M1 Abrams

I-prototype yethangi le-MVT-70 elifakwe i-mock-ups yesistimu yokulawula umlilo kanye nesibhamu sakamuva ngaphandle kwe-injector supercharger, enesistimu yokuhlanza igesi yokukhipha umoya.

Ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi, i-M48 Patton kwakuyithangi elikhulu laseMelika kanye nabalingani bayo abaningi, kwalandelwa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-M60. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi zombili izinhlobo zezimoto zokulwa zathathwa njengezimoto zesikhashana ezazizoshintshwa ngokushesha ngemiklamo eqondiwe, yesimanjemanje, eyakhiwe kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obutholakalayo obungcono kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akwenzekanga, futhi lapho "okuhlosiwe" okulindelwe isikhathi eside uM1 Abrams ekugcineni kuvela kuma-XNUMXs, iMpi Yomshoshaphansi yayisiphelile.

Kusukela ekuqaleni, amathangi e-M48 ayebhekwa njengesixazululo sesikhashana e-United States, ngakho kwakufanele aqale ngokushesha ukuthuthukisa ithangi elisha elithembisayo. Ehlobo lika-1951, izifundo ezinjalo zagunyazwa owayeyiNhloko Yezikhali YaseMelika ngaleso sikhathi, I-Tanks and Vehicle Technology, i-Ordnance Tank and Vehicle Command (OTAC), etholakala eDetroit Arsenal, eWarren eduze kwaseDetroit, eMichigan. Ngaleso sikhathi, lo myalo wawungaphansi komyalo we-US Army Ordnance Command, ese-Aberdeen Proving Ground, eMaryland, kodwa yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-US Army Materiel Command ngo-1962 futhi yathuthela e-Redstone Arsenal ngaseHuntsville, e-Alabama. I-OTAC isasele eDetroit Arsenal kuze kube namuhla, nakuba ngo-1996 yashintsha igama layo laba yinhloko yomnyango wezikhali, amathangi nezimoto - US Army Tanks and Weapons Command (TACOM).

Yilapho lapho kwakhiwa khona izixazululo zokuklama amathangi amasha aseMelika, futhi lapho abaklami bavame ukuhlinzekwa ngezakhiwo ezithile nezisombululo ezisekelwe ocwaningweni olwenziwe lapha. Amathangi e-United States athuthukiswa ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele kune, isibonelo, izindiza. Endabeni yezakhiwo zezindiza, izidingo zachazwa mayelana nokusebenza okufunwayo kanye nekhono lokulwa, noma kunjalo, abaklami bezinkampani ezizimele bashiywe indawo enkulu yokuguquguquka ekukhetheni uhlelo lwesakhiwo, izinto ezisetshenziswayo kanye nezinto ezicacisiwe. izixazululo. Endabeni yamathangi, imiklamo yokuqala yezimoto zokulwa yathuthukiswa e-Armaments, Tanks and Vehicles Headquarters (OTAC) eDetroit Arsenal futhi yenziwa onjiniyela bobunjiniyela bezinsizakalo zobuchwepheshe be-US Army.

Umqondo wokuqala we-studio kwakuyi-M-1. Akufanele neze kudidaniswe nowakamuva uM1 Abrams, ngisho irekhodi lengoma lalihlukile. Endabeni yephrojekthi, igama elithi M-1 labhalwa ngedeshi, futhi endabeni yethangi elamukelwe ukusebenza, ukungena okwaziwayo ku-nomenclature yezikhali zase-US Army kwamukelwa - M ngenombolo ngaphandle kwedeshi nangaphandle. ikhefu, noma indawo, njengoba singasho namuhla.

Izithombe zemodeli ye-M-1 zango-August 1951. Yini engathuthukiswa ethangini? Ungamnika izikhali ezinamandla nezikhali ezinamandla kakhulu. Kodwa iholelaphi? Lokhu kusiletha ngqo ku-"Mouse" yaseJalimane edumile, umklamo oyinqaba i-Panzerkampfwagen VIII Maus, enesisindo samathani angu-188. Ehlome nge-cannon engu-44 mm KwK55 L / 128, ithangi elinjalo lalinesivinini esiphezulu se-20 km / h futhi ikhava egijimayo, hhayi ithangi. Ngakho-ke, kwakudingeka ukwenza okungenakwenzeka - ukwakha ithangi elinezikhali ezinamandla nezikhali, kodwa ngesisindo esinengqondo. Ngingayithola kanjani? Kuphela ngenxa yokwehliswa okukhulu kobukhulu bethangi. Kodwa ungakwenza kanjani lokhu, sicabanga ukuthi sandisa ububanzi be-turret kusuka ku-2,16 m ku-M48 kuya ku-2,54 m yomshini omusha, ukuze izikhali ezinamandla kakhudlwana zingene kule turret? Futhi izixazululo ezifanele, njengoba kwakubonakala ngaleso sikhathi, zatholakala - ukubeka umbhoshongo endaweni yomshayeli.

