Izibhamu ezihloswe kahle ekuguleni

Sifuna ikhambi elisebenzayo kanye nomuthi wokugomela i-coronavirus kanye nokutheleleka kwayo. Okwamanje, asinazo izidakamizwa ezinomphumela ofakazelwe. Kodwa-ke, kunenye indlela yokulwa nezifo, ehlobene kakhulu nezwe lobuchwepheshe kune-biology nemithi ...

Ngo-1998, i.e. ngesikhathi lapho umhloli wamazwe waseMelika, Kevin Tracy (1), wenze izivivinyo zakhe kumagundane, akukho ukuxhumana okubonwe phakathi kwe-vagus nerve kanye namasosha omzimba emzimbeni. Inhlanganisela enjalo yayibhekwa njengento engenakwenzeka.

Kodwa uTracy wayeqinisekile ukuthi uzoba khona. Waxhuma isikhuthazi-mshini esibanjwa ngesandla sikagesi emthanjeni wesilwane futhi wasiphatha “ngokudubula” okuphindaphindiwe. Wabe esenikeza igundane i-TNF (i-tumor necrosis factor), iphrotheni ehambisana nokuvuvukala ezilwaneni nakubantu. Lesi silwane bekufanele sivuvuke kabi lingakapheli ihora, kodwa ekuhlolweni kwatholakala ukuthi i-TNF ibivinjwe ngo-75%.

Kwavela ukuthi isimiso sezinzwa sisebenza njenge-computer terminal, lapho ungakwazi ukuvimbela ukutheleleka ngaphambi kokuba kuqale, noma ukumisa ukukhula kwayo.

Amathonya kagesi ahlelwe kahle athinta isimiso sezinzwa angashintsha imiphumela yezidakamizwa ezibizayo ezingenandaba nempilo yesiguli.

Isilawuli kude somzimba

Lokhu kutholakala kwavula igatsha elisha elibizwa ngokuthi i-bioelectronics, efuna izixazululo zobuchwepheshe ezengeziwe nezincanyana zokuvuselela umzimba ukuze kuvuse izimpendulo ezihlelwe ngokucophelela. Le nqubo isaqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunokukhathazeka okukhulu mayelana nokuphepha kwamasekhethi kagesi. Nokho, uma kuqhathaniswa nemithi, inezinzuzo ezinkulu.

NgoMeyi 2014, uTracy utshele i-New York Times ukuthi ubuchwepheshe be-bioelectronic bungangena esikhundleni semboni yezemithi ngempumelelo futhi uyiphindaphinde kaningi eminyakeni yamuva.

Inkampani ayisungula, i-SetPoint Medical (2), yaqala ukusebenzisa indlela entsha yokwelapha eqenjini lamavolontiya ayishumi nambili avela eBosnia naseHerzegovina eminyakeni emibili edlule. Izikhuthazi ze-vagus nerve ezincane ezikhipha izimpawu zikagesi zifakwe ezintanyeni zazo. Kubantu abayisishiyagalombili, ukuhlolwa kwaphumelela - ubuhlungu obunzima buyehla, izinga lamaprotheni e-pro-inflammatory abuyele evamile, futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, indlela entsha ayizange ibangele imiphumela emibi kakhulu. Yehlisa izinga le-TNF cishe ngo-80%, ngaphandle kokuyiqeda ngokuphelele, njengoba kwenzeka nge-pharmacotherapy.

2. I-Bioelectronic chip SetPoint Medical

Ngemva kweminyaka yocwaningo lwaselabhorethri, ngo-2011 i-SetPoint Medical, lapho inkampani eyenza imithi i-GlaxoSmithKline yatshala khona imali, yaqala ukuhlolwa kwemitholampilo yokufakelwa kwemizwa evuselela imizwa ukulwa nezifo. Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zeziguli ocwaningweni ezazifakelwa isikhathi eside kuno-19 cm entanyeni exhunywe ku-vagus nerve zithole ukuthuthukiswa, ubuhlungu obuncishisiwe nokuvuvukala. Ososayensi bathi kuseyisiqalo lesi, futhi banezinhlelo zokubelapha ngokuvuselela ngogesi ezinye izifo ezifana nesifuba somoya, isifo sikashukela, isithuthwane, ukungazali, ukukhuluphala ngisho nomdlavuza. Kunjalo, futhi izifo ezifana ne-COVID-XNUMX.

