McFREMM - AbaseMelika bazolungisa uhlelo lwe-FFG(X).

Ukubona ngeso lengqondo i-FFG(X) ngokusekelwe ekwakhiweni kwe-FREMM yase-Italian frigate. Umehluko ubonakala ngokucacile futhi ikakhulukazi uhlobene nokuma kwezingxenye ezingaphezulu zezakhiwo ezinkulu, lapho kufakwa khona izimpondo ezintathu zesiteshi se-AN / SPY-6 (V) 3, insika entsha, efana nomklamo owaziwa nge-Arleigh Burke. ababhubhisi, izikhali zamarokhethi nezikhali, zabekwa.

Ngomhla zingama-30 kuMbasa, uMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-US uqedele ithenda yamazwe ngamazwe yokukhethwa kwebhizinisi lezimboni elizoklama futhi lakhe isizukulwane esisha sezindiza ezicitshwayo, ezaziwa nge-FFG (X), ye-US Navy. Lolu hlelo, kuze kube manje lusithwe ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi bezinguqulo ezalandela ze-Arleigh Burke ababhubhisi bezikhali ezicitshwayo, lwenziwa ngendlela engeyona eyaseMelika ngempela. Isinqumo ngokwaso siyamangaza, ngoba isisekelo sokuklanywa kwesikhulumi se-FFG (X) esizayo sizoba inguqulo yesiNtaliyane ye-European multi-purpose frigate FREMM.

Isinqumo se-FFG(X), esilindelwe engxenyeni yokuqala yalo nyaka, siwumphumela wohlelo olucacile - lwezinto ezingokoqobo zanamuhla. Ithenda yomsebenzi wokuklama i-missile frigate yesizukulwane esisha imenyezelwe nguMnyango Wezokuvikela ngoNovemba 7, 2017, kwathi ngoFebhuwari 16, 2018, kwasayinwa izinkontileka nabafake izicelo abahlanu. Ngamunye wabo uthole imali efinyelela ku-$21,4 million ukuze alungiselele imibhalo edingekayo kuze kube yilapho ikhasimende lenza ukukhetha kokugcina kwesikhulumi. Ngenxa yezidingo zokusebenza, kanye nezindleko, abaseMelika bashiya ukuthuthukiswa kokufakwa okusha ngokuphelele. Abahlanganyeli bekufanele basekele imiqondo yabo ezakhiweni ezikhona.

Omunye umklamo Wezwekazi Elidala emqhudelwaneni wenkundla ye-FFG (X) kwakuyi-frigate yaseSpain u-Álvaro de Bazán, eyethulwa yiGeneral Dynamics Bath Iron Works. Kulesi simo, kusetshenziswe amadivaysi afanayo, okwakuwumphumela wesistimu yokulwa ebekwe ikhasimende.

Uhlu lwabancintisanayo luhlanganisa amaqembu alandelayo:

• • I-Austal USA (umholi, indawo yemikhumbi), I-General Dynamics (umhlanganisi wezinhlelo zokulwa, i-ejenti yokuklama), inkundla - iphrojekthi eguquliwe yomkhumbi wezinhloso eziningi wohlobo lwe-LCS Lokuzimela;
  • I-Fincantieri Marinette Marine (umholi, indawo yemikhumbi), i-Gibbs & Cox (i-ejenti yokuklama), i-Lockheed Martin (umhlanganisi wezinhlelo zokulwa), isiteji - uhlobo lwe-FREMM-frigate oluvumelaniswe nezimfuneko zaseMelika;
  • I-General Dynamics Bath Iron Works (umholi, indawo yemikhumbi), uRaytheon (umhlanganisi wezinhlelo zokulwa), i-Navantia (umphakeli wephrojekthi), iplathifomu - u-Álvaro de Bazán-class frigate wajwayelana nezimfuneko zaseMelika;
  • I-Huntington Ingalls Industries (umholi, indawo yemikhumbi), isiteji - umkhumbi omkhulu we-patrol oguquliwe I-Legend;
  • U-Lockheed Martin (umholi), u-Gibbs & Cox (i-ejenti yokuklama), i-Marinette Marine (indawo yomkhumbi), inkundla - umkhumbi we-Freedom-class LCS owenziwe ngezinto eziningi.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngo-2018, inketho yokusebenzisa i-German thyssenkrupp Marine Systems njengenkundla yephrojekthi ye-MEKO A200, kanye ne-British BAE Systems Type 26 (okwamanje ithole ama-oda e-UK, Canada nase-Australia) kanye no-Iver Huitfield Odense. I-Maritime Technology yacatshangelwa ngokusekelwa uhulumeni waseDenmark.