Kuphrojekthi ye-M-1, ingaphambili le-turret lidlule i-fuselage eya phambili, efana neSoviet IS-3. Le nqubo isetshenziswe ku-IS-3. Ngobubanzi obukhulu bombhoshongo, umshayeli wayiswa phambili, watshalwa phakathi, futhi isibhamu somshini we-hull sashiywa, sikhawulela izisebenzi kubantu abane. Umshayeli wayehlezi "e-grotto" eqhutshelwa phambili, ngenxa yokuthi ubude bezinhlangothi ze-tank kanye nezansi zancishiswa, okwanciphisa isisindo sabo. Futhi ku-IS-3, umshayeli wayehlezi phambi kwe-turret. Emcabangweni waseMelika, bekufanele acashe ngemuva kombhoshongo futhi aqaphe indawo ngokusebenzisa ama-periscopes ku-fuselage emaphethelweni eshidi elingaphambili, futhi athathe indawo yakhe, njengabanye abasebenzi, ngokusebenzisa ama-hatches umbhoshongo. Esimeni esibekiwe, umbhoshongo kwakudingeka uguqulwe emuva, futhi ekusikeni ngaphansi kwengemuva lombhoshongo kwakukhona i-visor yokuvula, lapho, lapho ivuliwe, yanikeza umshayeli umbono oqondile womgwaqo. Izikhali ezingaphambili zazinogqinsi oluyi-102 mm futhi zazitholakala ku-engeli engu-60 ° ukuya mpo. Isibhamu sethangi esigabeni sokuthuthukiswa sasizofana nesibhamu se-T48 (kamuva M48) prototypes, okungukuthi, kufanele sibe nesibhamu esingu-139 mm T90 kanye nesibhamu somshini we-coaxial 1919 mm Browning M4A7,62. Yiqiniso, izinzuzo zobubanzi obukhulu besisekelo sombhoshongo azizange zisetshenziswe, kodwa esikhathini esizayo izikhali ezinamandla kakhulu zingabekwa kuwo.

Isithombe sibonisa esinye sezibonelo ezine zethangi le-T95 elithembisayo ngesimo salo sokuqala ngesibhamu esibushelelezi esingu-208 mm T90.

Ithangi bekufanele lishayelwe yi-Continental AOS-895 injini. Bekuyinjini yesibhakela engu-6-cylinder ehlangene kakhulu enefeni ukuzungeza umoya opholile ngqo ngaphezu kwayo. Ngenxa yokuthi yayipholile, yayithatha indawo encane. Yayinomthamo wokusebenza ongu-14 cm669 kuphela, kodwa ngenxa yokushaja okuphumelelayo, ifinyelele ku-3 hp. ngo-500 rpm. Injini yayizobhangqwa ne-General Motors Allison CD 2800 automatic dual-range (terrain/road) gearbox efakwe umehluko wamandla kuwo womabili amasondo, i.e. enomshini wokuqondisa ohlanganisiwe (obizwa ngokuthi i-Cross-drive). Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi isitshalo samandla esinjalo, okungukuthi, injini ene-transmission kanye nesistimu yokudlulisa amandla, yasetshenziswa ku-M500 Walker Bulldog light tank kanye ne-M41 Duster self-propelled anti-aircraft gun eyakhiwe ngesisekelo sayo. Ngaphandle kokuthi i-M42 inesisindo esingaphansi kwamathani angama-41, okwenza injini engu-24 hp. wayinika amandla amaningi ngokweqile, futhi ngokwezibalo, i-M-500 kufanele ibe nesisindo samathani angu-1, ngakho-ke akunakuphikwa ukuthi yayinkulu kakhulu. I-PzKpfw V Panther yaseJalimane yayinesisindo esingamathani angu-40, kanye nenjini engu-45 hp. wayinika isivinini esingu-700 km / h emgwaqeni kanye no-45-20 km / h ensimini. Ingashesha kangakanani imoto yaseMelika elula enenjini engu-25 hp?

Ngakho kungani injini ye-AOC-895 ihlelelwe ukusetshenziswa esikhundleni senjini engu-12-cylinder Continental AV-1790 ethangini elingu-48 hp M690? Ngempela, kunguqulo ye-diesel ye-AVDS-1790, le njini yafinyelela ku-750 hp. Into eyinhloko ukuthi injini ye-AOC-895 yayincane kakhulu futhi ilula, isisindo sayo sasingu-860 kg ngokumelene ne-1200 kg yenguqulo engu-12-cylinder. Injini encane iphinde yenza kube nokwenzeka ukufinyeza isikebhe, okufanele futhi sinciphise isisindo sethangi. Kodwa-ke, esimweni se-M-1, lezi zilinganiso ezifanele, ngokusobala, azikwazanga ukubanjwa. Ake sibheke le nketho. I-German PzKpfw VI Tiger enesisindo samathani angama-57 yayinenjini engu-700 hp efanayo ne-PzKpfw V Panther. Endabeni yakhe, umthwalo wamandla ucishe ube ngu-12,3 hp. ngethani. Ngomklamo we-M-1, amandla okulayisha abaliwe angu-12,5 hp. ngethani, elicishe lifane. Ihlosi lathuthukisa ijubane lika-35 km / h emgwaqeni omkhulu, futhi lifinyelela ku-20 km / h ngaphandle komgwaqo. Amapharamitha afanayo bekumele alindelwe kuphrojekthi ye-M-1, lo mshini uzoba nokushoda kwamandla okufanayo kakhulu.

Ngo-March 1952, ingqungquthela yokuqala, codenamed "Question Mark", yaqhutshelwa e-Arsenal Detroit, okuyinto kucatshangelwa izinzuzo kanye nebubi izixazululo ezihlukahlukene ekwakhiweni amathangi ethembisa. Amanye amaphrojekthi amabili, i-M-2 ne-M-3, enesisindo samathani angu-46 namathani angu-43, asebonisiwe kakade engqungqutheleni.