Ukuhlushwa kukaRudolf Diesel

Wazalwa ngoMashi 1858 futhi wadala enye yezinto ezinkulu embonini.

Ngosuku lweValentine, ngoFebhuwari 14, 1898, indodana yomuntu waseSweden, u-Emanuel Nobel, yafika ehhotela iBristol eBerlin. Ngemva kokushona kukayise, uLudwig Nobel, wazuza njengefa inkampani yakhe kawoyela, eyayiyinkampani enkulu kunazo zonke eRussia ngaleso sikhathi. U-Emanuel ushubile futhi ukhathazekile ngoba isivumelwano azosenza sibaluleke kakhulu kuye. Ngemuva kokuthi umalume wakhe u-Alfred enqume ukunikela ngefa lakhe elikhulu, elihlanganisa inkampani enkulu yeziqhumane kanye nesabelo esikhulu enkampanini efanayo kawoyela yeNobel Foundation ayidalile, laba baqala ukuba nezinkinga ezinkulu zezimali, futhi wabheka zonke izinhlobo zezixazululo. . Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, wanquma ukujwayelana nendoda kakade eyaziwa ngaleso sikhathi okuthiwa uRudolf Diesel. U-Nobel ufuna ukuthenga kuye amalungelo obunikazi bokukhiqiza e-Russia injini evuthayo yangaphakathi eyongayo yaseJalimane yomdabu waseJalimane. U-Emanuel Nobel ulungiselele amamaki egolide angu-800 ngale njongo, kodwa usacabanga ukuthi angakwazi ukuxoxisana ngokuncishiswa kwentengo.

Usuku lumatasa kakhulu ku-Diesel - uzodla isidlo sasekuseni noFriedrich Alfred Krupp, khona-ke uzoba nomhlangano nebhange laseSweden uMarkus Wallenberg, futhi ntambama uzonikezelwa ku-Emanuel Nobel. Ngakusasa, umnikazi webhange kanye nomsunguli osomabhizinisi basayine isivumelwano esaholela ekwakhiweni kwenkampani entsha yenjini yedizili yaseSweden. Kodwa-ke, izingxoxo noNobel zinzima kakhulu, naphezu kwesimangalo sika-Diesel sokuthi umSweden "uthanda kakhulu injini yakhe" kunaye. Ukungaqiniseki kuka-Emanuel akuhlobene nekusasa lenjini - njenge-technocrat akakungabazi, kodwa njengosomabhizinisi ukholelwa ukuthi injini ye-diesel izokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo ye-petroleum. Imikhiqizo efanayo kawoyela ekhiqizwa izinkampani zikaNobel. Ufuna nje ukuthola imininingwane.

Kodwa-ke, uRudolph akazange afune ukulinda futhi watshela uNobel ngokungacabangi ukuthi uma iSweden ingayamukeli imigomo yakhe, uDiesel uzothengisa ilungelo lakhe lobunikazi kumbangi wakhe uJohn Rockefeller. Yini evumela lo njiniyela owayefuna ukuvelela waphendulela usomabhizinisi ukuba aphathe kabi uMklomelo kaNobel ngempumelelo futhi ngokuzethemba ame endleleni yabantu ababili abanamandla kunabo bonke emhlabeni? Azikho izinjini zakhe ezingasebenza ngokuthembekile okwamanje, futhi usanda kusayina inkontileka nomenzi wobhiya u-Adolphus Busch wamalungelo okukhiqiza akhethekile e-United States. Kodwa-ke, ukukhwabanisa kwakhe kwaba nomphumela omuhle, futhi isivumelwano noNobel sashaywa.

Eminyakeni engu-15 kamuva ...

Septhemba 29, 1913. Usuku olujwayelekile lwekwindla. Kwakunenkungu enkungu emlonyeni weScheldt eNetherlands, futhi izinjini zomphunga zomkhumbi waseDresden zaziduma lapho zaziphethe khona ziwela i-English Channel ziya e-England. Kulowo Rudolf Diesel, owayethumele umkakhe itelegram enethemba kungekudala ngaphambi kokuthi lolu hambo oluzayo luzophumelela. Kubonakala kunjalo. Cishe ngehora leshumi kusihlwa, yena nabasebenza naye, uGeorge Carels no-Alfred Luckmann, banqume ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokulala, baxhawulana futhi bazulazula ezindlini zabo zokuhlala. Ekuseni, akekho umuntu ongathola uMnu. Udizili, futhi lapho abasebenzi bakhe abakhathazekile bemfuna egumbini lokulala, umbhede osegumbini lakhe awuthintekile. Kamuva, umgibeli, okuvele ukuthi wayengumzala kaMongameli waseNdiya uJawaharlal Nehru, uzokhumbula ukuthi izinyathelo zale ndoda zaqondiswa kanjani kujantshi womkhumbi. NguSomandla kuphela owazi kahle okwenzeka ngokulandelayo. Iqiniso ukuthi ekhasini likaSepthemba 29 kudayari kaRudolf Diesel, isiphambano esincane sibhalwe ngokucophelela ngepensela ...

