Isixazululo esisodwa, imibala emihlanu
Ukuhlolwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo namakhemikhali kwethulwa emikhosini yesayensi, okubangela injabulo njalo phakathi komphakathi. Enye yazo umbukiso lapho ikhambi, elithelwa ezitsheni ezilandelanayo, lishintsha umbala walo komunye nomunye wabo. Kwabaningi ababukele, lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kubonakala kuyiqhinga, kodwa kumane kuwukusebenzisa ngekhono izakhiwo zamakhemikhali.
Ukuhlolwa kuzodinga imikhumbi emihlanu, i-phenolphthalein, i-sodium hydroxide NaOH, i-iron (III) chloride FeCl.3, i-potassium rhodium KSCN (noma i-ammonium NH4SCN) kanye ne-potassium ferrocyanide K4[Fe(CN)6].
Thela cishe u-100 cm emkhunjini wokuqala3 amanzi nge-phenolphthalein, bese ubeka okunye (isithombe 1):
isitsha sesi-2: enye i-NaOH kanye namaconsi ambalwa amanzi. Ngokuxuba ne-baguette, sakha isisombululo. Qhubeka ngendlela efanayo ezitsheni ezilandelayo (okungukuthi engeza amaconsi ambalwa amanzi bese uxuba namakristalu).
umkhumbi 3: FeCl3;
isitsha 4: KSCN;
iqoma 5:k.4[Fe(CN)6].
Ukuze uthole umphumela osebenzayo wokuhlolwa, inani lama-reagents kufanele likhethwe ngendlela "yokuhlola nephutha".
Bese uthele okuqukethwe komkhumbi wokuqala okwesibili - isisombululo sizophenduka pink (isithombe 2). Lapho isixazululo sithululwa sisuka emkhunjini wesibili siye kwesesithathu, umbala opinki uyanyamalala bese kuvela umbala onsundu ophuzi (isithombe 3). Uma ijovwe emkhunjini wesine, ikhambi lishintsha libebomvu igazi (isithombe 4), futhi ukusebenza okulandelayo (ukuthululela emkhunjini wokugcina) kukuvumela ukuthi uthole umbala omnyama okwesibhakabhaka wokuqukethwe (isithombe 5). Isithombe sesi-6 sibonisa yonke imibala ethathwe isisombululo.
Kodwa-ke, usokhemisi akumele nje ancome imiphumela yokuhlolwa, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke aqonde ukuthi yikuphi ukusabela okwenzeka phakathi nokuhlolwa.
Ukubonakala kombala obomvana ngemva kokuthela isisombululo emkhunjini wesibili ngokusobala ukusabela kwe-phenolphthalein phambi kwesisekelo (NaOH). I-FeCl isemkhumbini wesithathu3, inhlanganisela ekwazi uku-hydrolyze kalula ukuze yakhe ukusabela okune-asidi. Ngakho-ke, akumangazi ukuthi umbala opinki we-phenolphthalein uyanyamalala futhi umbala ophuzi-brown uvela, ngenxa ye-ion ye-hydrated iron (III). Ngemva kokuthela isisombululo emkhunjini wesine, ama-Fe cations ayasabela3+ nge-rhodate anions:
okuholela ekwakhekeni kwezinhlanganisela ezibomvu zegazi (i-equation ikhombisa ukwakheka kweyodwa yazo). Komunye umkhumbi, i-potassium ferrocyanide ibhubhisa izakhiwo eziwumphumela, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwePrussian eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, inhlanganisela eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka:
Lena indlela yokushintsha umbala ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa.
Ungayibuka kuvidiyo:
Isixazululo esisodwa, imibala emihlanu.
