izithombe zezokwelapha

Ngo-1896, uWilhelm Roentgen wathola ama-X-ray, futhi ngo-1900, i-X-ray yesifuba sokuqala. Bese kulandela ishubhu leX-ray. Futhi ukuthi kubukeka kanjani namuhla. Uzothola esihlokweni esingezansi.

1806 U-Philippe Bozzini uthuthukisa i-endoscope e-Mainz, eshicilela ngesikhathi esithi "Der Lichtleiter" - incwadi yokutadisha ingaphakathi lomzimba womuntu. Owokuqala ukusebenzisa lolu hlelo lokusebenza ngempumelelo kwaba umFulentshi u-Antonin Jean Desormeaux. Ngaphambi kokusungulwa kukagesi, imithombo yokukhanya yangaphandle yayisetshenziselwa ukuhlola isinye, isibeletho, nekholoni, kanye nemigodi yamakhala.

1. I-X-ray yokuqala - isandla somfazi kaRoentgen

1896 U-Wilhelm Roentgen uthola ama-X-ray kanye nekhono lawo lokungena ezintweni eziqinile. Ochwepheshe bokuqala ababonisa kubo "i-roentgenograms" babengebona odokotela, kodwa ozakwabo bakaRoentgen - izazi ze-physics (1). Amandla omtholampilo alokhu okusunguliwe aqashelwa emasontweni ambalwa kamuva, lapho i-X-ray yesiqeshana sengilazi emunweni wengane eneminyaka emine ubudala yanyatheliswa kumagazini wezokwelapha. Eminyakeni embalwa eyalandela, ukuthengiswa nokukhiqizwa ngobuningi kwamashubhu e-X-ray kwasakaza ubuchwepheshe obusha emhlabeni wonke.

1900 I-x-ray yesifuba sokuqala. Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwe-x-ray yesifuba kwenza ukuba kutholakale isifo sofuba kusenesikhathi, ngaleso sikhathi okwakungenye yezimbangela ezivame kakhulu zokufa.

1906-1912 Imizamo yokuqala yokusebenzisa ama-agent ahlukile ukuze kuhlolwe kangcono izitho nemikhumbi.

1913 Ishubhu langempela le-X ray, elibizwa ngokuthi ishubhu levacuum ye-cathode eshisayo, liyavela, esebenzisa umthombo we-electron olawulwa kahle ngenxa yesimo sokukhishwa kwe-thermal. Wavula inkathi entsha ku-medical and industrial radiological practice. Umqambi wayo kwakungumsunguli waseMelika uWilliam D. Coolidge (2), owaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi "uyise weshubhu le-X-ray." Kanye negridi enyakazayo eyakhiwe isazi se-radiologist sase-Chicago u-Hollis Potter, isibani se-Coolidge senze i-radiography yaba ithuluzi elibalulekile kodokotela phakathi neMpi Yezwe I.

1916 Akuwona wonke ama-radiographs abefundeka kalula - kwesinye isikhathi izicubu noma izinto zazifihla lokho obekuhlolwa. Ngakho-ke, udokotela wesikhumba waseFrance u-André Bocage wasungula indlela yokukhipha ama-X-ray ezinhlangothini ezihlukahlukene, eyaqeda ubunzima obunjalo. Okwakhe .

1919 I-Pneumoencephalography iyavela, okuyindlela yokuxilonga ehlaselayo yesimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi. Kwakuhlanganisa ukufaka ingxenye yoketshezi lwe-cerebrospinal esikhundleni somoya, umoya-mpilo noma i-helium, okwethulwa ngokubhoboza umsele womgogodla, nokwenza i-x-ray yekhanda. Amagesi ayeqhathaniswa kahle nesimiso se-ventricle yobuchopho, okwenza kube lula ukuthola isithombe sama-ventricles. Indlela yayisetshenziswa kabanzi phakathi nekhulu lama-80, kodwa yacishe yashiywa ngokuphelele ngeminyaka yawo-XNUMX, njengoba ukuhlolwa kwakubuhlungu kakhulu esigulini futhi kwakuhlotshaniswa nengozi enkulu yezinkinga.

