Izinto zikagesi ezigqokekayo
Okuqukethwe
Ukugqoka izinto zikagesi kwaqala ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX njengezindandatho zomshado ze-abacus zaseShayina.
XVII ku. Izindandatho zomshado ze-abacus zaseShayina (1) zazivumela abagqokile ukuba benze izibalo esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba kusungulwe imishini yokubala.
1. Isitolo esincane saseShayina
1907 Umsunguli waseJalimane uJuliusz Neubronner usungula ukhokho wekhamera yeGoPro. Ukuze athwebule isithombe esisemoyeni, unamathisela ikhamera encane enesibali sikhathi emajubeni agijimayo (2).
1947 I-Bell Telephone Laboratories ikhiqiza uhlobo lokuqala lokusebenza lwe-junction transistor. Yakhiwa nguJohn Bardeen kanye noWalter Houser Brattain.
1952 Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwezohwebo kwe-transistor kudivayisi egqokekayo kwakuyinsiza yokuzwa ye-Zenith. Idivayisi ibiqukethe ama-Raytheon germanium transistors.
3. Idivayisi ye-Regency TR 1, inkampani yaseTexas Instruments
1954 Umsakazo wokuqala omncane futhi ophathwayo we-transistor kwakuyi-Regency TR 1 evela e-Texas Instruments (3).
1958-1959 UJack Kilby wakha isifunda sokuqala esididiyelwe, athola kuso uMklomelo kaNobel kuPhysics ngo-2000. Cishe ngasikhathi sinye, uRobert Noyce waxazulula inkinga yokuxhumana kumasekethe ahlanganisiwe - kukholelwa kabanzi ukuthi waqhamuka nombono wesekethe ehlanganisiwe ngaphandle kweKilby, kodwa wayakha ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva. UNoyce wayengomunye wabasunguli beFairchild Semiconductor kanye ne-Intel.
1960 Eyokuqala "egqokekayo" ngomqondo wesimanje waleli gama kwakuyikhompuyutha ephathekayo eyakhiwe izazi zezibalo u-Edward O. Thorpe noClaude Shannon. Bafihle idivayisi yesikhathi (4) ezicathulweni zabo, esetshenziselwa ukubala ngokunembile ukuthi ibhola lizowela kuphi emdlalweni weroulette. Inombolo engenzeka ebaliwe idluliselwe kumdlali ngamagagasi omsakazo.
4. Ikhompyutha ephathekayo ka-Edward O. Thorpe kanye noClaude Shannon efakwe ezicathulweni.
Ngempumelelo enkulu - uThorpe wandise ukuwina kwakhe amakhasino ngo-44%! Kamuva, ososayensi abalandelayo bazama ukwakha imishini enembe nakakhulu yalolu hlobo. Lokhu kwaholela ekwethulweni komthetho ovimbela ukusetshenziswa kwalezo zinto ngo-1985 esifundazweni saseNevada, okuyinhloko-dolobha yokugembula yaseLas Vegas.
1961 Ukwethulwa kokukhiqizwa kwe-serial kwamasekethe ahlanganisiwe edijithali.
1971 U-Clive Sinclair uzuza udumo nengcebo ngokuthengisa izibali zikagesi ezishibhile, ezitholakala esidlangalaleni. Imakethe yaseBrithani ibusa ngokushesha, futhi izithumela phesheya kwezilwandle ngobuningi.
1972 I-Hamilton Watch Company ikhiqiza iwashi lesandla lokuqala emhlabeni, iPulsar P1 Limited Edition (5).
5. I-limited Edition Pulsar P1
1975 Iwashi lokuqala le-Pulsar calculator livela emakethe. Sekuyithuluzi elidumile labathandi bezobuchwepheshe nesayensi. Lawa mawashi ahlakaniphile afika esikhathini sawo maphakathi nawo-80s, futhi nakuba ukuduma kwawo kwehla kamuva, izinkampani eziningi zisawenza amamodeli wokubala namuhla.
1977 Uhlelo lokuqala lokubona oluphathwayo lwezimpumputhe lwenziwe. Umsunguli owaziwa ngokuthi u-K.S. U-Collins udizayina ikhamera egqokwa ekhanda eguqula izithombe zibe izinzwa ezingu-1024-inch square 10-dot ezigqokwa phezu kwevesti.
