Ingakanani impumelelo yomuntu ofike enyangeni?

Ngaphambi nje kokuba i-NASA yethule umsebenzi we-Apollo 11, kwafika incwadi endlunkulu yayo ivela ku-Persian Storytellers Union. Ababhali bacele ukushintsha uhlelo. Besaba ukuthi ukufika enyangeni kwakuzophuca izwe amaphupho, futhi babengeke bakwenze lutho. Okubuhlungu kakhulu ngamaphupho esintu embulunga yonke cishe kwakungesona isiqalo sokubalekela eNyangeni, kodwa ukuphela kwayo kungazelelwe.

I-United States yasalela emuva kakhulu ekuqaleni komjaho wasemkhathini. ISoviet Union yaba ngeyokuqala ukwethula isathelayithi yoMhlaba yokwenziwa ku-orbit, yase ithumela umuntu wokuqala ngale koMhlaba. Ngemva kwenyanga uYuri Gagarin ebalekile ngo-April 1961, uMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy wanikeza inkulumo ebiza abantu baseMelika ukuba banqobe inyanga. (1).

- - Uthe.

UKhongolose ugcine unikeze cishe amaphesenti ama-5 esabelomali sombuso semisebenzi ye-NASA ukuze iMelika "ibambe futhi idlule" i-USSR.

AbaseMelika babekholelwa ukuthi izwe labo lingcono kune-USSR. Phela kwakungososayensi abanefulegi lase-US abaphihliza i-athomu futhi bakha isikhali senuzi esaqeda iMpi Yezwe II. Kodwa-ke, njengoba lezi zifundazwe ezimbili ezincintisanayo sezivele zinezikhali ezinkulu kanye namabhomu ahamba ibanga elide, impumelelo yasemkhathini ye-USSR yaphakamisa ukwesaba ukuthi izothuthukisa amasathelayithi amasha, ama-warheads amakhulu, iziteshi zasemkhathini, njll., okungafaka i-United States engozini. Ukwesaba ukubusa umbuso wamaKhomanisi anobutha wawuyisisusa esiqine ngokwanele sokuthatha ngokungathi sína ngohlelo lwasemkhathini.

Nakhona bekusongelwa. Isithunzi samazwe ngamazwe sase-US njengamandla amakhulu. Emdonsiswano womhlaba wonke phakathi kwezwe elikhululekile, eliholwa yi-US, namazwe amakhomanisi, eholwa yi-USSR, inqwaba yamazwe amancane asathuthuka ayengazi ukuthi athathe luphi uhlangothi. Ngomqondo othile, babelindele ukubona ukuthi ubani owayezoba nethuba lokuwina bese ehambisana nomnqobi. Udumo, kanye nezindaba zomnotho.

Konke lokhu kunqume ukuthi i-American Congress ivume izindleko ezinkulu kangaka. Emuva kweminyaka embalwa, ngaphambi kokuthi lufike uKhozi, kwase kusobala ukuthi iMelika izowunqoba lo mlenze womjaho wasemkhathini. Nokho, ngokushesha ngemva kokufinyelela umgomo wenyanga, izinto eziza kuqala zalahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwazo, futhi imithombo yezimali yancipha. Bese zisikwa njalo, zaba ngu-0,5% wesabelomali saseMelika eminyakeni yamuva. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-ejensi ibeke phambili izinhlelo eziningi ezifuna ukuphinde ziqale kabusha izindiza ezenziwe ngabantu ngale kwe-Earth orbit, kodwa osopolitiki abakaze baphane njengoba babenjalo ngeminyaka yawo-60s.

Muva nje kube nezimpawu zokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi isimo siyashintsha. Isisekelo sezinhlelo ezintsha ezinesibindi sezombangazwe futhi, futhi ngokwezinga elikhulu lezempi.

Impumelelo eminyakeni emibili ngemva kwenhlekelele

Julayi 20, 1969 Eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili ngemuva kokuthi uMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy ememezele uhlelo lukazwelonke lokubeka umuntu enyangeni ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-60, osomkhathi base-US u-Neil Armstrong no-Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin baba ngabokuqala ukufika lapho njengengxenye yemishini ye-Apollo 11. abantu emlandweni.

Cishe emahoreni ayisithupha nengxenye kamuva, u-Armstrong waba iHomo sapiens yokuqala ukubeka unyawo emhlabeni. Ethatha isinyathelo sakhe sokuqala, wakhuluma inkulumo edumile "isinyathelo esincane somuntu, kodwa isinyathelo esikhulu esintwini" (2).