Ama-30s nama-40s Emithi yokwelapha kanye nokuvuselelwa, amandla amagagasi e-ultrasonic aqala ukusetshenziswa kabanzi. U-Sergey Sokolov waseRussia uzama ukusebenzisa i-ultrasound ukuthola ukukhubazeka kwensimbi. Ngo-1939, usebenzisa imvamisa ye-3 GHz, okuyinto, noma kunjalo, ayinikezi ukulungiswa kwesithombe esanelisayo. Ngo-1940, uHeinrich Gohr noThomas Wedekind be-Medical University of Cologne, eJalimane, bethula esihlokweni sabo esithi "Der Ultraschall in der Medizin" ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuxilongwa kwe-ultrasound okusekelwe kumasu e-echo-reflex afana nalawo asetshenziswa ekutholeni ukukhubazeka kwensimbi. .

Ababhali bacabanga ukuthi le ndlela izovumela ukutholwa kwamathumba, ama-exudates, noma amathumba. Nokho, abakwazanga ukushicilela imiphumela egculisayo yokuhlola kwabo. Okunye okwaziwayo ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha kwe-ultrasonic kuka-Austrian Karl T. Dussik, udokotela wezinzwa wase-University of Vienna e-Austria, kwaqalwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-30s.

1937 Isazi sezibalo sasePoland uStefan Kaczmarz sakha emsebenzini wakhe othi "Technique of Algebraic Reconstruction" izisekelo zethiyori zendlela yokwakhiwa kabusha kwe-algebraic, eyabe yasetshenziswa ku-computed tomography kanye nokucubungula isignali yedijithali.

Ama-40. Ukwethulwa kwesithombe se-tomographic kusetshenziswa ishubhu le-x ray lizungeza umzimba wesiguli noma izitho zomuntu ngamunye. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubona imininingwane ye-anatomy kanye nezinguquko ze-pathological ezigabeni.

1946 Izazi zefiziksi zaseMelika u-Edward Purcell noFelix Bloch basungula ngokuzimela i-nuclear magnetic resonance NMR (3). Baklonyeliswe ngendondo yeNobel kuPhysics "ngokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela ezintsha zokulinganisa okunembile kanye nokutholwa okuhlobene emkhakheni we-nuclear magnetism."

3. Isethi yezinto zokusebenza ze-NMR

1950 liyaphakama isithwebuli prostoliniowy, ihlanganiswe nguBenedict Cassin. Idivayisi kule nguqulo yasetshenziswa kuze kube sekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-70s ngemithi ehlukahlukene esekwe kwi-isotope enemisebe ukuze kufane izitho zomzimba kuwo wonke umzimba.

1953 UGordon Brownell we-Massachusetts Institute of Technology udala idivayisi engumanduleli wekhamera yesimanje ye-PET. Ngosizo lwakhe, yena kanye nodokotela ohlinza izinzwa uWilliam H. Sweet, bayakwazi ukuxilonga izimila ebuchosheni.

1955 Iziqinisi zesithombe ze-x-ray ezinamandla ziyathuthukiswa ezenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthola izithombe ze-x-ray zezithombe ezihambayo zezicubu nezitho. Lawa ma-x-ray anikeze ulwazi olusha mayelana nokusebenza komzimba njengenhliziyo eshayayo kanye nesimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi.

1955-1958 Udokotela waseScotland u-Ian Donald uqala ukusebenzisa kabanzi izivivinyo ze-ultrasound zokuxilongwa kwezokwelapha. Ungudokotela wezifo zabesifazane. Isihloko sakhe esithi "Uphenyo Lwenqwaba Yesisu Nge-Pulsed Ultrasound", eyanyatheliswa ngo-June 7, 1958 kumagazini wezokwelapha i-Lancet, ichaze ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-ultrasound futhi yabeka isisekelo sokuxilongwa ngaphambi kokubeletha (4).

1957 I-fiber optic endoscope yokuqala yenziwa - i-gastroenterologist u-Basili Hirshowitz kanye nozakwabo base-University of Michigan banelungelo lobunikazi be-fiber optic, I-gastroscope eguquguqukayo.

1958 U-Hal Oscar Anger wethula emhlanganweni waminyaka yonke we-American Society for Nuclear Medicine igumbi le-scintillation elivumela ukuguquguquka izithombe zezitho zomuntu. Idivayisi ingena emakethe ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi.

