I-Operation Market Garden

I-Operation Market-Garden ithathwa kabanzi njengokuhlulwa okukhulu kwe-Allied, kodwa lokhu akucaci kahle. AmaJalimane alahlekelwa kakhulu futhi akhulula ingxenye yeNetherlands, okwenza isisekelo sokuhlaselwa kweReich ngokusebenzisa iReichswald, nakuba lokhu kwakungeyona inhloso yokuqala.

Umsebenzi omkhulu kunawo wonke ohilela amasosha asemoyeni, owenziwe ama-Allies ngoSepthemba 1944 endaweni yaseNetherlands eyayithathiwe, wawuhloselwe ukuqeda amasosha aseJalimane futhi udlule izinqaba zokuzivikela zaseJalimane ezaziwa ngokuthi "iSiegfried Line" enyakatho, okwakufanele vumela ukungena ku-Ruhr futhi ngaleyo ndlela usheshise ukuphela kwempi. Inkinga eyinhloko kwakuwukuthunjwa kwamabhuloho eRhine nakweminye imifula ngaphambi kokuba iJalimane iwacekele phansi. Lo msebenzi wawuhlelwe uMarshal Montgomery, owayephethe Iqembu Lezempi Lama-21 futhi wayesemjahweni nomkhuzi Webutho Lesithathu Lezempi Lase-US, uGeneral George Patton, ukuze abone ukuthi ubani ozofika kuqala ezikhungweni zezimboni ze-Third Reich. UMontgomery wancenga uGeneral Dwight Eisenhower ukuthi enze lo msebenzi, naphezu kwengozi enkulu yokuwenza.

Ngemva kokunqotshwa eNormandy ehlobo lika-1944, amasosha aseJalimane ahoxa eFrance, futhi amabutho Ahlangene awasukela, alinganiselwe ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yobunzima bokuthutha uphethiloli nezinye izinto okwakudingeka zithuthwe zisuka emachwebeni okwenziwa eNormandy kanye nenani elincane uma kuqhathaniswa, amachweba aseCherbourg naseHavre. NgoSepthemba 2, amasosha aseBrithani angena eBelgium, futhi ezinsukwini ezimbili kamuva i-Guards Tank Division yakhulula iBrussels, idlula endaweni yaseBelgium cishe ngaphandle kokulwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngo-5 September 1944, iBritish XXX Corps, ilwa enyakatho, yathumba i-Antwerp ne-11th Panzer Division ekhanda. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-Polish 1st Armored Division, ingxenye yeCanadian 1st Army, yathatha i-Ypres.

I-1st Allied Airborne Army, eyadalwa ehlobo lika-1944, yayinezigaba ezinhlanu ezinkampanini ezimbili. I-British 1st Airborne Corps yayine-DPD yesi-6 kanye ne-1st DPD kanye ne-17th Polish Independent Parachute Brigade, kuyilapho i-American 82nd Airborne Corps yayine-DPD ye-101, i-DPD yesi-XNUMX kanye ne-DPD ye-XNUMX.

Ngalesi sikhathi, umphathi we-XXX Corps wenze iphutha elibi kakhulu. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuthunjwa kwe-Antwerp, kwakudingeka kuhambe amakhilomitha amaningana ukuya enyakatho futhi kunqunywe iNhlonhlo yaseMidden-Zeeland ezweni lonke. Lokhu kuzovala ukuhlehla Kwebutho Le-15 LaseJalimane, ebelihlehla ngasogwini lwase-Belgian, lidlule e-Ostend, enyakatho-mpumalanga, ngokuhambisana ne-XXX Corps ehamba phambili ebanzi.

I-Antwerp ayikho ngasolwandle, kodwa ngasekungeneni kweScheldt, umfula omkhulu ogeleza unqamule eFrance, usuka eCambrai, bese udlula eBelgium. Ngaphambi nje komlomo we-Scheldt, ijika ngokucijile ibheke entshonalanga, ibheke endaweni ewumngcingo ende esukela entshonalanga iye empumalanga. Ugu olusenyakatho laleli theku luwumngcingo impela esisekelweni, bese lunweba inhlonhlo yeZuid-Beveland kanye nesiqhingi saseWalcheren silele ekuqhubekeni kwayo, kodwa empeleni sixhumene nenhlonhlo ngamaphasi omhlaba (isiqhingi sasingaphambi kokugeleza kwamapulangwe. ). Lapho amaBrithani ethumba i-Antwerp, abopha ingxenye ye-15th Army entshonalanga yedolobha. Kodwa-ke, ukuntuleka "kokuvalwa" kwe-isthmus exhuma inhlonhlo yeZuid-Beveland nezwe lonke kwakusho ukuthi phakathi kuka-4 no-20 Septemba amaJalimane ahamba ngaphesheya komlomo we-Scheldt ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuthutha, ikakhulukazi kusukela kuma-65. kanye ne-000th Rifle Divisions ( DP). Lokhu kususwa okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla kwenzeka kusukela eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Antwerp kuya e-Zuid-Beveland peninsula kanye nesiqhingi sase-Walcheren esixhumene nayo, lapho iningi lazo langena lijule eNetherlands, ngaphansi kwekhala leBritish XXX Corps, kusukela Umkhuzi wamaphoyisa, uLieutenant General Brian Horrocks, wayecabanga ngokuhlasela empumalanga ejule eNetherlands futhi adlulele eJalimane, nokuthi amaJalimane ayengakhishwa ngendlela ehlelekile kanjalo, akuzange kwenzeke kuye.

