I-Skis, amabhodi kanye nobuchwepheshe bokushushuluza

Ngokusho kwezazi zaseShayina, cishe ngo-8000 B.C. kukhona izinkomba zokushushuluza eqhweni lokuqala ezintabeni zase-Altai. Nokho, abanye abacwaningi abavumelani nalokhu ukuphola. Kodwa-ke, singasho ukuthi kungaleso sikhathi lapho umlando we-alpine skiing kanye nemishini yokushushuluza waqala.

3000 futhi Imidwebo emidala kakhulu ivela emidwebeni yedwala eyenziwe e-Rødøy, eNorway.

1500 futhi Idethi endala kakhulu eyaziwayo ye-European skis kusukela kulesi sikhathi. Batholakala esifundazweni saseSweden sase-Angermanland. Ayengamasentimitha angu-111 ubude no-9,5 kuya ku-10,4 cm ububanzi. Emaphethelweni ayecishe abe ngu-1 cm ubukhulu, futhi ekugcineni, ngaphansi konyawo, cishe amasentimitha angu-2. Kwakukhona i-groove engxenyeni ephakathi ukuvimbela unyawo ukuba lungasheleli emaceleni. Lawa kwakungewona ama-ski ski, kodwa kwakuyisoli ekhulisiwe ukuze angagxili eqhweni.

400 futhi Kukhulunywa okokuqala ngokushibilika eqhweni. Umbhali wayo kwakungusomlando ongumGreki, umbhali wezindaba kanye nomholi wezempi uXenophon. Yakhiwe ngemva kokubuya ohambweni oluya eScandinavia.

1713 Okokuqala kukhulunywa ngomshicileli oshushuluza esebenzisa izigxobo ezimbili.

1733 Okuthunyelwe kokuqala mayelana nokushushuluza. Umbhali wayo kwakuyibutho laseNorway uJen Henrik Emahusen. Le ncwadi yabhalwa ngesiJalimane futhi iqukethe ulwazi oluningi mayelana nokwakhiwa kwe-ski kanye namasu okushushuluza.

1868 Umlimi waseNorway nombazi uSondre Norheim wasesifundazweni saseTelemark, obambe iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kokushushuluza, uguqula indlela yokushushuluza eqhweni - uthuthukisa umqondo omusha wokushushuluza. Zinobude obungu-2 kuya ku-2,5 m nobubanzi obuhlukene: 89 mm phezulu, 70 mm okhalweni, no-76 mm esithendeni. Le phethini yejometri ye-ski izochaza idizayini yemishini yeminyaka eyi-120 ezayo. I-Norheim iphinde yasungula indlela entsha yokunamathisela eqhweni. Emichilweni eyaziwa kakade ebopha unyawo endaweni yezinzwane, wanamathisela i-tendon yezimpande ze-birch ezisontekile, ehlanganisa indawo yesithende. Ngakho, i-prototype ye-telemark bindings yadalwa, eqinisekisa ukunyakaza kwamahhala kwesithende endizeni ekhuphuka naphansi, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ivikela ukulahlekelwa ngengozi kwe-ski lapho ushintsha isiqondiso noma ugxuma.

1886 Imboni yokuqala yokushushuluza yasungulwa eNorway. Ngokuthuthuka kwayo, kwaqala umjaho wezobuchwepheshe. Ekuqaleni, ama-skis ayenziwa ngokhuni lukaphayini olucindezelwe, olulula kakhulu kune-walnut noma umlotha.

1888 Umdwebi wezilwandle waseNorway nomhloli wamazwe omhlaba uFridtjof Nansen (1861-1930) uqala uhambo lokushushuluza eqhweni ejula eGreenland. Ngo-1891, incazelo yohambo lwakhe yanyatheliswa - incwadi ethi Skiing in Greenland. Le ncwadi yaba nesandla kakhulu ekusakazekeni kokushushuluza emhlabeni. I-Nansen nendaba yakhe yaba ugqozi kwabanye abantu ababalulekile emlandweni wokushushuluza njengoMatthias Zdarsky.