Njengomqondo, i-bioelectronics ilula. Ngamafuphi, idlulisela amasignali ohlelweni lwezinzwa olutshela umzimba ukuthi ululame.

Kodwa-ke, njengenjwayelo, inkinga ilele emininingwaneni, njengokutolika okulungile kanye ukuhunyushwa kolimi lukagesi lwesimiso sezinzwa. Ezokuphepha kungenye inkinga. Phela, sikhuluma ngezinto zikagesi ezixhunywe ngokungenantambo kunethiwekhi (3), okusho ukuthi -.

Njengoba ekhuluma Anand Raghunathan, uprofesa wobunjiniyela bukagesi kanye nekhompyutha e-Purdue University, i-bioelectronics "inginika isilawuli kude somzimba womuntu." Lokhu futhi kuwuvivinyo olunzima. i-miniaturization, okuhlanganisa izindlela zokuxhuma kahle kumanethiwekhi ama-neurons angavumela ukuthola amanani afanelekile edatha.

Umthombo 3Izimila zobuchopho ezixhumana ngokungenantambo

I-Bioelectronics akufanele idideke nayo i-biocybernetics (okungukuthi, i-biological cybernetics), noma nge-bionics (evele ku-biocybernetics). Lezi yimikhakha yesayensi ehlukene. Isici sabo esivamile sibhekisela kulwazi lwebhayoloji nobuchwepheshe.

Impikiswano mayelana nama-virus amahle acushwe nge-optically

Namuhla, ososayensi benza izimila ezikwazi ukuxhumana ngokuqondile nesimiso sezinzwa emzamweni wokulwa nezinkinga ezihlukahlukene zempilo, kusukela kumdlavuza kuya kumkhuhlane ovamile.

Ukube abacwaningi bebephumelela futhi i-bioelectronics yanda, izigidi zabantu ngolunye usuku zingakwazi ukuhamba namakhompyutha axhunywe ezimisweni zabo zemizwa.

Endaweni yamaphupho, kodwa okungelona iqiniso ngokuphelele, kukhona, ngokwesibonelo, izinhlelo zokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi okuthi, zisebenzisa amasiginali kagesi, zithole ngokushesha “ukuvakasha” kwe-coronavirus emzimbeni kanye nezikhali eziqondile (ezakhemisi noma i-nanoelectronic) kuyo. . umhlaseli aze ahlasele lonke uhlelo.

Abacwaningi bakuthola kunzima ukuthola indlela ezoqonda izimpawu ezivela kumakhulu ezinkulungwane zama-neurons ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukubhaliswa okunembile nokuhlaziya kubalulekile kuma-bioelectronicsukuze ososayensi bakwazi ukubona ukungqubuzana phakathi kwezimpawu eziyisisekelo ze-neural kubantu abanempilo kanye nezimpawu ezikhiqizwa umuntu onesifo esithile.

Indlela yendabuko yokuqopha izimpawu ze-neural ukusebenzisa ama-probe amancane anama-electrode ngaphakathi, abizwa. Umcwaningi womdlavuza wendlala yesinye, isibonelo, angakwazi ukunamathisela izinsimbi emithanjeni ehlotshaniswa ne-prostate egundwaneni elinempilo futhi aqophe umsebenzi. Okufanayo kungenziwa ngesidalwa esinesinye esishintshwe izakhi zofuzo ukuze sikhiqize izimila eziyingozi. Ukuqhathanisa idatha eluhlaza yazo zombili izindlela kuzosivumela ukuthi sinqume ukuthi amasignali ezinzwa ahluke kangakanani kumagundane anomdlavuza. Ngokusekelwe kudatha enjalo, isignali yokulungisa ingase ihlelwe ibe idivayisi ye-bioelectronic yokwelapha umdlavuza.

Kodwa banezinkinga. Bangakwazi ukukhetha iseli eyodwa ngesikhathi, ukuze bangaqoqi idatha eyanele ukuze babone isithombe esikhulu. Njengoba ekhuluma U-Adam E. Cohen, uprofesa wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali nefiziksi eHarvard, "kufana nokuzama ukubuka i-opera ngotshani."

Cohen, uchwepheshe emkhakheni okhulayo obizwa ngokuthi i-optogenetics, ikholelwa ukuthi inganqoba ukulinganiselwa kwama-patches angaphandle. Ucwaningo lwakhe luzama ukusebenzisa i-optogenetics ukucacisa ulimi lwesifo sezinzwa. Inkinga ukuthi umsebenzi we-neural awuveli emazwini ama-neurons ngamanye, kodwa kusukela ku-orchestra yawo yonke esebenza ngokuhlobene. Ukubuka ngakunye akukuniki umbono ophelele.