1963 UDkt. David Kuhl osanda kwenziwa, kanye nomngane wakhe, unjiniyela u-Roy Edwards, bethula emhlabeni umsebenzi wokuqala ohlanganyelwe, umphumela weminyaka eminingana yokulungiselela: umshini wokuqala emhlabeni walokho okubizwa ngokuthi. i-emission tomographyabayibiza ngokuthi uMarku II. Eminyakeni eyalandela, kwasungulwa amathiyori anembe kakhudlwana namamodeli ezibalo, kwenziwa izifundo eziningi, futhi kwakhiwa imishini ethuthuke kakhulu. Ekugcineni, ngo-1976, u-John Keyes udala umshini wokuqala we-SPECT - i-photon emission tomography eyodwa - ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kuka-Cool no-Edwards.

1967-1971 Esebenzisa indlela ye-algebraic ka-Stefan Kaczmarz, unjiniyela kagesi oyiNgisi u-Godfrey Hounsfield udala izisekelo zethiyori ze-computed tomography. Eminyakeni elandelayo, wakha isithwebuli sokuqala se-EMI CT (5), lapho, ngo-1971, ukuhlolwa kokuqala komuntu kwenziwa esibhedlela sase-Atkinson Morley eWimbledon. Idivayisi yafakwa ekukhiqizeni ngo-1973. Ngo-1979, u-Hounsfield, kanye nesazi sefiziksi saseMelika u-Allan M. Cormack, baklonyeliswa ngendondo yeNobel ngeqhaza labo ekuthuthukisweni kwe-computed tomography.

5. EMI Scanner

1973 Usokhemisi waseMelika u-Paul Lauterbur (6) uthole ukuthi ngokwethula ama-gradient of field magnetic edlula entweni ethile, umuntu angahlaziya futhi athole ukwakheka kwale nto. Usosayensi usebenzisa le nqubo ukuze enze isithombe esihlukanisa phakathi kwamanzi avamile nasindayo. Ngokusekelwe emsebenzini wakhe, isazi sefiziksi saseNgilandi uPeter Mansfield sakha inkolelo-mbono yakhe futhi sibonisa indlela yokwenza isithombe esisheshayo nesinembile sesakhiwo sangaphakathi.

Umphumela womsebenzi wabo bobabili ososayensi kwaba ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha okungahlaseli, okwaziwa ngokuthi imaging resonance magnetic noma i-MRI. Ngo-1977, umshini we-MRI, owakhiwa odokotela baseMelika uRaymond Damadian, uLarry Minkoff noMichael Goldsmith, waqala ukusetshenziselwa ukutadisha umuntu. ULauterbur noMansfield baklonyeliswe ngokuhlanganyela uMklomelo KaNobel kuPhysiology noma Medicine ka-2003.

1974 UMichael Phelps waseMelika wenza ikhamera ye-Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Isithwebuli sokuqala se-PET sezentengiselwano sadalwa ngenxa yomsebenzi ka-Phelps no-Michel Ter-Poghosyan, ohole ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo e-EG&G ORTEC. Isithwebuli safakwa e-UCLA ngo-1974. Ngenxa yokuthi amangqamuzana omdlavuza agaya i-glucose ngokushesha okuphindwe kashumi kunamangqamuzana avamile, izimila eziyingozi zivela njengamachashaza akhanyayo ku-PET scan (7).

1976 Udokotela ohlinzayo u-Andreas Grünzig wethula i-coronary angioplasty e-University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland. Le ndlela isebenzisa i-fluoroscopy ukwelapha i-stenosis yemithambo yegazi.

1978 liyaphakama i-radiography yedijithali. Ngokokuqala ngqa, isithombe esivela ohlelweni lwe-X-ray siguqulwa sibe ifayela ledijithali, elingase licutshungulwe ukuze kuxilongwe okucacile futhi ligcinwe ngokwedijithali ukuze kwenziwe ucwaningo nokuhlaziywa kwesikhathi esizayo.

Ama-80. UDouglas Boyd wethula indlela ye-electron beam tomography. Izikena ze-EBT zasebenzisa i-electron elawulwa ngozibuthe ukuze zenze indandatho yama-X ray.

1984 Isithombe sokuqala se-3D sisebenzisa amakhompuyutha edijithali kanye nedatha ye-CT noma ye-MRI iyavela, okuholela ezithombeni ze-XNUMXD zamathambo nezitho.