1979 idala enye yezisetshenziswa ezidumile zempucuko yesimanje - isidlali sekhasethi se-Walkman. I-prototype yasungulwa ngu-Akio Morita, uMasaru Ibuka kanye no-Kozo Osone, futhi isici sawo esiyinhloko kwakuyimodi yokushintsha indlela eyenziwe nge-aluminium eyisicaba kodwa ebanzi kanye nokuqiniswa kwe-magnesium, okwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuzuza idivayisi enesisindo esincane, ubukhulu obuncane futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo. isikhathi amandla aphezulu nokuqina (6).
6. I-Sony Walkman Professional WM-D6C
Le divayisi yatholwa kahle ngokungalindelekile emhlabeni wonke ngeminyaka yawo-80, icishe isuse ngokuphelele amamodeli angaphambili amarekhodi amakhasethi aphathwayo emakethe. Idizayini yasekuqaleni yenziwe kabusha ngezinkulungwane zezinguqulo ngabanye abakhiqizi, futhi igama elithi "umdlali" lafana nesidlali sekhasethi esincane esiphathwayo. Ekuqaleni kwawo-80, kwaze kwabhalwa ingoma ngaye - "Wired for Sound" eyenziwa nguCliff Richard.
Ama-80. Ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kwama-microprocessors kuye kwabangela ukuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene emkhakheni wezinto zikagesi ezigqokekayo. Okwandulela izixazululo eziningi - kuhl. I-Google Glass - USteve Mann, umcwaningi nomsunguli ochwepheshe bezithombe zedijithali, uyadlula. Ekuqaleni kwawo-80, waqala iphrojekthi yakhe ye-EyeTap (7). Amaphrojekthi akhe abe esebukeka exakile - kwezinye umbhali wayezicabanga njengomshayeli wesithuthuthu one-TV ngaphezulu kwekhanda lakhe. Nokho, uMann wayefuna ukwenza umshini ozoqopha lokho umsebenzisi akubona ngamehlo akhe, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo emvumela ukuba abone ngaphandle kwekhamera.
7. USteve Mann ngezinto aziqambile
Maphakathi nawo-80s (amavidiyo) aseyinsakavukela. Umshisekeli webhayisikili lasezintabeni u-Mark Schulze udale isigqoko sokuqala se-helmet eyaziwa ngokuhlanganisa ikhamera yevidiyo nerekhoda yevidiyo ephathekayo. Yayingamaqili futhi isinda, kodwa ngokuqinisekile yayingaphambi kwesikhathi sayo ngokomqondo.
1987 Ukusungulwa kwezinsiza zokuzwa ezidijithali. Ngokungafani nezinguqulo zangaphambilini, lawa makhompyutha amancane angahle ahlelwe ukuze avumelane nezidingo zomsebenzisi nendlela yokuphila. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bathole izici ezintsha, ezifana nekhono lokuzijwayeza ngokuzimela ezindaweni ezihlukene, njengezindawo zokudlela ezinomsindo, nokususa umsindo ongemuva.
Ama-90. Nge-boom ye-laptop, igagasi lokuqala lamadivayisi agqokekayo lifika emakethe. Isibonelo esidume kakhulu kusukela kulesi sikhathi bekuyi-Reflection Technology's Private Eye (8), isibonisi esifakwe ekhanda esifana kakhulu nalokho okwakuzoba yi-Google Glass.
8. Idivayisi yomphenyi ozimele
Umsunguli u-Doug Platt uguqule lesi sibonisi ukuze sisebenze nekhompyutha esekwe ku-DOS, sakha enye yamakhompyutha okuqala emhlabeni agqokekayo. Abafundi base-Columbia University basebenzise uhlelo lukaPlatt ukuze bakhe isisombululo sokuqala esaziwayo "sokungokoqobo okungathandwa kwabathelisi esikubona". Kokubili okusunguliwe bekungamaphrojekthi ocwaningo angazange ashiye inyuvesi, kepha akhuthaze abadali abasha bezinto zikagesi ezigqokekayo.