Ukuncintisana kuhlelo lwe-FFG(X) kudale isimo esithokozisayo. Abalingani bohlelo lwe-LCS (i-Lockheed Martin kanye ne-Fincantieri Marinette Marine) bakha i-Freedom kanye nokwehluka kwayo kokuthekelisa kwe-Multi-Mission Surface Combatant yase-Saudi Arabia (manje eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Saud class) ngokwengxenye yama ezinhlangothini eziphambene zezivimbi. Kungenzeka ukuthi lesi simo - ebesingazuzisi ikhasimende - sibe ngezinye zezinto eziholele ekukhishweni kweqembu le-Lockheed Martin emqhudelwaneni, owamenyezelwa ngoMeyi 28, 2019. Ngokusemthethweni, isizathu salesi sinyathelo kwakuwukuhlaziya izidingo zoMnyango Wezokuvikela, ezingahlangatshezwa yinguqulo enkulu yemikhumbi ye-Freedom-class. Naphezu kwalokhu, u-Lockheed Martin akazange alahlekelwe isimo sakhe sokuba ngumnikezeli ongaphansi ohlelweni lwe-FFG(X), njengoba yaqokwa Umbutho Wezempi Wasemanzini wase-US njengomphakeli wezingxenye noma amasistimu okwakuzohlinzekwa amayunithi amasha.

Ekugcineni, ngesinqumo soMnyango Wezokuvikela ngo-Ephreli 30, 2020, ukunqoba kwaklonyeliswa uFincantieri Marinette Marine. Indawo yemikhumbi e-Marinette, e-Wisconsin, inkampani ephethwe yi-Manitowoc Marine Group, yathengwa kuyo umakhi wemikhumbi wase-Italy u-Fincantieri ngo-2009. Isayine inkontileka eyisisekelo engu-$795,1 million ngo-Ephreli yokuklama nokwakhiwa kwe-prototype frigate, i-FFG(X). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuhlanganisa izinketho zamanye amayunithi ayisishiyagalolunye, ukusetshenziswa okuzokwandisa inani lenkontileka ku-$ 5,5 billion. Wonke umsebenzi, kuhlanganisa nezinketho, kufanele uqedwe ngoMeyi 2035. Ukwakhiwa komkhumbi wokuqala kufanele kuqale ngo-Ephreli 2022, futhi ukuthunyelwa kwawo kuhlelelwe u-Ephreli 2026.

Yize enye yazo izohlomula ngesikhathi izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe sezivunyelwe ukubamba iqhaza, isinqumo soMnyango Wezokuvikela sivele sabe singalindelekile. Emlandweni we-US Navy, kunezimo ezimbalwa zokuxhashazwa kwemikhumbi eklanyelwe kwamanye amazwe, kodwa kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuthi lesi ngesinye isibonelo sokubambisana kwe-US-Italy yasolwandle esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Ngo-1991-1995, emafektri e-Litton Avondale Industries eNew Orleans nase-Intermarine USA e-Savannah, kwakhiwa ababhubhisi bamayini abayinhlanganisela ye-Osprey abayi-12 ngokwephrojekthi yamayunithi ase-Italian ohlobo lwe-Lerici, athuthukiswa indawo yemikhumbi yase-Intermarine eSarzana eduze kwaseLa Spezia. . Basebenze kwaze kwaba ngu-2007, kwase kuthi ingxenye yabo yachithwa, yathengiswa ngababili eGreece, Egypt kanye naseRiphabhulikhi yaseChina.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ayikho inhlangano elahlekile ekhethe ukufaka isikhalazo ku-US Government Accountability Office (GAO). Lokhu kusho ukuthi kunethuba elikhulu lokuthi uhlelo lokwakhiwa kwesibonelo luzohlangatshezwana nalo. Ngokolwazi oluvela kubantu abahlotshaniswa noNobhala Wezempi Yamanzi (i-SECNAV) u-Richard W. Spencer okhanseliwe ngoNovemba 24, 2019, iyunithi ye-prototype kufanele ibizwe nge-USS Agility futhi ibe nenombolo yamaqhinga ethi FFG 80. Nokho, kuzodingeka silinde. ukuze uthole ulwazi olusemthethweni ngale ndaba.

Amafrigate amasha e-US Navy

I-oda lohlobo olusha lwemikhumbi ephelezelwayo oluvela kuButho Lemikhumbi Lase-US liwumphumela wokuhlaziya okukhombisa ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwemikhumbi enezinjongo eziningi elungiseka kabusha i-LCS (Littoral Combat Ships) ayizange ibe yimpumelelo ikakhulukazi. Ekugcineni, ngokwesinqumo soMnyango Wezokuvikela, ukwakhiwa kwazo kuzophothulwa kumayunithi angama-32 (ayi-16 azo zombili izinhlobo), okuzobe kuzosebenza angama-28 kuphela. , Independence, Fort Worth kanye ne-Coronado , "eyehliselwe phansi" endimeni yamayunithi abambe iqhaza ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni) futhi iwanikeze abalingani, isibonelo, ngenqubo yezindatshana zokuvikela ngokweqile (EDA).