1989 I-Spiral computed tomography (spiral CT) iqala ukusetshenziswa. Lokhu ukuhlola okuhlanganisa ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo kokujikeleza kwesistimu yesitholi sesibani kanye nokunyakaza kwetafula phezu kwendawo yokuhlola (8). Inzuzo ebalulekile ye-spiral tomography ukunciphisa isikhathi sokuhlolwa (ikuvumela ukuthi uthole isithombe sezingxenye eziyishumi nambili kuskena esisodwa esithatha imizuzwana embalwa), ukuqoqwa kokufundwa okuvela kuwo wonke umthamo, kufaka phakathi izingqimba zesitho, okuyinto zaziphakathi kokuskena nge-CT evamile, kanye noshintsho olufanele lweskeni sibonga isofthiwe entsha. Umqali wendlela entsha kwakunguMqondisi we-Siemens Wezocwaningo Nentuthuko uDkt. Willy A. Kalender. Abanye abakhiqizi balandela ngokushesha ezinyathelweni ze-Siemens.

8. Uhlelo lwe-spiral computed tomography

1993 Yakha indlela ye-echoplanar imaging (EPI) ezovumela amasistimu e-MRI ukuthi athole ukushaywa unhlangothi ngokushesha. I-EPI iphinde ihlinzeke ngezithombe ezisebenzayo, ngokwesibonelo, umsebenzi wobuchopho, okuvumela odokotela ukuthi bafunde umsebenzi wezingxenye ezahlukene zobuchopho.

1998 Okubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kwe-PET ye-multimodal kanye ne-computed tomography. Lokhu kwenziwe nguDkt. David W. Townsend waseNyuvesi yasePittsburgh, kanye noRon Nutt, uchwepheshe wezinhlelo ze-PET. Lokhu kuye kwavula amathuba amahle e-metabolic kanye ne-anatomical imaging yeziguli ezinomdlavuza. Isithwebuli sokuqala se-PET/CT scanner, esaklanywa futhi sakhiwa yi-CTI PET Systems e-Knoxville, e-Tennessee, saba bukhoma ngo-1998.

2018 I-MARS Bioimaging yethula indlela yombala i Isithombe sezokwelapha se-XNUMXD (9), okuthi esikhundleni sezithombe ezimnyama nezimhlophe zangaphakathi emzimbeni, zinikeze ikhwalithi entsha ngokuphelele kwezokwelapha - izithombe zombala.

Uhlobo olusha lwesithwebuli lisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-Medipix, olwaqale lwenzelwe ososayensi be-European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) ukulandelela izinhlayiya ku-Large Hadron Collider besebenzisa ama-algorithms ekhompyutha. Esikhundleni sokurekhoda ama-X ray njengoba edlula ezicutshini nendlela amuncwa ngayo, isithwebuli sinquma izinga eliqondile lamandla ama-X ray njengoba eshaya izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zomzimba. Ibe isiguqula imiphumela ibe imibala ehlukene ukuze ihambisane namathambo, imisipha, nezinye izicubu.

9. Ingxenye enombala yesihlakala, eyenziwe kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-MRS Bioimaging.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezithombe zezokwelapha

1. I-X-ray (i-X-ray) lena i-x-reyi yomzimba ene-projection yama-x-reyi efilimu noma umtshina. Izicubu ezithambile zibonwa ngeso lengqondo ngemva komjovo wokuqhathanisa. Indlela, esetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ekuxilongweni kwesistimu yamathambo, ibonakala ngokunemba okuphansi nokuphambene okuphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebe inomphumela omubi - i-99% yomthamo imuncwa umzimba wokuhlola.

2. i-tomography (IsiGreek - cross-section) - igama elihlangene lezindlela zokuxilonga, ezihlanganisa ukuthola isithombe sesiphambano somzimba noma ingxenye yawo. Izindlela ze-Tomographic zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amaningana:

