I-metallic hydrogen izoshintsha ubuso bobuchwepheshe - ize ihwamuke

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, akukho nsimbi noma i-titanium noma ama-alloys ezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba ezakhiwe. Kuma-anvils edayimane anamuhla anokukhanya kwensimbi kukhazimula lokho esikwaziyo njengamagesi angaqondakali kakhulu ...

I-Hydrogen etafuleni le-periodic iphezulu eqenjini lokuqala, elihlanganisa izinsimbi ze-alkali kuphela, okungukuthi, i-lithium, i-sodium, i-potassium, i-rubidium, i-cesium ne-francium. Akumangalisi ukuthi sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi bezibuza ukuthi ingabe nayo inesimo sayo sensimbi. Ngo-1935, u-Eugene Wigner noHilard Bell Huntington babengabokuqala ukuphakamisa izimo lapho i-hydrogen ingaba yinsimbi. Ngo-1996, izazi ze-physics zaseMelika uWilliam Nellis, u-Arthur Mitchell, noSamuel Weir eLawrence Livermore National Laboratory babika ukuthi i-hydrogen yakhiqizwa ngengozi esimweni sensimbi isebenzisa isibhamu segesi. Ngo-Okthoba 2016, uRanga Diaz no-Isaac Silvera bamemezele ukuthi baphumelele ukuthola i-metallic hydrogen ngengcindezi engu-495 GPa (cishe i-5 × 10).⁶ atm) kanye nezinga lokushisa lika-5,5 K ekamelweni ledayimane. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa akuzange kuphindwe ababhali futhi akuzange kuqinisekiswe ngokuzimela. ngenxa yalokho, ingxenye yomphakathi wesayensi ibuza imibuzo ngeziphetho ezihleliwe.

Kuneziphakamiso zokuthi i-metallic hydrogen ingase ibe sesimweni esiwuketshezi ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu yamandla adonsela phansi. ngaphakathi kwamaplanethi amakhulu egesinjengoJupiter noSaturn.

Ekupheleni kukaJanuwari walo nyaka, iqembu lika-prof. U-Isaac Silveri waseHarvard University ubike ukuthi i-metallic hydrogen yakhiqizwa elebhu. Bafaka isampula ngaphansi kwengcindezi engu-495 GPa kuma-anvils edayimane, ama-molecule akha igesi H.₂ yahlakazeka, kanye nesakhiwo sensimbi esakhiwe ngama-athomu e-hydrogen. Ngokusho kwababhali bokuhlolwa, isakhiwo esiphumela i-metastableokusho ukuthi ihlala insimbi ngisho nangemva kokuba ukucindezela okukhulu kuphelile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho kososayensi, i-metallic hydrogen ingaba izinga lokushisa eliphezulu superconductor. Ngo-1968, u-Neil Ashcroft, isazi se-physics e-Cornell University, wabikezela ukuthi isigaba se-metallic se-hydrogen singaba yi-superconductive, okungukuthi, ukuqhuba ugesi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukushisa kanye namazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-0°C. Lokhu kukodwa kungasindisa ingxenye yesithathu kagesi olahlekile namuhla ekudluliselweni kwawo nangenxa yokushisisa kwazo zonke izinto zikagesi.

Ngaphansi kwengcindezi evamile esimweni segesi, esiwuketshezi nesiqinile (i-hydrogen iyajiya ku-20K bese iqina ku-14K) lesi sici asiwuhambisi ugesi ngoba ama-athomu e-hydrogen ahlangana abe ngamapheya amangqamuzana futhi ashintshanise ama-electron awo. Ngakho-ke, awekho ama-electron amahhala anele, okuthi ezinsimbi akha ibhande lokuqhuba futhi angabathwali bamanje. Ukuminyanisa okuqinile kwe-hydrogen kuphela ukuze kucekelwe phansi izibopho phakathi kwama-athomu ngokwembono kukhishwa ama-electron futhi kwenza i-hydrogen ibe umqhubi kagesi ngisho ne-superconductor.

I-hydrogen icindezelwe ibe yisimo sensimbi phakathi kwamadayimane

Kungasebenza uhlobo olusha lwe-hydrogen uphethiloli we-rocket osebenza kahle kakhulu. “Kudingeka amandla amakhulu ukukhiqiza i-metallic hydrogen,” kuchaza uprofesa. Isiliva. "Lapho lolu hlobo lwe-hydrogen luguqulwa lube igesi yamangqamuzana, kukhishwa amandla amaningi, okwenza kube injini yerokhethi enamandla kunazo zonke eyaziwa isintu."

Umfutho othize wenjini esebenza kulaphethiloli uzoba imizuzwana engu-1700. Njengamanje, kuvame ukusetshenziswa i-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo, futhi umfutho othile wezinjini ezinjalo imizuzwana engu-450. Ngokusho kososayensi, uphethiloli omusha uzovumela umkhumbi-mkhathi wethu ukuthi ufinyelele ku-orbit ngerokhethi yesiteji esisodwa enomthwalo omkhulu okhokhelwayo futhi uyivumele ukuthi ifinyelele kwamanye amaplanethi.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-metallic hydrogen superconductor esebenza ekamelweni lokushisa izokwenza kube nokwenzeka ukwakha izinhlelo zokuthutha ezihamba ngesivinini esikhulu usebenzisa i-magnetic levitation, izokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwezimoto zikagesi kanye nokusebenza kahle kwemishini eminingi kagesi. Kuzophinde kube noguquko emakethe yokugcina amandla. Njengoba ama-superconductors anokumelana ne-zero, kungenzeka ukugcina amandla kumasekhethi kagesi lapho ejikeleza khona kuze kube kudingekile.

Qaphela ngalo mdlandla

Nokho, la mathemba aqhakazile awacacile ngokuphelele, njengoba ososayensi bengakaqinisekisi ukuthi i-metallic hydrogen izinzile ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile zokucindezela nezinga lokushisa. Abamele umphakathi wesayensi, abaye bafika kwabezindaba ukuze baphawule, bayangabaza noma, okungcono kakhulu, bagodliwe. I-postulate evame kakhulu iwukuphinda ukuhlolwa, ngoba impumelelo eyodwa okuthiwa...

Okwamanje, ucezu oluncane lwensimbi lungabonakala kuphela ngemuva kwezinqamuleli zedayimane ezimbili ezishiwo ngenhla, ezasetshenziswa ukuminyanisa i-hydrogen ewuketshezi emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kweqhwa. Ingabe isibikezelo sika-prof. Ngabe uSilvera nozakwabo bazosebenza ngempela? Ake sibone esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ukuthi abahloli bahlose ukunciphisa kancane kancane ukucindezela futhi bakhulise izinga lokushisa lesampula ukuze bathole. Futhi ngokwenza kanjalo, bathemba ukuthi i-hydrogen nje... ayiguquki.