1994 Kwakhiwe “ikhompyutha yesandla” yokuqala, eyathuthukiswa ngu-Edgar Mathias noMike Ruicci baseNyuvesi yaseToronto, kanye nedivayisi ethi “Forget-Me-Not” kaMike Lamming kanye noMike Flynn be-Xerox EuroPARC, erekhoda futhi igcine ukuxhumana nabantu namadivayisi. . kusizindalwazi semibuzo elandelayo.
1994 I-DARPA iqala uhlelo lwe-Smart Modules, oluhlose ukuthola indlela esebenziseka kalula yamakhompuyutha aphathekayo nezinto zikagesi ezigqokekayo. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, i-ejensi yahlela i-Wearables ngo-2005 workshop, ihlanganisa ndawonye ababoni abavela ezimbonini ezahlukene ukuze basebenzisane ukuze bathole izixazululo ezingcono. Igama lalawa ma-workshops cishe kwaba ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwegama elithi "wearable" kumongo walobu buchwepheshe.
I-DARPA yamemezela, ikakhulukazi, ukuthuthukiswa kwamagilavu edijithali angakwazi ukufunda amathegi e-RFID, ama-brooches azwela imizwa, namakhamera wethelevishini. Kodwa-ke, intshisekelo evuselelwe kumadivayisi agqokekayo yafiphala ngemuva eminyakeni embalwa kamuva ngenxa yemfashini yamaselula.
2000 Ihedisethi yokuqala iyavela.
2001 Imodeli yokuqala yesidlali somculo iyazalwa.
2002 Njengengxenye ye-Project Cyborg, u-Kevin Warwick uqinisekisa umkakhe ukuthi agqoke umgexo oxhunywe nge-elekthronikhi ohlelweni lwakhe lwezinzwa ngokusebenzisa i-electrode array efakiwe. Umbala womgexo washintsha kuye ngezimpawu ezivela ohlelweni lwezinzwa lukaKevin.
2003 U-Garmin Forerunner uyavela - iwashi lokuqala ngomqondo wesimanje elilandelela impumelelo yomsebenzisi kwezemidlalo. Ilandelwa amanye amadivaysi afana ne-Nike+ iPod Fitness Tracking Device, Fitbit kanye neJawbone.
2004 Egqugquzelwe ukuntweza e-Australia, u-Nick Woodman unquma ukwenza ikhamera encane, emangelengele ezothatha uchungechunge lwezithombe zemisebenzi yakhe emihle. Imodeli yokuqala ye-GoPro (9) yavela emakethe ngo-2004.
2010 I-Oculus VR yembula i-prototype yokuqala ye-Oculus Rift, ihedisethi engokoqobo ebonakalayo. Akhiqizwe ngenxa yokuqoqwa kuka-$2 kusayithi le-Kickstarter crowdfunding site. Inguqulo yabathengi yedivayisi ye-Oculus Rift CV437 ikhishwe ngoMashi 429, 1.
2011 I-Google yenza i-prototype yokuqala yalokho osekubizwa nge-Google Glass (10). Lobu buchwepheshe busekelwe ocwaningweni lwezibonisi ezifakwe ekhanda kusukela ngo-1995. Ngo-April 2013, i-Google Glass yayiyingxenye yeqembu labasebenzisi ababizwa ngokuthi i-Glass Explorers ababemenywe ukuthi bazame lo mqondo. NgoMeyi 2014, imishini yaqala ukudayiswa ngentengo yokuqala engu-$1500. Inkampani yayeka ukuthengisa i-Google Glass Explorer ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisetshenziswayo. Nokho, ngoJulayi 2017, kwamenyezelwa ukuthi idivayisi izobuya ngenguqulo yebhizinisi le-Enterprise.
2012 Imodeli yokuqala yewashi elihlakaniphile ngokwencazelo yamanje iPebble (11). Umkhankaso we-Kickstarter wokunyusa imali ye-smartwatch ukhulise u-$10,2 wezigidi. I-Pebble yavusa isithakazelo sabathengi kubuchwepheshe obugqokekayo, obuvule indlela yamawashi ahlakaniphile anamuhla e-Apple ne-Android.