I-Optogenetics yaqala ngeminyaka yama-90s lapho ososayensi bazi ukuthi amaprotheni abizwa ngokuthi ama-opsins kumabhaktheriya kanye nolwelwe akhiqiza ugesi lapho evezwe ekukhanyeni. I-Optogenetics isebenzisa le nqubo.

Izakhi zofuzo ze-opsin zifakwa ku-DNA yegciwane elingenangozi, elibese lijovwa ebuchosheni bomuntu oxoxwayo noma ku-peripheral nerve. Ngokushintsha ukulandelana kofuzo kwegciwane, abacwaningi baqondise ama-neurons athile, njengalawo anesibopho sokuzwa amakhaza noma ubuhlungu, noma izindawo zobuchopho ezaziwa ngokuba nesibopho sezenzo ezithile noma ukuziphatha.

Khona-ke, i-fiber optical ifakwa esikhumbeni noma ugebhezi, okudlulisa ukukhanya kusuka esihlokweni kuya endaweni lapho igciwane litholakala khona. Ukukhanya okuvela ku-optical fibre kwenza i-opsin isebenze, yona ifake ukushajwa kukagesi okubangela ukuthi i-neuron "ikhanye" (4). Ngakho-ke, ososayensi bangakwazi ukulawula ukusabela komzimba wamagundane, okubangela ukulala nobudlova lapho uyala.

4. I-Neuron elawulwa ukukhanya

Kodwa ngaphambi kokusebenzisa ama-opsins nama-optogenetics ukuze kusebenze ama-neurons ahilelekile ezifweni ezithile, ososayensi abadingi ukunquma kuphela ukuthi yimaphi ama-neurons abangela lesi sifo, kodwa nokuthi lesi sifo sihlangana kanjani nesimiso sezinzwa.

Njengamakhompiyutha, izinzwa ziyakhuluma ulimi kanambambili, ngesichazamazwi esisekelwe ekutheni isignali yabo ivuliwe noma ivaliwe. Ukuhleleka, izikhawu zesikhathi kanye nokuqina kwalezi zinguquko kunquma indlela ulwazi oludluliswa ngayo. Nokho, uma isifo singabhekwa njengesikhuluma ulimi lwaso, kudingeka umhumushi.

UCohen nozakwabo babe nomuzwa wokuthi i-optogenetics ingakwazi ukuyiphatha. Ngakho-ke bathuthukise inqubo ngokuhlehla - esikhundleni sokusebenzisa ukukhanya ukuze benze ama-neurons asebenze, basebenzisa ukukhanya ukuze barekhode umsebenzi wabo.

Ama-Opsins angaba yindlela yokwelapha zonke izinhlobo zezifo, kodwa ososayensi cishe bazodinga ukwakha amadivaysi e-bioelectronic angawasebenzisi. Ukusetshenziswa kwamagciwane aguqulwe ngofuzo kuzobe kungamukeleki kuziphathimandla nasemphakathini. Ukwengeza, indlela ye-opsin isekelwe ekwelashweni kwezakhi zofuzo, okungakafinyeleli impumelelo egculisayo ezivivinyweni zomtholampilo, kubiza kakhulu futhi kubonakala kunezingozi ezinkulu zezempilo.

UCohen ubala izindlela ezimbili ezingasetshenziswa. Enye yazo ihlotshaniswa nama-molecule aziphatha njengama-opsins. Eyesibili isebenzisa i-RNA ukuze iguqulwe ibe iphrotheni efana ne-opsin ngoba ayishintshi i-DNA, ngakho-ke azikho izingozi zokwelashwa kofuzo. Nokho inkinga enkulu ukunikeza ukukhanya endaweni. Kukhona imiklamo yokufakelwa kobuchopho ngelaser eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, kodwa u-Cohen, isibonelo, ukubheka kufaneleka kakhulu ukusebenzisa imithombo yokukhanya yangaphandle.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-bioelectronics (5) ithembisa isixazululo esiphelele kuzo zonke izinkinga zezempilo isintu esibhekene nazo. Lena indawo yokuhlola kakhulu okwamanje.

Nokho, ngokungangabazeki kuyathakazelisa kakhulu.