I-Apollo 13 mission

Ilungu labasebenzi be-Apollo 13 ligibele indiza enophephela emhlane yokuhlenga i-SH-3D Sea King isuka endizeni enophephela emhlane i-USS Iwo Jima.

NgoMsombuluko kusihlwa, ngo-Ephreli 13, 1970. E-Mission Control, e-Manned Spacecraft Center (MCC) e-Houston, abalawuli balungiselela ukunikeza ishifu. Umsebenzi olawulwa yi-Apollo 13 kulindeleke ukuthi ube ngowesithathu lapho kufika umuntu enyangeni. Kuze kube manje isebenza ngaphandle kwenkinga enkulu, kuze kube manje, ukusuka ebangeni elingaphezu kuka-300 XNUMX. km ngaphambi kwesikhathi saseMoscow, amazwi omunye wosonkanyezi, uJacek Swigert, woza: Kulungile, Houston, sinenkinga lapha. Akekho no-Swigert noma i-MSS okwamanje abazi ukuthi le nkinga izoba inselele enkulu emlandweni we-astronautics, lapho impilo yabasebenzi izolenga esilinganisweni amashumi amaningana amahora.

Umkhankaso we-Apollo 13 wawungowesibili kwezintathu ezihleliwe ngaphansi kwe-Mission H, uhlelo oluhloselwe ukufika ngokunemba endaweni ethile futhi luqhube nokuhlola okunwetshiwe lapho. Ngo-December 10, 1969, i-NASA yamkhethela umgomo wayo ebusweni be-Silver Globe. Le ndawo kwakuyisifunda esiphezulu se-Cone (cone) crater, eseduze ne-Fra Mauro formation e-Mare Imbrium. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi endaweni eseduze ne-crater yegama elifanayo, kufanele kube nezinto eziningi ezivela ezingqimbeni ezijulile zeNyanga, ezakhiwe ngenxa yokukhululwa kwento ebangelwa ukuwa kwe-meteorite enkulu. Usuku lokwethula lwahlelelwa u-March 12, 1970, nosuku lokusekela ngo-April 11. Ukusuka kwakuzokwenziwa e-LC-39A complex e-Cape Kennedy (njengoba i-Cape Canaveral yayibizwa kanjalo ngo-1963-73). Imoto yokwethulwa kwe-Saturn-5 yayinenombolo ye-serial AS-508, umkhumbi oyisisekelo i-CSM-109 (uphawu lwekholi i-Odyssey) kanye nomkhumbi wohambo i-LM-7 (uphawu lwe-call Aquarius). Ngokulandela umthetho ongabhaliwe wokuzungezisa abasebenzi be-Apollo, ithimba elikabili lalinda ohambweni olubili ngaphambi kokundiza njengelokuqala. Ngakho-ke, endabeni ka-Apollo 13, umuntu kufanele alindele ukuqokwa kukaGordon Cooper, uDonn Eisele no-Edgar Mitchell, amasekela e-Apollo 10. Nokho, ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene zokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe, ababili bokuqala babengekho embuzweni, futhi uDonald Slayton, owayephethe ukukhetha osomkhathi abazondiza, wanquma ngo-March 1969 ukwakha iqembu elihluke ngokuphelele, elalihlanganisa u-Alan Shepard, uStuart Rus no-Edgar. UMitchell.

Ngenxa yokuthi u-Shepard wayesanda kuthola isimo sosomkhathi osebenzayo ngemva kokuhlinzwa kwendlebe okuyinkimbinkimbi, izici eziphakeme zanquma ngoMeyi ukuthi uzodinga ukuqeqeshwa okwengeziwe. Ngakho-ke, ngo-Agasti 6, leli qembu labelwe i-Apollo 14, okwakufanele lindize phakathi nonyaka, futhi kwanqunywa ukudlulisa umkhuzi (CDR) uJames Lovell, umshayeli wemodyuli yomyalo (umshayeli wemojula yomyalo) "ishumi nantathu, CMP) uThomas Mattingly kanye nomshayeli weLunar Module (LMP) uFred Hayes. Iqembu labo labagcinile kwakunguJohn Young, uJohn Swigert noCharles Duke. Njengoba kwenzeka ngaphambi nje kokwethulwa, ukuqeqesha abasebenzi ababili kumishini ngayinye kwenza umqondo omkhulu ...