September 2013 I-Intel yakha iphrosesa ye-Quark esebenza ngamandla ngokwedlulele edizayinelwe ngokukhethekile isizukulwane esilandelayo samadivayisi—okugqokwayo, ubucwebe, nezingubo—okubizwa nangokuthi i-ultra-mobile. Kulokhu, ukonga amandla kanye nobukhulu obuncane kubaluleke kakhulu kunokusebenza kahle.
April 2014 I-Google inikeza inkundla yezinto zikagesi ezigqokekayo, kuze kube manje ikakhulukazi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi amawashi ahlakaniphile ebizwa nge-Android Wear. Lena inguqulo eguquliwe yesistimu yokusebenza edume kakhulu yamadivayisi eselula. Isixhumi esibonakalayo sisekelwe “kumsizi” weselula - uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Google Now, elethula izaziso ezivela kuhlelo lokusebenza nolwazi umsebenzisi angase aludinge okwamanje (isibonelo, isibikezelo sezulu). Ukuze kuthuthukiswe uhlelo olusha, i-mogul yenjini yokusesha ibambisene nabakhiqizi abaningi bemishini kagesi, okuhlanganisa i-Asus, i-Broadcom, i-Fossil, i-HTC, i-Intel, i-LG, i-MediaTek, i-MIPS, i-Motorola, i-Qualcomm ne-Samsung.
Januwari 2015 I-Premiere ye-HoloLens (12), izibuko zangempela ezingathandwa kwabathelisi esikubona ze-Microsoft. Ngaphezu kwedivayisi ngokwayo, amandla we-Windows Holographic platform nawo wethulwa. Inhliziyo yedivayisi iyi-quad-core 64-bit Intel Atom x5-Z8100 processor evalwe ku-1,04 GHz, futhi ukusekelwa kwezithombe kunikezwa i-Intel chip ethuthukiswe ngokukhethekile ebizwa ngokuthi i-HPU (Holographics Processing Unit). Izibuko bezifakwe amakhamera amabili - 2,4 MP (2048×1152) kanye ne-1,1 MP (1408×792, 30 FPS), kanye namamojula we-Wi-Fi 802.11ac kanye ne-Bluetooth 4.1. Amandla anikezwa ibhethri elingu-16 mAh.
12. HoloLens izibuko - ngeso
April 2015 I-Apple Watch iza emakethe isebenzisa uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-WatchOS, olusekelwe ohlelweni lwe-iOS olusetshenziswa ku-iPhone, i-iPod ne-iPad. Ivumela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukubonisa imilayezo evela ocingweni, ukuphendula amakholi angenayo, ukulawula umculo noma ikhamera. I-App Store inikeza izinhlelo zokusebenza ezilandekayo ze-Apple Watch ezinweba ukusebenza kwayo. Ihambisana namadivayisi we-iPhone aqala ku-iPhone 5 ngesofthiwe engaphezulu kwe-iOS 8, exhuma kuyo nge-Bluetooth.
Ezinye izinhlobo zezinto zikagesi ezigqokekayo
I-Smartwatch
Leli gama lichazwa njengedivayisi yeselula yohlobo lwesikrini esithintwayo, elingana nosayizi wewashi lesandla, elenza yonke imisebenzi yewashi ledijithali elivamile kanye neminye yemisebenzi ye-smartphone—njengokubonisa imilayezo evela ocingweni, ukuphendula izingcingo, noma ukulawula ifoni. isidlali somculo, kanye nemisebenzi eyengeziwe, njengokulinganisa izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo noma inani lezinyathelo ezithathiwe. Ngokuvamile isebenza kusistimu yokusebenza ye-Android Wear, i-iOS noma i-Tizen.
Amagajethi alolu hlobo angaba nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinjengalezi: ikhamera, i-accelerometer, isignali yokudlidliza, ithemometha, ukuqapha izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo, i-altimeter, i-barometer, ikhampasi, i-chronograph, umshini wokubala, umakhalekhukhwini, i-GPS, isidlali seMP3 nokunye. Abakhiqizi bafaka nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuxhumana okungenantambo kuzo, njenge-Wi-Fi, i-Bluetooth, i-NFC ne-IrDA. I-Pebble yaba ngumanduleli wamawashi ahlakaniphile esimanje. Njengamanje, umdlali ophambili kule makethe yi-Samsung enamamodeli ayo e-Gear ne-AppleWatch.