2. Esinye sezithombe ezidume kakhulu ezithathwe osomkhathi bokuqala eNyangeni.

Ijubane lohlelo lalishesha kakhulu. Siyabancoma ikakhulukazi manje njengoba sibuka izinhlelo ze-NASA ezingapheli nezikhula njalo zibonakala zilula kakhulu kunaleyo misebenzi yobuvulandlela. Nakuba umbono wokuqala wokuhlala kwenyanga namuhla ubukeka kanje (3), kakade ngo-1966 - okungukuthi, ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu kuphela yomsebenzi wethimba lamazwe ngamazwe lososayensi nonjiniyela - i-ejensi yenza umsebenzi wokuqala we-Apollo ongenamuntu, ukuhlola ubuqotho besakhiwo sesethi ehlongozwayo yeziqalisi kanye.

3. Isithombe esiyisibonelo sokuhlala enyangeni, esakhiwe yi-NASA ngo-1963.

Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, ngo-January 27, 1967, kwagadla inhlekelele e-Kennedy Space Centre e-Cape Canaveral e-Florida namuhla engase ibonakale inweba lo msebenzi iminyaka eminingi. Ngesikhathi kwethulwa umkhumbi-mkhathi i-Apollo kanye nerokhethi i-Saturn, kwaqubuka umlilo. Osomkhathi abathathu bashonile - Virgil (Gus) Grissom, Edward H. White kanye noRoger B. Chaffee. Ngama-60s, osomkhathi abahlanu baseMelika bafa ngaphambi kokundiza kwabo ngempumelelo, kodwa lokhu kwakungahlobene ngokuqondile nokulungiselelwa kohlelo lwe-Apollo.

Kuyafaneleka ukunezela ukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo, okungenani ngokusho kwedatha esemthethweni, ama-cosmonauts amabili kuphela aseSoviet kwakufanele afe. Ukufa kuphela okwamenyezelwa ngokusemthethweni ngaleso sikhathi UVladimir Komarov - ngo-1967 ngesikhathi sokundiza kwe-orbital ye-spacecraft ye-Soyuz-1. Phambilini, ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa eMhlabeni, uGagarin washona ngaphambi kwendiza UValentin Bondarienko, kodwa leli qiniso lembulwa kuphela kuma-80s, futhi okwamanje, kusenezinganekwane mayelana nezingozi eziningi ezinomphumela obulalayo wama-cosmonauts aseSoviet.

UJames Oberg wawaqoqa wonke encwadini yakhe ethi Space of the Pioneers. Kwakuzofa ama-cosmonauts ayisikhombisa ngaphambi kokundiza kukaYuri Gagarin, omunye wabo, ogama lakhe linguLedovsky, kakade ngo-1957! Khona-ke kwakufanele kube nezisulu ezengeziwe, kuhlanganise nokufa kwesibili Valentina Tereshkova abesifazane emkhathini ngo-1963. Kwabikwa ukuthi ngemva kwengozi enyantisayo ye-Apollo 1, abezobunhloli baseMelika babika izingozi ezinhlanu ezibulalayo zamasosha aseSoviet emkhathini kanye nokufa kwabantu abayisithupha eMhlabeni. Lokhu akulona ulwazi oluqinisekisiwe ngokusemthethweni, kodwa ngenxa "yenqubomgomo yolwazi" ethile ye-Kremlin, sithatha okungaphezu kwalokho esikwaziyo. Sisola ukuthi i-USSR ithathe izintambo emjahweni, kodwa bangaki abantu abafa ngaphambi kokuthi osopolitiki bendawo babone ukuthi ngeke bakwazi ukudlula i-US? Nokho, lokhu kungase kuhlale kuyimfihlakalo kuze kube phakade.

"Ukhozi Selufikile"

Naphezu kwezithiyo nokulimala kokuqala, uhlelo lwe-Apollo lwaqhubeka. Ngo-Okthoba 1968 Apollo 7, umgomo wokuqala owenziwe umuntu walolu hlelo, futhi yahlola ngempumelelo izinhlelo eziningi ezithuthukile ezidingekayo ukuze indize futhi ihlale enyangeni. NgoZibandlela wonyaka ofanayo, Apollo 8 wethula osomkhathi abathathu emzileni ozungeza inyanga, kwathi ngoMashi 1969 Apollo 9 Ukusebenza kwemojula yenyanga kwahlolwa ku-Earth orbit. NgoMeyi, osomkhathi abathathu Apollo 10 bathathe i-Apollo yokuqala ephelele enyangeni njengengxenye yemishini yokuqeqesha.