Ezinsukwini eziyishumi nanye kamuva, amatilosi aseDashi athola isidumbu sowesilisa ominzayo. Ngenxa yokubukeka kwalo okwesabisayo, ukaputeni uludlulisa ukuze kuzuze ulwandle, alondoloze lokho akuthola kulo. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, enye yamadodana kaRudolf, u-Eugen Diesel, yababona njengabakayise.

Ebumnyameni obujulile benkungu iphela umsebenzi othembisayo womdali wendalo ehlakaniphile, ebizwa ngegama lakhe "injini ye-diesel". Kodwa-ke, uma sibheka ngokujulile imvelo yomdwebi, simthola edatshulwe ngokwengqondo ngenxa yokuphikisana nokungabaza, okunikeza isizathu esihle sokuqaphela njengegunya hhayi nje inkolelo-mbono yokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uyisisulu samanxusa aseJalimane afuna ukuvimbela ukuthengiswa kwamalungelo obunikazi. UMbuso WaseBrithani ngobusuku bempi engenakugwemeka, kodwa u-Diesel wazibulala. Ukuhlushwa okujulile kuyingxenye ebalulekile yezwe langaphakathi lomklami ohlakaniphile.

URudolph wazalwa ngoMashi 18, 1858 enhlokodolobha yaseFrance iParis. Ukwanda kwemizwa ka-chauvinistic eFrance phakathi neMpi kaFranco-Prussian kwaphoqa umndeni wakhe ukuthi uthuthele eNgilandi. Kodwa-ke, imali yabo ayinele ngokwedlulele, futhi ubaba wakhe uphoqeleka ukuba athumele uRudolf osemncane kumfowabo womkakhe, ongeyena umuntu ongahleliwe. Umalume kaDiesel ngaleso sikhathi wayenguprofesa odumile uBarnikel, futhi ngokusekelwa kwakhe waphothula iziqu zakhe kahle e-Industrial School (ngaleso sikhathi eyayiyiTechnical School, manje eyi-University of Applied Sciences) e-Augsburg, kwase kuba yi-Technical University yaseMunich, wathola iziqu ze-honors. ... Ukusebenza kahle kwethalente elincane kuyamangalisa, futhi ukuphikelela alwela ukufeza izinhloso zakhe kumangalisa nje labo abaseduze kwakhe. Udizili uphupha ngokudala injini yokushisa ephelele, kepha okuxakayo ukuthi kugcina kusitshalo sefriji. Ngo-1881, wabuyela eParis emenywe yilowo owayengumeluleki wakhe, uProfesa Karl von Linde, umsunguli womenzi weqhwa owaqanjwa ngaye, wabeka izisekelo zohlelo olukhulu lwamafriji lwaseLinde namuhla. Lapho, uRudolph wamiswa njengomqondisi walesi sitshalo. Ngaleso sikhathi, izinjini zikaphethiloli zazisaqala, futhi phakathi naleso sikhathi, kwakhiwa enye injini yokushisa. Kuyinto ephehlwa ugesi, esanda kusungulwa yiSweden yaseFrance uDe Leval kanye neNgisi i-Parsons, futhi iphakeme kakhulu kunenjini yesitimu ngokusebenza kahle.

Ngokufana nokwakhiwa kukaDaimler noBenz nabanye ososayensi, bazama ukwakha izinjini ezisebenza ngophalafini. Ngaleso sikhathi, bebengakabazi kahle ubunjiniyela bamakhemikhali nokuthambekela kwawo ekuqhumeni (ukuthungela okuqhumayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile). Udizili uqaphelisisa le micimbi futhi uthola imininingwane mayelana nale micimbi futhi ngemuva kokuhlaziywa okuningi ubone ukuthi wonke amaphrojekthi entula okuthile okuyisisekelo. Uqhamuke nomqondo omusha owehluke kakhulu kwezinjini ezisuselwa e-Otto.

