Izinhloli zomhlaba - amazwe amaningi asebenzisa izinhlelo zokugada ezakhamuzini

Ososayensi baseShayina benze ubuhlakani bokwenziwa ohlelweni lwekhamera olunokulungiswa okuphelele kwama-megapixel angu-500 (1). Iyakwazi ukuthwebula izinkulungwane zobuso ngesikhathi esisodwa, njengasenkundleni yezemidlalo, ngokuningiliziwe, bese ikhiqiza idatha yobuso egcinwe emafini futhi ithole ngokushesha okuhlosiwe, umuntu ofunwayo.

Uhlelo lwamakhamera lwasungulwa eFudan University eShanghai naseChangchun Institute, inhloko-dolobha yesifundazwe esisenyakatho-mpumalanga yeJilin. Lokhu kuyizikhathi eziningana ukuxazulula iso lomuntu kumaphikseli ayizigidi ezingu-120. Iphepha lokucwaninga elishicilelwe ngale ndaba lithi liyakwazi ukukhiqiza amafilimu ngokulungiswa okuphezulu okufanayo njengezithombe ngenxa yezakhiwo ezimbili ezikhethekile ezakhiwe yiqembu elifanayo.

1. Ikhamera yesiShayina engu-500 megapixel

Nakuba ngokusemthethweni lokhu, yiqiniso, enye impumelelo yesayensi nobuchwepheshe baseShayina, amazwi ezwakala eMbusweni Wezulu ngokwawo ukuthi uhlelo lokulandela izakhamizi isivele "iphelele ngokwanele" futhi ayidingi ukuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe. Wathi, phakathi kwezinye izinto

Wang Peiji, Ph.D., School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, ucashunwe ku-Global Times. Ngokusho kwakhe, ukwakhiwa kwesistimu entsha kufanele kubize futhi akukwazi ukuletha izinzuzo ezinkulu. Amakhamera angakwazi futhi ukubeka engcupheni ubumfihlo, u-Wang wanezela, njengoba edlulisela izithombe ezinencazelo ephezulu esuka ebangeni elide kakhulu.

Angicabangi ukuthi udinga ukukholisa noma ngubani ukuthi iChina izwe lokugada (2). Njengoba i-South China Morning Post yolimi lwesiNgisi yabika eHong Kong, iziphathimandla zezwe zisasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha ukuze zilawule izakhamuzi zazo.

Kwanele ukubalula kuphela i-biometrics yokuhlonza abagibeli esitimeleni esingaphansi kweBeijing izibuko ezihlakaniphile esetshenziswa amaphoyisa noma inqwaba yezinye izindlela zokugada njengengxenye yohlelo oluphelele olumisiwe lwengcindezi yombuso ezakhamuzini, eholwa uhlelo lwezikweletu zomphakathi.

2. Ifulegi laseShayina elinophawu lokugadwa kwendawo yonke

Nokho, ezinye izindlela zokuhlola izakhamuzi zaseChina zisamangalisa. Sekuyiminyaka eminingana manje, ngokwesibonelo, izikhungo zezempi nezikahulumeni ezingaphezu kwamashumi amathathu zisebenzisa ama-drones akhethekile afana nezinyoni eziphilayo. Kubikwa ukuthi zindiza esibhakabhakeni okungenani ezifundazweni ezinhlanu ngaphakathi Uhlelo olubizwa ngokuthi "Ijuba"ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-prof. I-Song Bifeng yase-Xi'an Polytechnic University3).

Ama-drones angalingisa ukubhakuzisa amaphiko ngisho nokukhuphuka, atshuze futhi asheshise endizeni njengezinyoni zangempela. Imodeli ngayinye enjalo ifakwe ikhamera enesinqumo esiphezulu, i-antenna ye-GPS, uhlelo lokulawula indiza kanye nesistimu yokuxhumana ngesathelayithi.

Isisindo se-drone singamagremu angu-200, futhi amaphiko ayo angaba ngu-0,5 m. Inejubane elifika ku-40 km/h. futhi ingandiza ingami isigamu sehora. Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kubonise ukuthi "amajuba" acishe ahlukaniseke nezinyoni ezivamile futhi avumele iziphathimandla ukuba zenze ukubhekwa ngezinga elikhulu kunangaphambili, ukulungisa ukuziphatha kwezakhamuzi cishe kunoma yisiphi isimo.

3 I-drone yenhloli yamaShayina

Amademokhrasi nawo anentshisekelo kubunhloli

I-China isahamba phambili emhlabeni kwezobuchwepheshe bokubona ubuso nobunye ubuchwepheshe obusafufusa. Abagcini ngokusebenzisa izandla ezifanayo kuphela, kodwa izinkampani ezahlukene zaseShayina, ezivela kwaHuawei Technologies Co. ngaphezu kwakho konke, bathekelisa ulwazi lwenhloli emhlabeni jikelele. Lezi yizibalo zeCarnegie Endowment for International Peace embikweni oshicilelwe ngoSepthemba nonyaka.