Ekugcineni, ngoJulayi 16, 1969, wasuka eKennedy Space Center. Apollo 11 (4) no-Armstrong, u-Aldrin nowesithathu, owabalinda emzileni wenyanga - uMichael Collins. Ngemva kokuhamba amakhilomitha angu-300 76 ngamahora angu-19, umkhumbi wangena emzileni we-Silver Globe ngoJulayi 13. Ngakusasa, ngo-46:16 ET, umlandeli woKhozi no-Armstrong kanye no-Aldrin esikebheni bahlukana nemojuli eyinhloko yomkhumbi. Ngemva kwamahora amabili, uKhozi lwaqala ukwehlela phezu kweNyanga, kwathi ngo-17 ntambama, lwathinta unqenqema oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga yoLwandle Lokuthula. Ngokushesha u-Armstrong wathumela umlayezo womsakazo ku-Mission Control e-Houston, e-Texas: "Ukhozi luhlezi phansi."

4. Ukwethulwa kwerokhethi ye-Apollo 11

Ngo-22:39, u-Armstrong wavula imojuli yenyanga. Lapho ehla esitebhisini, ikhamera yethelevishini yomkhumbi yaqopha intuthuko yakhe futhi yathumela isignali ukuthi amakhulu ezigidi zabantu abukele kumathelevishini abo. Ngo-22:56 ntambama, u-Armstrong wehla ngezitebhisi wabeka unyawo lwakhe phansi. U-Aldrin wamjoyina ngemva kwemizuzu engu-19, futhi ndawonye bathwebula indawo, baphakamisa ifulegi laseMelika, benza izivivinyo zesayensi ezilula, futhi bakhuluma noMongameli uRichard Nixon bedlula eHouston.

Ngo-1:11 ekuseni ngomhla ka-21 Julayi, bobabili osomkhathi babuyela kumojuli yenyanga, bavala i-hatch ngemuva kwabo. Bachitha amahora alandelayo ngaphakathi, besasendaweni yenyanga. Ngo-13:54 u-Orzel waqala ukubuyela kumojula yomyalo. Ngo-17:35 p.m., u-Armstrong no-Aldrin bawumisa ngempumelelo umkhumbi, kwathi ngo-12:56 p.m. ngoJulayi 22, i-Apollo 11 yaqala uhambo lwayo lokubuyela ekhaya, ingena ngokuphepha oLwandlekazini iPacific ezinsukwini ezimbili kamuva.

Amahora ngaphambi kokuthi u-Aldrin, u-Armstrong, kanye no-Collins baqale umkhankaso wabo, amakhilomitha angamakhulu ambalwa ukusuka lapho uKhozi lwahlala khona, lwaphahlazeka enyangeni. Uphenyo lwaseSoviet Luna-15, njengengxenye yohlelo olwaqalwa yi-USSR emuva ngo-1958. Olunye uhambo lwaba yimpumelelo - i-"Luna-16" kwaba uphenyo lokuqala lwerobhothi olwafika enyangeni futhi lwaletha amasampula abuyela eMhlabeni. Imishini elandelayo yaseSoviet yabeka ama-lunar rover amabili eSilver Globe.

Uhambo lokuqala luka-Aldrin, u-Armstrong no-Collins lwalandelwa ezinye izikhathi ezinhlanu zokufika kwenyanga eziyimpumelelo (5) kanye nomsebenzi owodwa oyinkinga - i-Apollo 13, lapho ukufika kungenzeki khona. Osomkhathi bokugcina abahamba enyangeni U-Eugene Cernan no-Harrison Schmitt, kusukela kumishini ye-Apollo 17 - yashiya ubuso beNyanga ngo-December 14, 1972.

5. Izindawo zokuhlala zemikhumbi-mkhathi enabantu ohlelweni lwe-Apollo

$7-8 ngedola elilodwa

Wabamba iqhaza ohlelweni lwe-Apollo. mayelana 400 ayizinkulungwane onjiniyela, ochwepheshe kanye nososayensifuthi izindleko eziphelele bekufanele zibe $ 24 billion (cishe amabhiliyoni ayi-100 enanini lanamuhla); nakuba ngezinye izikhathi inani liphakeme ngokuphindwe kabili. Izindleko bezizinkulu, kodwa ngama-akhawunti amaningi izinzuzo - ikakhulukazi mayelana nenqubekelaphambili kanye nokudluliselwa kobuchwepheshe emnothweni - bezinkulu kunalokho esivame ukukucabanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bayaqhubeka nokuhlangana. Umsebenzi wonjiniyela be-NASA ngaleso sikhathi waba nomthelela omkhulu kuma-electronics namakhompyutha. Ngaphandle kwe-R&D noxhaso olukhulu lukahulumeni ngaleso sikhathi, izinkampani ezinjenge-Intel kungenzeka azizange zibe khona nhlobo, futhi isintu cishe besingeke sichithe isikhathi esiningi kangaka kumalaptop nama-smartphone, i-Facebook ne-Twitter namuhla.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi intuthuko yososayensi beNASA ivame ukungena emikhiqizweni eyenziwe emkhakheni wamarobhothi, ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutha, i-aeronautics, ezokuthutha kanye nokunakekelwa kwezempilo. NgokukaScott Hubbard, owachitha iminyaka engamashumi amabili e-NASA ngaphambi kokuba nguzakwabo e-Stanford University, idola ngalinye uhulumeni wase-US alifaka emsebenzini wale nhlangano lihumusha ku-$7-8 wezimpahla nezinkonzo ezimakethwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

