Amafutha ezinjini ezihlukahlukene
Amafutha enjini akhethwa ngumkhiqizi wemoto enenkomba yohlu lwe-viscosity kanye nesigaba sekhwalithi kawoyela. Lezi yiziqondiso eziyisisekelo ezisebenza kumsebenzisi.
Njengamanje, amafutha emoto abo bonke abakhiqizi abakhulu ayathengiswa. Abanikazi bezimoto banokuningi abangakhetha kukho, futhi imikhankaso yokukhangisa eqhubekayo iveza kakhulu.
Kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi ukukhethwa kwamafutha enjini kwenziwa ngumkhiqizi wemoto, okubonisa uhla lwe-viscosity kanye nesigaba sekhwalithi yamafutha. Lezi yiziqondiso eziyisisekelo ezisebenza kumsebenzisi.
Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza uwoyela wesimanje wezimoto bubandakanya ukwethulwa kwezithasiselo ezicebisayo ezinemisebenzi ehlukahlukene kumafutha ayisisekelo. Ingxenye eyisisekelo yamafutha emoto ingatholakala ngokucwenga uwoyela ongahluziwe - khona-ke uwoyela ubizwa ngokuthi uwoyela wamaminerali, noma ungatholakala njengomkhiqizo wokuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali - bese uwoyela ubizwa ngokuthi. 
"ama-synthetics".
Amafutha ezimoto, nakuba egcoba injini, anezingoma ezihlukene nemingcele, futhi izigaba ziye zathuthukiswa ukuze ziqhathanise. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-SAE viscosity kwaziwa kahle, kuhlukanisa phakathi kwamabanga angu-6 amafutha ehlobo (amakwe 20, 30, 40, 50-60) namafutha asebusika (amakwe 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, 25W). Kodwa-ke, akubalulekile kangako ukuhlukaniswa kwekhwalithi - i-European ACEA kanye ne-American API. Ezokugcina eqenjini lezinjini ezine-spark ignition (uphethiloli) zihlukanisa amakilasi, achazwe ngezinhlamvu zezinhlamvu - ukusuka ku-SA kuya ku-SJ. Ezinjini zokucisha (i-diesel), amakilasi e-CA kuya ku-CF asetshenziswa. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kunezidingo ezakhiwe ngabakhiqizi benjini njengeMercedes-Benz, Volkswagen, MAN.
Amafutha enza imisebenzi eminingana ezinjinini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi. I-Viscosity inesibopho sokugcoba iyunithi yokushayela, ukuvala uphawu kanye nokudlidliza, ukugcina inhlanzeko - izindawo zokuhlanza nezihlakazayo, ukuvikela ukubola - inombolo ye-acid-base, kanye nokupholisa injini - izakhiwo ezishisayo. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwamafutha, imingcele yawo iyashintsha. Okuqukethwe kwamanzi nokungcola kuyanda, inombolo ye-alkali, izakhiwo zokugcoba nokugeza ziyancipha, kuyilapho ipharamitha ebaluleke kakhulu, i-viscosity, ingakhula noma yehle.
Amafutha enjini angakhethwa kalula uma kucatshangelwa lokhu okulandelayo. Ngaso sonke isikhathi landela iziqondiso encwadini yomnikazi wemoto yakho noma izincomo zesevisi. Akufanele ushintshe uwoyela, ngokwephula ngokungafanele yonke imihlangano ye-viscosity nekhwalithi yamakilasi, kucatshangelwa intengo kuphela. Ungalokothi ubeke uwoyela wamaminerali esikhundleni se-semi-synthetic noma uwoyela wokwenziwa. Ngaphezu kwentengo ephakeme, amafutha asuselwa ku-synthetic aqukethe izithasiselo eziningi, okuhlanganisa okokuhlanza. Ngezinga eliphezulu lokungenzeka, kungacatshangwa ukuthi amadiphozithi aqoqwe enjinini azogezwa, futhi umnikazi uzobhekana nokulungiswa okubizayo. Ingxabano yesibili evuna ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha "amadala" ukuthi amafutha amaminerali akha ifilimu kawoyela ewugqinsi ezingxenyeni zokuhlikihla ezivala injini, okuholela ekunciphiseni kwentuthu kawoyela kanye nokunciphisa umsindo ezikhaleni ezinkulu. Ifilimu kawoyela ezacile inomthelela ekujuleni kwezikhala ezivele zikhulu ezibangelwa ukuhamba kwamakhilomitha amaningi.
Amafutha amaminerali anele izinjini ezindala ezinamavalvu amabili ezinamamayela aphakeme kakhulu.
Izinjini ezivuthayo zezimoto zesimanje zithola ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu kakhulu, okuhambisana nemithwalo ephezulu eshisayo kanye nesivinini esikhulu sokujikeleza. Njengamanje, izinjini ezifakwe izinhlelo zesimanje zokusabalalisa igesi zakhiwe njengama-valve amaningi, afakwe izinhlelo zokulungisa isikhathi se-valve kanye nomfutho. Adinga amafutha ahlangabezana ngokuphelele nezidingo zobuchwepheshe. Ifilimu kawoyela esabalala phakathi kwezingxenye zokuhlikihla kufanele ibe ugqinsi ngokwanele ukuvimbela ukuhlikihlwa kwensimbi phezu kwensimbi, kodwa ingabi ugqinsi kakhulu ukuze ingadali ukumelana ngokweqile. Ngoba uwoyela awuthinti nje kuphela ukuqina, kodwa futhi umsindo wenjini nokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Kulawa mayunithi amandla, kunganconywa ukugcina izinga kanye nekhwalithi yamafutha atuswa umenzi. Lawa, njengomthetho, amafutha okwenziwa asezingeni eliphakeme anamaqembu ezithasiselo ezikhethekile. Izinguquko zingaba nomthelela ongalindelekile ekusebenzeni, ikakhulukazi njengoba izikhawu zokudonsa amanzi zinwetshiwe zaba amakhilomitha angama-30.
Yonke injini idla uwoyela ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Emayunithi esimanje, ukusetshenziswa kusuka ku-0,05 kuya ku-0,3 amalitha ngebanga lika-1000 km. Ezinjinini zamakhilomitha amaningi, ukugqokwa kuyanda njengoba amasongo e-piston eguga futhi kudlula uwoyela omningi. Ebusika, lapho ushayela amabanga amafushane, ukusetshenziswa kukawoyela kuba ngaphansi kunasehlobo, lapho injini isashisa.