Injini yokushisa efanelekayo

“Enjinini yami, umoya uyoba mkhulu kakhulu bese kuthi ngomzuzu wokugcina, kufakwe uphethiloli,” kusho unjiniyela waseJalimane. "Amazinga okushisa aphakeme azobangela uphethiloli ukuthi uzithungele, futhi isilinganiso esiphezulu sokucindezela siyowenza wonge kakhulu uphethiloli." Ngemva konyaka ethole ilungelo lobunikazi lombono wakhe, u-Diesel washicilela incwajana enesihloko esikhulu nesihlambalazayo esithi "Ithiyori nokudalwa kwenjini yokushisa enengqondo, okufanele ingene esikhundleni senjini yesitimu kanye nezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ezaziwayo manje."

Amaphrojekthi kaRudolf Diesel asekelwe ezisekelweni zethiyori ze-thermodynamics. Nokho, ithiyori ingenye futhi umkhuba uhlukile. Udizili akazi ukuthi uzoziphatha kanjani uphethroli ezowufaka emasilindani ezinjini zayo. Okokuqala, wanquma ukuzama uphalafini, owawusetshenziswa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwakamuva akusona isixazululo senkinga - emzameni wokuqala, injini yokuhlola eyakhiwe embonini yemishini yase-Augsburg (manje eyaziwa ngokuthi isikhungo samaloli asindayo i-MAN) yahlukaniswa, futhi igeji yokulinganisa umfutho yacishe yabulala umsunguli. amasentimitha endizayo. kusukela ekhanda lakhe. Ngemva kwemizamo eminingi ehlulekile, u-Diesel wakwazi ukwenza umshini wokuhlola usebenze, kodwa kuphela ngemva kokwenza izinguquko ezithile zokuklama futhi kuphela lapho eshintshela ekusebenziseni ingxenyena kawoyela esindayo, kamuva eyaqanjwa ngokuthi "uphethiloli wedizili" ngaye.

Osomabhizinisi abaningi sebeqala ukuba nentshisekelo ngentuthuko ka-Diesel, futhi amaphrojekthi akhe asezoguqula umhlaba wezinjini ezishisayo, ngoba injini yakhe empeleni iphenduka inokonga kakhulu.

Ubufakazi balokhu banikezwa ngo-1898 ofanayo lapho umlando wethu waqala, eMunich, lapho kwavulwa khona uMbukiso weMishini, owaba yisisekelo sempumelelo eyengeziwe ye-Diesel nezinjini zayo. Kukhona izinjini ezivela e-Augsburg, kanye nenjini engu-20 hp. isitshalo i-Otto-Deutz, esishayela umshini ukuze uncibilikise umoya. Ikakhulukazi isithakazelo isithuthuthu ekhiqizwa ezimbonini Krupp - has 35 hp. futhi izungezisa i-hydraulic pump shaft, idale ijethi lamanzi ukuphakama ngamamitha angama-40. Le njini isebenza ngomgomo wenjini kadizili, futhi ngemuva kombukiso, izinkampani zaseJalimane nezakwamanye amazwe ziwuthengela amalayisensi, okuhlanganisa noNobel, othola amalungelo okukhiqiza. injini eRussia. .

Nakuba kungase kubonakale kungenangqondo, ekuqaleni injini kadizili yabhekana nokuphikiswa okukhulu ezweni lakubo. Izizathu zalokhu ziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa zihlobene neqiniso lokuthi izwe linezinqolobane zamalahle ezibalulekile futhi cishe awekho amafutha. Iqiniso liwukuthi nakuba kulesi sigaba injini kaphethiloli ithathwa njengehamba phambili ezimotweni, engenakho enye indlela, uphethiloli kadizili uzosetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini, okungenziwa nangezinjini ezibaswa ngamalahle. Njengoba ebhekene nabaphikisi abaningi eJalimane, u-Diesel uphoqeleka ukuthi axhumane nabakhiqizi abaningi baseFrance, eSwitzerland, e-Austria, eBelgium, eRussia naseMelika. E-Russia, uNobel, kanye nenkampani yaseSweden i-ASEA, bakha ngempumelelo imikhumbi yokuqala yabathengisi kanye namathangi ngenjini yedizili, futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, kwavela imikhumbi-ngwenya yokuqala yaseRussia iMinoga neShark. Eminyakeni eyalandela, u-Diesel uye wenza intuthuko enkulu ekuthuthukiseni injini yakhe, futhi akukho lutho olungavimba indlela yokunqoba yendalo yakhe - ngisho nokufa komdali wakhe. Izoguqula ezokuthutha futhi ingenye into esunguliwe yenkathi ebingakwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle kwemikhiqizo kaphethiloli.