UDaniel Lockney, umhleli oyinhloko we-Spinoff, ushicilelo lwaminyaka yonke lwe-NASA oluchaza ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-NASA emkhakheni ozimele, uyavuma ukuthi inqubekelaphambili eyenziwe ngesikhathi somkhankaso we-Apollo ibe nkulu kakhulu.

Uyabhala: “Kutholwe izinto ezimangalisayo emkhakheni wesayensi, ugesi, izindiza nobunjiniyela kanye nobuchwepheshe berokhethi. "Lokhu mhlawumbe bekungenye yezimpumelelo ezinkulu kakhulu zobunjiniyela nezesayensi ezake zaba khona."

U-Lockney ucaphuna izibonelo ezimbalwa ezihlobene nomsebenzi we-Apollo esihlokweni sakhe. Isofthiwe eklanyelwe ukulawula uchungechunge oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezinhlelo ezingaphakathi kwama-capsules asemkhathini yaba ukhokho wesofthiwe esetshenziswa njengamanje kumkhumbi-mkhathi. imishini yokucubungula ikhadi lesikweletu ezidayisa. Abashayeli bezimoto zomjaho kanye nezicishamlilo zisebenzisa namuhla izingubo ezipholile uketshezi ngokusekelwe kumadivayisi adizayinelwe ukuthi osomkhathi be-Apollo bagqoke amasudi asemkhathini. Imikhiqizo ye-sublimated yakhelwe ukuthi osomkhathi be-Apollo baphakelwe emkhathini, manje isisetshenziswa ekwabelaneni kwezempi kwezempi eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-MRE nanjengengxenye yegiya lezimo eziphuthumayo. Futhi lezi zinqumo phela ziwubala uma uziqhathanisa nazo ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe besekethe edidiyelwe kanye nezinkampani zaseSilicon Valley ezazisondelene kakhulu nohlelo lwe-Apollo.

Jack Kilby (6) esuka e-Texas Instruments wakha isifunda sakhe sokuqala esididiyelwe soMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-US kanye ne-NASA. Ngokusho kuka-Lockney, i-ejensi ngokwayo inqume imingcele edingekayo yalobu buchwepheshe, ilungisa ukuthi ihambisane nezidingo zayo. Wayedinga izinto zikagesi ezingasindi namakhompyutha amancane ngoba ubukhulu emkhathini busho izindleko. Futhi ngokusekelwe kulokhu kucaciswa, u-Kilby uthuthukise uhlelo lwakhe. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva wathola uMklomelo KaNobel kuPhysics. Ingabe enye ikhredithi ayiyi ohlelweni lomkhathi?

6. U-Jack Kilby one-prototype yesekethe edidiyelwe

Iphrojekthi ye-Apollo yayinezisusa zezombusazwe. Kodwa-ke, inqubomgomo eyaqala ukumvulela amathreyi esibhakabhakeni kwisabelomali saseMelika futhi kwaba yisizathu sokuthi alahle uhlelo lwenyanga ngo-1972. Isinqumo sokuqeda lolu hlelo sivunywe nguMongameli uRichard Nixon. Ihunyushwe ngezindlela eziningi, kodwa incazelo ibonakala ilula kakhulu. eMelika ifinyelele umgomo wayo wezombangazwe. Futhi njengoba kwakuyipolitiki, hhayi isayensi, ngokwesibonelo, okwakubaluleke kakhulu, sasingekho isizathu sangempela sokuqhubeka nokufaka izindleko ezinkulu ngemva kokuba umgomo wethu usufezekile. Futhi ngemva kokuba abaseMelika sebeyitholile indlela yabo, yayeka ukukhanga kwezombusazwe naku-USSR. Emashumini eminyaka alandela, akekho owayenekhono lobuchwepheshe noma lezezimali lokubhekana nenselele yenyanga.

Indikimba yombango wamandla isibuyile eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngokukhula kwamakhono nezifiso zaseShayina. Lokhu futhi kumayelana nodumo, kanjalo nomnotho kanye nezici zempi. Manje umdlalo umayelana nokuthi ngubani ozoba ngowokuqala ukwakha inqaba eNyangeni, ozoqala ukukhipha ingcebo yayo, ozokwazi ukudala inzuzo yamasu phezu kwezimbangi ngesisekelo seNyanga.