloko zokukhanyisa ibanga likaphalafini

I-Kerosene (GOST 18499-73) yenzelwe izinjongo zobuchwepheshe - isetshenziselwa ukuhlanza nokugcoba izindlela, ukususa ukugqwala, njll. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto zifanelekile ukukhulelwa kwesikhumba, ukuqhuba imibukiso yomlilo kanye nenani elikhulu leminye imisebenzi.

Emithi yesintu, kuvunyelwe ukuphatha izifo ezihlukahlukene nge-parafini. Ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukususa izintwala. Ngemithamo ehlukahlukene, ngokungcola okuthile nezindlela zokusebenzisa, kunconyelwa ukuvikela izifo:

• Umgudu wamathumbu.
• isimiso sezinzwa.
• Uhlelo lwe-cardiovascular system.
• Amaphaphu, njll.

Uphalafini usuphenduke isisekelo sokuhlikihla, ukugcoba nezinye izindlela zemithi yesintu.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zikaphalafini

Uphalafini ungahlukaniswa ngokuqukethwe okuyingxenyana kanye nokusetshenziswa. Kunamaqembu amane amakhulu:

1. Ezobuchwepheshe

I-parafini yezobuchwepheshe ifaneleka ukukhiqizwa kwe-propylenes, i-ethylenes namanye ama-hydrocarbon. Ngokuvamile, into isebenza njenge-solvent yokugeza izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi zomumo nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Futhi, izinto zokusetshenziswa zingasetshenziswa njengamafutha emishini yokusebenzela.

Ngokwezinhlinzeko ze-GOST, kuma-kerosenes ezobuchwepheshe, okuqukethwe kwama-hydrocarbons anephunga elimnandi akukho ngaphezu kwamaphesenti ayisikhombisa.

2. Irokhethi

Ukushisa okuqondile kokushiswa kukaphalafini kunomthelela ekwakhekeni kwe-reverse thrust enani elidingekayo ekusebenzeni kwezimoto zamarokhethi. Iqukethe inani elincane lokungcola, ngenxa yokuthi impahla eluhlaza ibhekwa njengehlanzekile kakhulu. Phakathi kwezici kukhona:

• Okuqukethwe okuncane kokubunjwa kwesibabule.
• Izici ezinhle kakhulu zokulwa nokugqoka.
• ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali.
• Ukumelana ne-thermal oxidation.

I-rocket parafini iqhathaniswa kahle nesitoreji sesikhathi eside ezitsheni ezivaliwe, isikhathi sifinyelela eminyakeni eyishumi

3. Indiza

Uphalafini wendiza ungasetshenziselwa ukugcoba nokugcwalisa izindiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isebenza njengesiqandisi kuma-heat exchangers. I-substance ine-anti-wear ephezulu kanye ne-low-temperature properties.

I-dielectric constant kaphalafini yi-1,8-2,1(ε). Le nkomba ibonisa ukuthi izikhathi ezingaki amandla okusebenzelana amashaji amabili kagesi endaweni evamile engaphansi kwe-vacuum.

Uphalafini wendiza uhlukaniswe ngamabanga amahlanu - RT, TS-1, T-1, T-1C, T-2  

4. Ukukhanyisa

Izinga lokushisa elivuthayo likaphalafini lokukhanyisa lisuka ku-+35 ° С liye ku-+75 ° С. Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezisezingeni eliphakeme zibonakala ngokuvutha ngaphandle kwe-soot ne-soot, kuyilapho zinikeza ukukhanya okwanele. Futhi, lezi zinhlobo zemikhiqizo ye-petroleum zingaba enye indlela yezincibilikisi ezingabizi.

Uma ama-hydrocarbon epharafini engeziwe ekukhanyiseni uphalafini, iphakamisa ikhwalithi yento

Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokwakheka kanye nezici zikaphalafini zamabanga ahlukene kuwebhusayithi ye-TC "AMOX". Shayela, ochwepheshe benkampani bazokhuluma ngemikhiqizo kawoyela futhi bakusize ukhethe uhlobo olungcono kakhulu lukaphethiloli, ngokuhambisana nezidingo zakho!

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