• UZI (UZI) kuyindlela engahlanyisisi esebenzisa izenzakalo zamagagasi zomsindo emingceleni yemidiya ehlukahlukene. Isebenzisa i-ultrasonic (2-5 MHz) kanye nama-piezoelectric transducers. Isithombe sihamba ngesikhathi sangempela;
• i-computed tomography (CT) isebenzisa ama-x-ray alawulwa ngekhompiyutha ukwenza izithombe zomzimba. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-x-reyi kusondeza i-CT kuma-x-reyi, kodwa ama-x-reyi kanye ne-computed tomography inikeza ulwazi oluhlukile. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi isazi se-radiologist esinolwazi singakwazi futhi ukubona indawo enezinhlangothi ezintathu, isibonelo, isimila esivela esithombeni se-X ray, kodwa ama-X-ray, ngokungafani nama-CT scan, ngokwemvelo anezinhlangothi ezimbili;
• imaging resonance magnetic (MRI) - lolu hlobo lwe-tomography lusebenzisa amaza omsakazo ukuhlola iziguli ezibekwe endaweni enamandla kazibuthe. Isithombe esiwumphumela sisekelwe kumaza omsakazo akhishwa izicubu ezihloliwe, ezikhiqiza amasignali anamandla kakhulu kuye ngendawo yamakhemikhali. Isithombe somzimba wesiguli singagcinwa njengedatha yekhompyutha. I-MRI, njenge-CT, ikhiqiza izithombe ze-XNUMXD ne-XNUMXD, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi iyindlela ebucayi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi yokuhlukanisa izicubu ezithambile;
• i-positron emission tomography (PET) - ukubhaliswa kwezithombe zekhompyutha zezinguquko kumetabolism kashukela okwenzeka ezicutshini. Isiguli sijovwa ngento eyinhlanganisela kashukela kanye noshukela obhalwe isotopically. Lokhu kwakamuva kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthola umdlavuza, njengoba amangqamuzana omdlavuza ethatha ama-molecule kashukela ngokuphumelelayo kunezinye izicubu zomzimba. Ngemva kokungenisa ushukela obhalwe ngemisebe, isiguli silala phansi cishe.
• Imizuzu engama-60 ngenkathi ushukela omakiwe uzungeza emzimbeni wakhe. Uma kunethumba emzimbeni, ushukela kufanele uqoqwe kuwo ngokuphumelelayo. Khona-ke isiguli, esibekwe etafuleni, singeniswa kancane kancane ku-PET scanner - izikhathi ezingu-6-7 phakathi nemizuzu engu-45-60. Isithwebuli se-PET sisetshenziselwa ukunquma ukusatshalaliswa kukashukela ezicutshini zomzimba. Ngenxa yokuhlaziywa kwe-CT ne-PET, i-neoplasm engenzeka ingachazwa kangcono. Isithombe esicutshungulwe ngekhompuyutha sihlaziywa isazi se-radiologist. I-PET ingakwazi ukubona izinto ezingavamile ngisho nalapho ezinye izindlela zibonisa isimo esivamile sezicubu. Futhi kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuxilonga umdlavuza relapses futhi kunqume ukusebenza ngempumelelo yokwelapha - njengoba isimila sincipha, amangqamuzana alo metabolize kancane kancane ushukela;
• I-Single photon emission tomography (SPECT) - inqubo ye-tomographic emkhakheni wezokwelapha zenuzi. Ngosizo lwemisebe ye-gamma, ikuvumela ukuthi udale isithombe sendawo somsebenzi webhayoloji wanoma iyiphi ingxenye yomzimba wesiguli. Le ndlela ikuvumela ukuba ubone ngeso lengqondo ukugeleza kwegazi kanye ne-metabolism endaweni enikeziwe. Isebenzisa i-radiopharmaceuticals. Ziyinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali ehlanganisa izakhi ezimbili - i-tracer, okuyi-isotope enemisebe, kanye nesithwali esingafakwa ezicutshini nasezithweni futhi sinqobe umgoqo wegazi nobuchopho. Abathwali bavame ukuba nempahla yokubopha ngokukhetha amasosha omzimba we-tumor cell. Ahlala ngobuningi ngokulingana nemetabolism; 
• i-optical coherence tomography (OCT) - indlela entsha efana ne-ultrasound, kodwa isiguli siphenywa nge-beam yokukhanya (i-interferometer). Isetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwamehlo ku-dermatology namazinyo. Ukukhanya okuhlakazeke ngemuva kubonisa indawo yezindawo ezigudle umzila wokukhanya lapho inkomba ye-refractive ishintsha khona.

3. I-Scantigraphy - sithola lapha isithombe sezitho, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke umsebenzi wabo, sisebenzisa imithamo emincane ye-isotopes enemisebe (i-radiopharmaceuticals). Le nqubo isekelwe ekuziphatheni kwemithi ethile emzimbeni. Zisebenza njengemoto ye-isotope esetshenzisiwe. Isidakamizwa esinelebuli sinqwabelana esithweni esingaphansi kocwaningo. I-radioisotope ikhipha imisebe ye-ionizing (imvamisa kakhulu imisebe ye-gamma), ingena ngaphandle komzimba, lapho okubizwa ngekhamera ye-gamma kuqoshwa khona.