Isizathu salokhu kwaba ukutholwa kokusebenza, okwasho ngokucacile ukuthi i-LCS ngeke ikwazi ukwenza ngokuzimele imisebenzi yokulwa uma kwenzeka kuba nokungqubuzana okuphelele (okulindelwe, isibonelo, eMpumalanga Ekude), kanye nenani elikhulayo. yabacekeli besigaba se-Arleigh-Burke bekusadingeka ukuthi kwengezwe. Njengengxenye yohlelo lwe-FFG (X), i-US Navy ihlela ukuthola ama-missile frigate angama-20 ohlobo olusha. Ezokuqala ezimbili zizothengwa ngesabelomali sika-FY2020-2021, futhi kusukela ngo-2022, inqubo yokuxhasa ngezimali kufanele ivumele ukwakhiwa kwamayunithi ambalwa ngonyaka. Ngokohlelo lwangempela, olwakhiwe ngesikhathi sokushicilelwa kwesabelomali esisalungiswa sango-2019, esigabeni sokuqala kufanele zilethwe (ngokunye) ezisekelweni ezisempumalanga nogu olusentshonalanga ye-United States. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okungenani ezimbili zazo kufanele zibanjwe eJapane.

Umsebenzi omkhulu we-FFG(X) ukwenza imisebenzi ezimele emanzini olwandle nasogwini, kanye nezenzo emaqenjini kazwelonke nahlangene. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, imisebenzi yabo ihlanganisa: ukuvikela ama-convoys, ukulwa nemigomo engaphansi kwamanzi nangaphansi kwamanzi, futhi ekugcineni, ikhono lokuqeda izinsongo ze-asymmetric.

Ama-Frigates kufanele avale igebe phakathi kwama-LCS amancane nalinganiselwe kakhulu nababhubhisi. Bazothatha indawo yabo ohlakeni lwemikhumbi ngemva kwamayunithi okugcina aleli klasi - ikilasi lika-Oliver Hazard Perry, elaqeda inkonzo yabo eMbuthweni Wezempi Wasemanzini wase-US ngo-2015. Kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi uhlelo oluhlosiwe lubandakanya i-oda lamayunithi angama-20, kodwa kulo nyaka lihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili ze-10 ngayinye. Mhlawumbe lokhu kusho ukuthi eminyakeni ezayo uMnyango Wezokuvikela uzomemezela ithenda yesibili yokukhetha omunye umphakeli. ama-frigate asele ephrojekthi entsha noma omunye usonkontileka wemikhumbi eya esisekelweni sephrojekthi ye-Fincantieri/Gibbs & Cox.

FREMM ngaphezulu American

Isinqumo sika-April siphakamise umbuzo obalulekile - izobukeka kanjani i-FFG(X) frigates? Ngenxa yenqubomgomo evulekile yeziphathimandla zaseMelika, ukushicilela ngokuhlelekile imibiko ngezinhlelo zesimanje zamabutho ahlomile, olunye ulwazi selwaziwa ngumphakathi. Endabeni yezigaba ezichaziwe, idokhumenti ebalulekile umbiko we-US Congress wangoMeyi 4, 2020.

Amafrigate e-FFG(X) azosuselwa kuzixazululo ezisetshenziswe kunguqulo yesi-Italian yekilasi le-FREMM. Bazoba nobude obuyi-151,18 m, ububanzi obungamamitha angu-20 kanye nohlaka lwamamitha angu-7,31. Ukufuduka okuphelele kunqunywe ngamathani angu-7400 (esimweni sohlobo lwe-OH Perry - amathani angu-4100). Lokhu kusho ukuthi azoba makhulu kunama-protoplast, anesilinganiso esingu-144,6 m futhi asuse amathani angu-6700 XNUMX. Ukubuka ngeso lengqondo futhi kubonisa ukungabikho kwebulb evala i-sonar antenna. Mhlawumbe ngoba izinhlelo eziyinhloko ze-sonar zizodonswa. Ukwakhiwa kwezengezo nakho kuzohluka, okubuye kuhlotshaniswe nokusetshenziswa kwemishini ehlukene kagesi kanye nezinhlelo, ikakhulukazi isiteshi se-radar esikhulu.

Isistimu yokushayela yamayunithi izolungiswa nesistimu yokuvutha yangaphakathi ye-CODLAG (okuhlangene udizili-ugesi kanye negesi), okuzovumela isivinini esiphezulu samafindo angaphezu kwama-26 lapho i-turbine yegesi kanye namamotho kagesi womabili evuliwe. Endabeni yokusebenzisa imodi yomnotho kuphela kuma-motor kagesi, kufanele ibe ngaphezu kwamafindo angu-16. Inzuzo ye-tactical yesistimu ye-CODLAG yizinga eliphansi lomsindo okhiqizwa lapho ushayela ngama-motor kagesi, okuzobaluleka lapho ucinga futhi ulwa nemikhumbi-ngwenya. . Ibanga lokuhamba ngesikebhe ngesivinini somnotho samafindo angu-16 linqunywe kumakhilomitha angu-6000 we-nautical ngaphandle kokufaka amafutha olwandle.