Ngokwalolu cwaningo, Abathengisi abakhulu emhlabeni bobuchwepheshe bezobunhloli bokwenziwa ngobunhloli yiHuawei, inkampani yaseShayina i-Hikvision kanye ne-NECCorp yaseJapan. kanye ne-IBM yaseMelika (4). Okungenani amazwe angamashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu, kusukela e-United States kuya eBrazil, eJalimane, e-India naseSingapore, okwamanje athumela izinhlelo ezinkulu zezobunhloli zokwenziwa ukuze ziqaphe izakhamuzi. (5).

4. Ubani othengisa i-spyware

5. Intuthuko kwezobunhloli emhlabeni jikelele

UHuawei ungumholi kulo mkhakha, ehlinzeka ngalolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe emazweni angamashumi amahlanu. Uma kuqhathaniswa, i-IBM ithengise izixazululo zayo emazweni ayishumi nanye, ihlinzeka, phakathi kwezinye izinto, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ubuchwepheshe () bokuqapha ama-agglomerations nokuhlaziywa kwedatha.

“Izwe laseChina lithumela ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha emazweni abusa ngentando yeningi nasemazweni anegunya,” kusho umlobi wombiko uSteven Feldstein, uprofesa. Boise State University.

Umsebenzi wakhe uhlanganisa idatha kusuka ku-2017-2019 ezifundazweni, emadolobheni, kohulumeni, kanye nezindawo ze-quasi-state ezifana nezikhumulo zezindiza. Kucatshangelwa amazwe angu-64 lapho izikhungo zikahulumeni zithole ubuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa kobuso zisebenzisa amakhamera nolwazi lwezithombe, amazwe angu-56 lapho kusetshenziswa khona ubuchwepheshe bedolobha elihlakaniphile njengezinzwa nezithwebuli eziqoqa ulwazi oluhlaziywe ezikhungweni zokuqondisa, kanye namazwe angu-53 lapho iziphathimandla zisebenzisa khona “amaphoyisa ongqondongqondo. ". amasistimu ahlaziya idatha futhi azame ukubikezela ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo ngokusekelwe kubo.

Kodwa-ke, umbiko uyehluleka ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokusetshenziswa okusemthethweni kokuqapha kwe-AI, amacala aphula amalungelo abantu, kanye namacala uFeldstein awabiza ngokuthi "indawo ephakathi nebulous."

Isibonelo sokungaqondakali singaziwa emhlabeni project iyidolobha elihlakaniphile elisogwini olusempumalanga yeCanada eToronto. Idolobha eligcwele izinzwa eziklanyelwe ukusebenzela umphakathi ngoba ziklanyelwe "ukuxazulula yonke into" kusukela ekuminyana kwezimoto kuya ekunakekelweni kwezempilo, izindlu, ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo, ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa nokunye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-Quayside ichazwe ngokuthi "i-dystopia yobumfihlo" (6).

6. I-Big Brother Eye yakwaGoogle eToronto Quayside

Lezi zingqinamba, okungukuthi amaphrojekthi adalwe ngezinhloso ezinhle, okuyinto, nokho, engaholela ekuhlaselweni okude kwezimfihlo zabahlali, sibhala futhi kule ndaba ye-MT, echaza amaphrojekthi wedolobha elihlakaniphile lasePoland.

Izakhamuzi zase-UK seziwajwayele kakade amakhulukhulu amakhamera. Nokho kuvele ukuthi amaphoyisa anezinye izindlela zokulandelela ukuhamba kwezakhamizi. Kwachithwa amashumi ezigidi eLondon amamephu wedolobhaezazibizwa ngokuthi “ama-oyster” ().

Zisetshenziswa izikhathi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane njalo ngonyaka, futhi ulwazi oluqoqayo lunentshisekelo kwabomthetho. Ngokwesilinganiso, i-Metropolitan Police Service icela idatha ohlelweni lokuphatha amakhadi izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa ngonyaka. Ngokusho kweThe Guardian, kakade ngo-2011, inkampani yezokuthutha yedolobha yathola izicelo zedatha engu-6258, ikhuphuke ngo-15% kusukela ngonyaka odlule.

Idatha ekhiqizwe amamephu wedolobha, ehlanganiswe nedatha ye-geolocation yamaselula, ikuvumela ukuthi usungule amaphrofayili okuziphatha kwabantu futhi uqinisekise ubukhona babo endaweni ethile nangesikhathi esithile. Ngamakhamera agadayo atholakala yonke indawo, kuba nzima ukuhambahamba edolobheni ngaphandle kokugadwa yizikhungo zomthetho.