Nokho-ke, phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-Guards Armored Division eyayiqhubekela phambili eningizimu ngokungalindelekile yazingenela e-Albert Canal edolobheni laseBelgium iLommel, ngaphambi nje komngcele neNetherlands, igijima cishe isuka entshonalanga iye empumalanga, ngaphambi nje kokuba iJalimane ngokwayo ijike eningizimu, idale ukuphumela ngaphandle. eningizimu kuwulimi oluncane lwesiDashi, ngaphakathi okuyidolobha laseMaastricht. Esuka eFrance edabula lonke elaseBelgium, amaJalimane akwazi ukugqashula emabuthweni ahlangene ayewasukela, futhi kwakuse-Albert Canal lapho umugqa oyinhloko wokuzivikela wadalwa khona. Bekungumgoqo wamanzi wemvelo, obanzi impela, oxhuma i-Antwerp (i-Scheldt) ne-Liège (Meuse). Lo msele wawuwumzila wamanzi oqondile ovela esikhungweni sezimboni esaziwayo esidume ngokukhiqiza insimbi, enechweba elikhulu. I-Mosa egeleza eLiège, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yayigeleza enyakatho-mpumalanga eduze nomngcele waseJalimane-Dashi budebuduze nayo, yajika cishe ngasenyakatho eduze kwaseVenlo, futhi yajika yajika yashona ngasentshonalanga eduze kwaseNijmegen, ihambisana namagatsha amabili eRhine enyakatho, ncamashí edabula umfula. Netherlands , ukusuka empumalanga kuye entshonalanga kuya oLwandle Olusenyakatho.

Iziteshi ezimbalwa zemikhumbi ezinkulu ngokulinganayo zidlula eNetherlands, ezimbiwa kalula lapha ngenxa yokukhululeka okuyisicaba kweNingizimu Holland. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo enamaxhaphozi enamaxhaphozi amaningi yenza kube lula ukuhlelwa kwezokuvikela lapha. Nokho, okwesikhashana, kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-September 1944, amasosha aseJalimane acindezela i-Albert Canal, ecishe ilingane nomngcele waseBelgium-Dutch. Futhi ngokungalindelekile, ngoSepthemba 10, 1944, i-2nd Irish Guards Battalion, eholwa yi-5th Guards Tank Brigade evela ku-Guards Armored Division, yagqekeza edolobhaneni laseLommel eduze kwedolobha laseNeerpelt futhi yathatha ibhuloho ebeliphelele phezu kwe-Albert Canal, ngokusebenzisa. abaqaphi uShermans bashanela phakathi, behlezi endaweni encane osebeni olusenyakatho lomsele. Usuka kuleli dolobha, umgwaqo ongunombolo 69 uye ngase-Eindhoven, lapho enyakatho kancane yedolobha, eSon, unqamule iWilhelmina Canal, bese udlula eGrave, lapho umgwaqo oshiwo unqamula iMeuse neNimegen, lapho umgwaqo, ngokushintshana. , weqa igatsha eliseningizimu yeRhine - Waal, waya e-Arnhem, lapho umgwaqo wawuwela khona iNorth Rhine - Lower Rhine. Khona-ke umgwaqo ofanayo waya enyakatho emaphethelweni eNetherlands, uhlukana eMeppel ube igatsha eliya eLeeuwarden, eduze nolwandle, naseGroningen, eduze komngcele neJalimane. Khona-ke iNetherlands yaphela, lapha ugu lubheke empumalanga, eduze ne-Emden, eyayiseJalimane kakade.

Lapho ngo-August 13 uMarshal Bernard L. Montgomery ehlongoza umbono wokuqala wokusebenza okusha, manje okuthiwa "Inkanyezi enomsila", wayefuna ukusebenzisa ibhuloho elithunjiwe phezu kwe-Albert Canal, ngaleso sikhathi elaqanjwa ngokuthi "iJoe's Bridge" ngokuhlonipha umkhuzi we-3rd Irish Guards Battalion - uLieutenant Colonel. U-John Ormsby Evelyn Vandeleur, i-Mechanized Infantry Battalion (amagama akhe okuqala athi JOE, futhi igama likaLieutenant Colonel Vandeleur) ukuze baqale ukuhlasela ku-Highway 69 e-Arnhem kusukela kuleli bhishi. Ngakho-ke, amabutho akhe ngabe ayesenyakatho yezinqaba zaseJalimane ezaziwa ngokuthi "Siegfried Line", egijima emngceleni wonke weFrance, iLuxembourg neBelgium, kanye nengxenye yeNetherlands, futhi yaphela esifundeni saseKleve, lapho i-Rhine igeleza ngasohlangothini lwamaDashi, ngemuva kancane komngcele, ihlukanisa izingalo ezimbili ezinkulu: i-Waal eningizimu, i-Rhine eNyakatho ne-Rhine eNyakatho ne-Rhine eNyakatho. Ukuphuma enyakatho ye-Lower Rhine kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukujikela empumalanga futhi uhlasele iJalimane enyakatho yeSiegfried Line nasenyakatho ye-Ruhr, ngaseMünster. Ukuhlasela okunqamula i-Ruhr kulo lonke elaseJalimane bekungaba inhlekelele emzamweni wempi waseJalimane futhi kufanele kuqede ukulwa ngokushesha.