Izibuko ezihlakaniphile
Izibuko ezihlakaniphile zigqokwa njengezibuko ezivamile, futhi zisebenza njengesibonisi lapho kuboniswa khona ulwazi olwengeziwe kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obungokoqobo obungathandwa kwabathelisi esikubona - isibonelo, amamephu anemizila yokushayela, izibikezelo zesimo sezulu, ulwazi mayelana nezinto ezihehayo. Izibuko ezihlakaniphile ezidume kakhulu i-Google Glass, nakuba sekuvele izimbangi ezishibhile njenge-GlassUp, i-EmoPulse, i-ION Smart Glasses, i-Samsung Smart Glass ne-Vuzix M100. Ezinye zidinga ukumataniswa nefoni yakho, kodwa eziningi zingasebenza zodwa.
Abalandeleli bokufaneleka
Leli yitemu elijwayelekile. Okuvame kakhulu yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi amasongo okuqeqesha isihlakala. Nokho, sikhuluma nganoma yiluphi uhlobo lwedivayisi ekala imingcele yezempilo - isibonelo, esifubeni, eqakaleni noma ngisho nasentanyeni - futhi iqapha umzimba womsebenzisi.
Amamodeli amaningi akala ukushaya kwenhliziyo, kodwa amanye aphinda aqophe izinyathelo ezithathiwe, ukuphindaphinda, ukuphefumula, noma amakhalori ashisiwe. Imikhiqizo edume kakhulu yiNike Fitband, Fitbit, iHealth kanye neJawbone. Lawa madivayisi asiza ukuhlela ukujima komsebenzisi, ukufeza imigomo yokulahlekelwa isisindo, futhi aqhathanise ukusebenza kwawo kokusubatha.
Amasongo okuqina nokuqapha impilo
izingubo ezihlakaniphile
zidalwe ezikhungweni eziningi zocwaningo zasenyuvesi nasezilabhorethri zezimboni. Kuye ngomklamo, izingubo ezinjalo kufanele zenze imisebenzi yeselula, ikhompuyutha kanye nekhithi yokuxilonga ehlola isimo sezempilo somuntu oyigqokile. Isibonelo, ingakwazi nokuqapha izinga lokushisa lomzimba.
Izikibha noma ama-sweatshirts (njengomklamo we-Google) afakwe izinzwa ezihlaziya ukusebenza kwesitho, izinga lokuphefumula kanye nokuqapha umthamo wamaphaphu. Baphinde balinganise izinyathelo zethu, isigqi sokuhamba kanye nokuqina, njll. Idatha ithunyelwa ngemojula ekhethekile kuhlelo lokusebenza lweselula lwe-smartphone yomsebenzisi. Kuyafana nangezicathulo.
Izinzwa ezakhelwe ezicathulweni kufanele zilandelele zonke izinyathelo zomgijimi futhi zirekhode ngohlelo olukhethekile. Isofthiwe ehambisanayo bese ihlaziya idatha: isivinini sokugijima, amandla okutshalwa ngawo unyawo, kanye nokulayisha okuhlukahlukene. Lolu lwazi ludluliselwa ku-smartphone, futhi uhlelo lunikeza umgijimi ngamathiphu okumsiza ukuba athuthukise indlela yakhe yokugijima.
Ukugqokwa nokudilizwa kwezinto zikagesi - hhayi ngabantu
Lezo eziklanyelwe ngokukhethekile... izilwane ezifuywayo, kuhlanganise nezilwane zasemapulazini, ngisho nezasendle, ziya ngokuya ziduma. Phakathi kwazo kukhona amakholomu ane-GPS, ama-trackers omsebenzi, amagajethi alandelela ukushaya kwenhliziyo, ukuphefumula namanye amapharamitha. Izilwane zasendle ezihlome ngezinzwa nama-transmitter, ngisho namakhamera, zingasiza izazi zemvelo ukuthi zifunde imvelo ngokunikeza idatha evela ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo.
Ikholomu yomhlathi enekhwela