Umbiko ovela kuCarnegie Endowment for International Peace ukhombisa ukuthi ama-51% emibuso yentando yeningi asebenzisa izinhlelo zokuqapha i-AI. Lokhu akusho ukuthi baxhaphaza lezi zinhlelo, okungenani kuze kube yilokhu okujwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo luveza izibonelo ezimbalwa lapho inkululeko yomphakathi ihlushwa ukuqaliswa kwezixazululo ezinjalo.

Uphenyo lwango-2016 lwembula, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi amaphoyisa ase-US Baltimore athumela ngasese ama-drones ukuze aqaphe izakhamizi zedolobha. Kungakapheli amahora ayishumi undiza onjalo umshini izithombe zathathwa njalo ngomzuzwana. Amaphoyisa aphinde afaka amakhamera akhombisa ubuso ukuze aqaphe futhi abophe ababhikishi ngesikhathi sodlame lwasemadolobheni lwangowezi-2018.

Izinkampani eziningi nazo zihlinzeka ngobuchwepheshe obuthuthukile Imishini yokugada emngceleni wase-US-Mexico. Njengoba i-Guardian yabika ngo-June 2018, imibhoshongo yasemngceleni enamathuluzi anjalo ikwazi ukubona abantu abangafika kumakhilomitha ayi-12. Okunye ukufakwa kwalolu hlobo kufakwe amakhamera e-laser, i-radar kanye nesistimu yokuxhumana eskena i-radius engu-3,5 km ukuze ibone ukunyakaza.

Izithombe ezithwetshuliwe zihlaziywa yi-AI ukuze ihlukanise ama-silhouettes abantu nezinye izinto ezihambayo endaweni. Akukacaci ukuthi lezi zindlela zokugada zihlala zisemthethweni noma zidingeka.

I-French Marseille ihola lo msebenzi. Iwuhlelo lokunciphisa ubugebengu ngenethiwekhi yokuqapha yomphakathi enesikhungo sezobunhloli kanye namakhamera ahlakaniphile e-CCTV acishe abe yinkulungwane kulo mkhakha. Ngo-2020, le nombolo izophinda kabili.

Laba bathumeli bobuchwepheshe benhloli abahamba phambili baseShayina baphinde banikele ngemishini yabo nama-algorithms emazweni aseNtshonalanga. Ngo-2017, uHuawei wanikela ngohlelo lokuqapha edolobheni laseValenciennes enyakatho yeFrance ukukhombisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi. imodeli yedolobha ephephile. Kuwuhlelo oluthuthukisiwe lokubhekwa kwevidiyo olusezingeni eliphezulu kanye nesikhungo sokuyala esihlakaniphile esifakwe ama-algorithms ukuze kutholwe ukunyakaza okungajwayelekile nezixuku zasemgwaqweni.

Kodwa-ke, okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi kubukeka kanjani…

… Ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha baseShayina buthumela emazweni ampofu

Ukuthi izwe elisathuthuka alikwazi ukukhokhela lezi zinhlelo? Ayikho inkinga. Abathengisi baseShayina bavame ukunikela ngezimpahla zabo ngezinqwaba ezinamakhredithi "amahle".

Lokhu kusebenza kahle emazweni anengqalasizinda yobuchwepheshe engathuthukisiwe, okuhlanganisa, isibonelo, i-Kenya, i-Laos, iMongolia, i-Uganda, ne-Uzbekistan, lapho iziphathimandla bezingeke zikwazi ukukwazi ukufaka izixazululo ezinjalo.

E-Ecuador, inethiwekhi yamakhamera anamandla idlulisela izithombe ezikhungweni ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili eziqashe abantu abangaphezu kuka-XNUMX. Ehlome ngezinduku zokujabula, izikhulu zilawula kude amakhamera futhi zihlola imigwaqo ukuze zibone abadayisi bezidakamizwa, ukushaya kanye nokubulala. Uma bebona okuthile, bayanda (7).

7. Isikhungo Sokuqapha e-Ecuador

Uhlelo, vele, luvela eChina, olubizwa ECU-911 futhi yasungulwa izinkampani ezimbili zaseShayina: i-CEIEC engaphansi kukahulumeni kanye neHuawei. E-Ecuador, amakhamera e-ECU-911 alenga ezigxotsheni nasophahleni, kusukela eziQhingini zaseGalapagos kuya ehlathini lase-Amazon. Uhlelo futhi luvumela iziphathimandla ukuthi zilandelele amafoni futhi zingakwazi ukubona ubuso maduze.