Ilungu labasebenzi be-Apollo 13 ligibele indiza enophephela emhlane yokuhlenga i-SH-3D Sea King isuka endizeni enophephela emhlane i-USS Iwo Jima.

qala

Ngenxa yokuncishiswa kwesabelomali, kokufika kwenyanga okuhleliwe okungu-10 okwakuhleliwe ekuqaleni, lolu hambo lwaluzobizwa ngokuthi i-Apollo 20 kuqala, bese kuba yi-Apollo 19 ne-Apollo 18. Imishini eyisikhombisa eyayisele yayizoqedwa esikhathini esingangonyaka nengxenye, cishe kanye ezinyangeni ezine, eyodwa ngesikhathi, kuqalwe ngeyokuqala ngo-July 1969. Ngempela, i-Apollo 12 yandiza ngo-November 1969, u-“1970” wawuhlelelwe u-March 13, futhi u-“14” ube ngo-July. Izingxenye ezihlukene zengqalasizinda Eyishumi Nantathu zaqala ukuvela eCape ngisho nangaphambi kokuqala kohambo lokuqala lwenyanga. Ngomhla zingama-26 kuNhlangulana, i-North American Rockwell inikeze i-KSC i-Command Module (CM) ne-Service Module (SM). Ngokulandelayo, i-Grumman Aircraft Corporation ilethe zombili izingxenye zomkhumbi wohambo ngoJuni 27 (imodyuli esebhodini) kanye noJuni 28 (imojula yokufika), ngokulandelana. Ngo-June 30, i-CM ne-SM yahlanganiswa, futhi i-LM yaqedwa ngoJulayi 15 ngemva kokuhlola ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-CSM ne-LM.

I-rocket ye-Thirteen yaqedwa ngoJulayi 31, 1969. Ngomhla ziyi-10 kuZibandlela, ukuhlanganiswa kwazo zonke izici ekugcineni kwaqedwa futhi irokhethi lase lilungele ukwethulwa esakhiweni se-VAB. Ukuthutha ukuya endaweni yokuqalisa i-LC-39A kwenzeka mhla ziyi-15 kuZibandlela, lapho kwenziwa khona ukuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene kokuhlanganisa phakathi namasonto ambalwa. NgoJanuwari 8, 1970, umsebenzi wahlehliselwa u-April. NgoMashi 16, ngesikhathi se-Countdown Demonstration Test (CDDT), inqubo yangaphambi kokusuka, ngaphambi kokuthi amathangi e-cryogenic aphinde agcwaliswe umoya-mpilo. Phakathi nokuhlolwa, izinkinga zihlonzwe ngethangi lokuthulula No. Le nqubo ibe yimpumelelo futhi ithimba laphansi alizange libone izinkinga ngayo. Ibhomu liqhume kusasele amahora angu-2 ngaphambi kokuthi lisuke. Kuvele ukuthi izingane zikaDuke zamasosha aseziqiwini zingenwe yi-rubella. Inhlolokhono yabonisa ukuthi kubo bonke osomkhathi "abangu-72", ngu-Mattingly kuphela ongazange aphathwe yilesi sifo, nokuthi angase angabi nawo amasosha omzimba afanelekile, okwakubeka engcupheni yokugula phakathi nendiza. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni asuswe ekundizeni kwafakwa uSwigert.

Ukubala kwehle kwangaphambi kokusuka kwaqalwa ngemodi yehora ye-T-28 ngosuku ngaphambi kokwethulwa okuhlelelwe ngo-Ephreli 11. I-Apollo 13 isuka ngqo ngo-19:13:00,61, 13 UTC, e-Houston bese kuba ngu-13:184 ... Ukuqala kwendiza yokuhamba ngomkhumbi kuyisibonelo - izinjini zesiteji sokuqala ziyacishwa, ziyenqatshwa, izinjini zesiteji sesibili ziyaqala. ukusebenza. Irokhethi yokuhlenga i-LES inqatshiwe. Emizuzwini emihlanu nengxenye ngemva kokusuka, ukudlidliza kwerokhethi (pogo) kuqala ukwanda. Zibangelwa ukunikezwa kukaphethiloli ohlelweni lwe-propulsion, olungena ku-resonance ngokudlidliza kwezinto ezisele ze-rocket. Lokhu kungakhubaza uhlelo lwe-propulsion kanjalo nerokhethi yonke. Injini emaphakathi, okuwumthombo walokhu kudlidliza, iphahlazeke kusasele imizuzu engaphezu kwemibili ngaphambi kwesikhathi esihleliwe. Ukwelula okusele ngaphezu kwesigamu somzuzu kukuvumela ukuthi ugcine umzila wendiza olungile. Isigaba sesithathu siqala umsebenzi waso ekupheleni komzuzu weshumi. Kuthatha nje imizuzu emibili nengxenye. I-complex ingena emzileni wokupaka one-altitude ye-186-32,55 km kanye nokuthambekela kwe-XNUMX °. Wonke amasistimu wemikhumbi naweleveli ayahlolwa emahoreni amabili alandelayo. Ekugcineni, kunikezwa imvume yokwenza umjovo we-Trans Lunar Injection (TLI), ozothumela umkhumbi-mkhathi we-Apollo eNyangeni.