1893 I-skis yokuqala ye-multilayer yenziwa. Abaqambi babo babengabaklami benkampani yaseNorway i-HM Christiansen. Njengesisekelo, basebenzise izinto zokusetshenziswa eziqinile ezijwayelekile, okungukuthi, i-walnut noma umlotha, ezazihlanganiswe nokukhanya, kodwa i-spruce eqinile. Naphezu kokusungulwa kwawo okungangabazeki, lo mbono wabhuntsha. Umqondo wonke wabhujiswa ngokuntuleka kwe-adhesive efanelekile ezohlinzeka ngokuxhuma okuqinile kwezakhi, ukuqina nokumelana namanzi ngesikhathi esifanayo.

1894 UFritz Huitfeldt wenza imihlathi yensimbi ukuze ibambe ingaphambili le-ski boot endaweni. Kamuva zaziwa ngokuthi yi-Huitfeldt bindings futhi zaziyindlela ethandwa kakhulu yokunamathisela i-forefoot kuma-skis kuze kube sekupheleni kwawo-30. Ingxenye engaphambili yokubopha yayiyingxenye eyodwa, ehlanganiswe ngokugcwele ne-ski, "namaphiko" amabili abheke phezulu, okudluliswa kuwo ibhande, elibopha ngaphambili kwebhuthi. Isithende sasiboshelwe ngentambo phakathi kwabaqondisi ezinhlangothini ze-ski. Umkhiqizo wawubizwa ngokuthi i-Kandahar Cable Binding.

ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX U-Matthias Zdarsky, umCzech ozinze e-Austrian othathwa njengoyise wokushushuluza eqhweni kwe-alpine yesimanje, uthuthukisa izibopho zensimbi ukuze athuthukise indlela yokushushuluza e-alpine. Zazenziwe ngepuleti lensimbi elilungiswe ngaphambi kwehinge lokushushuluza. I-ski boot inanyathiselwe epuleti elinemichilo, futhi ukuya phezulu kwepuleti elinebhuthi kukhawulwe isenzo se-spring esiphambi kokunamathiselwe, esisebenza epuletini elisusekayo elingaphambili. U-Zdarsky usebenze kumasu okushushuluza e-alpine futhi wajwayela ubude be-skis nezimo ze-alpine. Kamuva waphinde wethula ukusetshenziswa kwezigxobo ezimbili esikhundleni sesisodwa eside. Ngalesi sikhathi, kuzalwa ukushushuluza okukhulu, okuhlanganisa isidingo sokukhiqiza ama-skis amaningi, kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthuke kakhulu.

1928 URudolf Lettner wase-Austria waseSalzburg usebenzisa imiphetho yensimbi okokuqala ngqa. Ama-skis anamuhla, ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwawo ngokhuni, wonakaliswa kalula ngokulimala komshini kusilayidi kanye nezindonga eziseceleni ezithintana namatshe kanye nomunye nomunye. U-Lettner wanquma ukulungisa lokhu ngokunamathisela amabhande ensimbi amancane endaweni yokushushuluza yokhuni. Wafinyelela umgomo wakhe, i-skis yavikeleka kangcono, kodwa inzuzo eyinhloko ye-innovation yakhe yayiwuhlobo oluthile lomphumela. U-Lettner uphawule ukuthi amaphethelo aqiniswe ngensimbi anikeza ikhono lokushayela elengeziwe, ikakhulukazi emithambekeni eyimiqansa.

1928 Abaqambi ababili, ngaphandle komunye nomunye, babonise imodeli yokuqala ephumelele ngokuphelele ye-ski enokwakhiwa kwezingqimba eziningi (ngemuva kokuklama kukaChristiansen okungaphumelelanga kakhulu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX). Owokuqala, uBjorn Ullevoldseter, wasebenza eNorway. Owesibili, uGeorge Aaland, eSeattle, eMelika. I-Skis yayinezendlalelo ezintathu. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwasetshenziswa izinto zokunamathisela ezazimelana nomswakama futhi zinwebeka ngokwanele, okusho ukuthi izingqimba ngazinye zakha yonke into eyodwa, hhayi ethambekele kakhulu e-delamination.