Amarekhodi atholakalayo avumela amaphoyisa ukuthi abuyekeze futhi akhe kabusha izigameko ezedlule. Imifanekiso yale nethiwekhi isidayiselwe i-Venezuela, Bolivia kanye ne-Angola. Lolu hlelo, olwafakwa e-Ecuador ekuqaleni kuka-2011, luwuhlelo oluyisisekelo lohlelo lokulawula ngekhompuyutha iBeijing eke yachitha izigidigidi zamadola kulo. Ukuzalwa kwayo kokuqala kwaba uhlelo lokuqapha olwakhiwe eShayina ngezidingo Imidlalo yama-Olympic e-Beijing ngonyaka we-2008

Nakuba uhulumeni wase-Ecuadorian efunga ukuthi imayelana nokuphepha nokulawula ubugebengu kuphela, futhi amakhamera anikeza izithombe kuphela emaphoyiseni, uphenyo lwentatheli ye-New York Times luthole ukuthi amakhasethi nawo agcina e-National Intelligence Agency, ekhuluma noMongameli wangaphambili uRafael Correa, ukuhlukumeza, ukwesabisa kanye nokuhlasela abamelene nohulumeni kwezombusazwe.

Namuhla, cishe amazwe angamashumi amabili, okuhlanganisa iZimbabwe, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Kenya, United Arab Emirates, kanye neJalimane, asebenzisa izinhlelo zokuqapha ezihlakaniphile ze-Made in China. Ngokuzayo, inqwaba yazo iyaqeqeshwa futhi ukuqaliswa kwayo kuyacutshungulwa. Abagxeki baxwayisa ngokuthi ngokuqapha kwamaShayina nolwazi lwehadiwe manje oselugcwele umhlaba, ikusasa lomhlaba libukeka ligcwele ubushiqela obuqhutshwa ubuchwepheshe kanye nokulahlekelwa okukhulu kobumfihlo. Lobu buchwepheshe, obuvame ukuchazwa njengezinhlelo zokuphepha komphakathi, bunamandla okuba nezicelo ezibucayi njengamathuluzi engcindezelo yezepolitiki.

kusho u-Adrian Shahbaz, umqondisi wocwaningo eFreedom House.

I-ECU-911 yethulwa emphakathini wase-Ecuadorian njengendlela yokuqukatha izigameko zokubulala okuhlobene nezidakamizwa nobugebengu obuncane. Ngokwabagqugquzeli bobumfihlo, indida ukuthi i-ECU-911 ayisebenzi neze ekuvimbeni izigebengu, nakuba ukufakwa kwalolu hlelo kuhambisane nokwehla kwamazinga obugebengu.

Abantu base-Ecuadorian basho izibonelo eziningi zokuphanga nezinye izenzo ezingekho emthethweni ezenzeka phambi kwamakhamera ngaphandle kokusabela kwamaphoyisa. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ebhekene nokukhetha phakathi kobumfihlo nokuphepha, abantu base-Ecuadorian ngobuningi babo bakhetha ukuqapha.

Izifiso zeBeijing zidlulela ngalé kwalokho osekudayiswe kulawa mazwe. Namuhla, amaphoyisa kulo lonke elase-China aqoqa izithombe ezivela emashumini ezigidi zamakhamera nezigidigidi zedatha mayelana nohambo lwezakhamuzi, ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi, nemisebenzi yezomnotho ukuze aziqaphe. Uhlu lwabangase babe izigebengu kanye nabangase babe abaphikisi bezombusazwe baseChina kakade luhlanganisa abantu abayizigidi ezingu-20 kuya kwezingu-30.

Njengoba umbiko weCarnegie Endowment uphawula, ukugadwa akudingekile ukuba kube umphumela wohulumeni abazimisele ukucindezela izakhamuzi zabo. Ingadlala indima ebalulekile ekuvimbeleni ubuphekula futhi inike amandla iziphathimandla ukulandelela izinsongo ezihlukahlukene. Kodwa-ke, ubuchwepheshe buphinde bethula izindlela ezintsha zokubonwa, okuholela ekukhuphukeni kwemethadatha, noma ngabe i-imeyili, ukuhlonza indawo, ukulandelela iwebhu, noma eminye imisebenzi.

Izisusa zentando yeningi zaseYurophu zokwamukela izinhlelo zokubusa ezivela ku-AI (ukulawula ukufuduka, ukulandelela izinsongo zamaphekula) kungenzeka, empeleni, zihluke kakhulu ezizatho zokwenza izinhlelo eGibhithe noma eKazakhstan (ukulandelela abaphikisi, ukucindezela ukunyakaza kwamaqembu aphikisayo, njll.), kodwa amathuluzi ngokwawo ahlala efana ngokuphawulekayo. Umehluko ekuchazeni nasekuhlolweni kwalezi zenzo usekelwe ekucabangeni ukuthi ukubusa ngentando yeningi "kuhle" nokubusa okungenantando yeningi "kubi."