Lo msebenzi uqale ngo-T+002:35:46 futhi wathatha cishe imizuzu eyisithupha. Isigaba esilandelayo somsebenzi ukukhipha i-CSM kusukela kuzinga le-S-IVB bese kuyidokha ku-LM. Emahoreni amathathu nemizuzu eyisithupha endizeni, i-CSM ihlukana ne-S-IVB. Ngemuva kwemizuzu eyishumi nantathu abasebenzi bafika e-LM. Ngehora lesine lendiza, izisebenzi zikhipha i-S-IVB lunar lander. Umkhumbi-mkhathi ohlangene i-CSM kanye ne-LM ndawonye baqhubeka nokundiza kwabo okuzimele ukuya eNyangeni. Phakathi nendiza engenamandla eya eNyangeni, ukufakwa kwe-CSM / LM kwalethwa ekuzungezweni okulawulwayo, okuthiwa. I-Passive thermal control (PTC) yokuqinisekisa ukushisa okufanayo komkhumbi ngemisebe yelanga. Ngehora leshumi nantathu lendiza, izisebenzi zihamba ngokuphumula kwamahora angu-10, usuku lokuqala lwendiza lubalwa njengoluphumelele kakhulu. Ngosuku olulandelayo ngo-T+30:40:50, izisebenzi zenza umzila we-orbital oyingxubevange. Ikuvumela ukuthi ufinyelele izindawo eNyangeni nge-latitude ephezulu ye-selenographic, kodwa ayinikezi ukubuyela kwamahhala Emhlabeni uma kwenzeka injini yehluleka. Abasebenzi baphinde bathatha umhlalaphansi, bengazi ukuthi lokhu kuzoba ukuphumula kokugcina okuphelele ezinsukwini ezizayo.

Ukuqhuma!

Ukungena ku-LM nokuhlola izinhlelo zayo kusheshiswa ngamahora amane, kusukela ngehora lama-54 lomsebenzi. Phakathi naso kukhona ukusakazwa bukhoma kwe-TV. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuqedwa kwayo nokubuyela ku-CSM, isilawuli semishini siyala ukuxuba isilinda somoya-mpilo owuketshezi 2, inzwa yawo ebonisa ukufundwa okungaqondakali. Ukususwa kokuqukethwe ethangini kungakubuyisela ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile. Ukuvula nokuvala i-blender kuthathe imizuzwana embalwa kuphela. Emasekhondini angu-95 kamuva, ngo-T+55:54:53, osomkhathi bezwa umsindo omkhulu futhi bezwa umkhumbi uqala ukuzamazama. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izibani zesignali ziyakhanyisa, zikwazisa ngokushintshashintsha kwamandla kagesi kunethiwekhi kagesi, izinjini zokuma zivuliwe, umkhumbi ulahlekelwa ukuthintana noMhlaba isikhathi esifushane futhi uwubuyisele usebenzisa i-antenna ene-beam ebanzi. Imizuzwana engu-26 kamuva, uSwigert uletha amagama akhumbulekayo, "Kulungile, Houston, sinenkinga lapha." Uma ecelwa ukuba aphinde, umkhuzi wamaphoyisa uyacacisa: Houston, sinenkinga. Sibe ne-undervoltage ebhasini elikhulu B. Ngakho-ke kukhona ulwazi eMhlabeni lokuthi kukhona ukwehla kwamandla kagesi ebhasini lamandla B. Kodwa siyini isizathu salokhu?