Udizili ozolile

Kodwa, njengoba sishilo ekuqaleni, kukhona ukuphikisana okuningi ngemuva kwalesi siphetho esibukeka kahle kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lezi yizici zesikhathi lapho izenzakalo zenzeka khona, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingqikithi kaRudolf Diesel. Naphezu kwempumelelo yakhe, phakathi nohambo lwango-1913 wazithola engasenamali ngokuphelele. Emphakathini jikelele, u-Diesel ungumsunguli ohlakaniphile futhi ohlakaniphile osevele waba usozigidi, kodwa empeleni akakwazi ukuthembela kuziqinisekiso zebhange ukuze aqedele ukuthengiselana. Naphezu kokuphumelela kwakhe, umklami wawela ekucindezelekeni okujulile, uma igama elinjalo lalikhona ngaleso sikhathi. Inani alikhokha ngendalo yakhe likhulu, futhi uya ngokuya ehlushwa ukucabanga ukuthi isintu siyakudinga yini. Esikhundleni sokulungiselela izethulo zakhe, ugxile emicabangweni ekhona futhi ufunda “umsebenzi onzima kodwa owanelisa ngokungenamkhawulo” (ngamazwi akhe). Endlini yakhe eyayisemkhunjini iDresden, kwatholakala incwadi yalesi sazi sefilosofi, lapho kwabekwa khona iteyiphu yokumaka kasilika emakhasini lapho kwakungatholakala khona la mazwi alandelayo: “Abantu abazalelwa ebumpofu, kodwa ngenxa yethalente labo, ekugcineni bafinyelela eqophelweni eliphezulu. isikhundla abahola kuso, cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi bafika ekusikiseleni bona ukuthi ithalenta liwumgomo ongenakuguqulwa wemali yabo siqu, futhi izimpahla ezibonakalayo zingamaphesenti ayisibopho. Laba bantu ngokuvamile bagcina bempofu kakhulu. ”…

Ngabe udizili uyayibona impilo yakhe ngokwala mazwi? Lapho amadodana akhe u-Eugen noRudolf bevula umgcinimafa womndeni ekhaya eBogenhausen, bathola amamaki ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili kuphela kuwo. Konke okunye kudliwe ngempilo yomndeni ewubukhazikhazi. Ukuqedwa kwaminyaka yonke kwama-Reichmark angama-90 kungena endlini enkulu. Amasheya ezinkampanini ezahlukahlukene awalethi izinzuzo, futhi ukutshalwa kwezimali emikhakheni kawoyela waseGalician kuphenduka imigoqo engaphansi.

Kamuva abantu besikhathi sikadizili baqinisekisa ukuthi ingcebo yakhe yashabalala ngokushesha njengoba kwakubonakala, ukuthi wayehlakaniphe njengoba ayeqhosha futhi enobugovu, futhi akazange akubone kudingekile ukuxoxa ngezindaba nanoma yibaphi abezimali. . Ukuzethemba kwakhe kuphakeme kakhulu ukuthi angabonisana nanoma ubani. Udizili ubamba iqhaza ngisho nasekuhwebeni okucatshangelwayo, futhi lokhu kuholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu. Ubuntwana bakhe, futhi ikakhulukazi ubaba ongaziwa owenza ukuhweba okuhamba ngezinyawo ezintweni ezincane ezihlukahlukene, kodwa ubhekwa njengommeleli wezinye izinhlobo zamandla angaphandle, cishe waba nomthelela omkhulu kumlingisi wakhe. Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, u-Diesel ngokwakhe, owaba ukuphikisana nalokhu kuziphatha (izizathu zokuziphatha okunjalo zilele emkhakheni we-psychoanalysis), wathi: "Angisaqiniseki ukuthi ikhona yini inzuzo kulokho engikuzuzile. empilweni yami. Angazi noma izimoto zami zenze impilo yabantu yaba ngcono yini. Angiqiniseki ngalutho..."

I-oda lokuhamba unjiniyela waseJalimane alikwazi ukuhlela ukuzulazula nokuhlushwa okungachazeki emphefumulweni wakhe. Uma injini yayo ishisa wonke amaconsi, umdali wayo uzoshisa ...

Umbhalo: UGeorgy Kolev