1929 Ukusungulwa kokuqala okukhumbuza amabhodi eqhwa aziwa namuhla kubhekwa njengocezu lweplywood lapho uMJ "Jack" Burchett azama ukuslayida phansi, evikela imilenze yakhe ngentambo nezinso.

1934 Ukuzalwa kokuqala kwe-all-aluminium skis. Ngo-1945, i-Chance Aircraft yakha isakhiwo sesemishi se-aluminium nesokhuni esibizwa ngokuthi i-Metallite futhi yasisebenzisa ekwakheni izindiza. Onjiniyela abathathu, u-Wayne Pearce, u-David Ritchie no-Arthur Hunt, basebenzise le nto ukuze benze ama-wood-core aluminium skis.

1936 Ukuqala kokukhiqizwa kwe-skis ye-multilayer e-Austria. I-Kneissl yakha i-Kneissl Splitklein yokuqala futhi yaba yiphayona yobuchwepheshe besimanje bokushushuluza.

1939 Umsubathi wangaphambili wase-Norwegian u-Hjalmar Hvam wakha uhlobo olusha lokubopha e-United States, olokuqala nokukhululwa. Yayibukeka njengesimanjemanje. Yayinemihlathi edlula ingxenye engaphandle yebhuthi, enamathele ezinsikeni zayo. Umshini wangaphakathi ubambe i-latch endaweni emaphakathi kuze kube yilapho amandla asebenza kuyo ehambisana ne-eksisi ye-ski futhi ibhuthi icindezelwa entabeni.

1947 Unjiniyela wasemoyeni waseMelika u-Howard Head wakha "isemishi lensimbi" lokuqala elihlanganisa i-aluminium kanye nomgogodla wepulasitiki ongasindi ngendlela yamakhekheba oju lwasemkhathini. Ngemuva kochungechunge lwesivivinyo nephutha, ama-skis adalwe ngomgogodla we-plywood, imiphetho yensimbi eqhubekayo kanye nesisekelo se-phenolic esibunjiwe. Umnyombo wawuboshelwe izendlalelo ze-aluminium ngokucindezela okushisayo. Konke kuphetha ngezindonga zeplastic side. Le ndlela yokwenza ama-skis izobusa amashumi eminyaka.

1950 Ama-fastening fuse okuqala ngaphambili nangemuva kwebhuthi, akhiwe ngabakwaCubco (USA). Ngemva kokucwengwa, baba yizigigaba zokuqala eziboshwe ngenkinobho, zinyathela isithende sebhuthi. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, izikhwebu zokuqala ze-Fuse Marker (Duplex) zavela.

1955 Isilayidi sokuqala se-polyethylene siyavela. Yethulwa yinkampani yase-Austrian Kofler. I-Polyethylene yacishe yashintsha ngokushesha eyayisetshenziswe ngaphambilini ngo-1952. I-skis yokuqala esebenzisa i-fiberglass - i-Bud Philips Ski. Ubebavelele ngayo yonke indlela. Iqhwa alizange linamathele ku-skis, futhi i-glide yanele kuzo zonke izimo. Lokhu kwaqeda isidingo sokuthambisa. Kodwa-ke, okubaluleke kakhulu kwakuyikhono lokuvuselela isisekelo ngokushesha nangokushibhile ngokugcwalisa imigodi nge-polyethylene encibilikisiwe.

1959 Umklamo wokuqala ophumelele ngokuphelele usebenzisa ama-carbon fibers wangena emakethe. Umbono womkhiqizo wasungulwa nguFred Langendorf kanye no-Art Molnar eMontreal. Yaqala kanjalo-ke inkathi yokwakha isangweji se-carbon fibre.

1962 Bheka i-Nevada II yokubopha i-axle eyodwa idalwe enamaphiko amade ezibambeni zangaphambili ezibambe phezulu kwengaphambili lesicathulo. Idizayini enelungelo lobunikazi yahlala iyisisekelo sabagcini bangaphambili be-Looko iminyaka engu-40 elandelayo.

1965 U-Sherman Poppen usungula ama-snorkels, amathoyizi ezingane manje abhekwa njengamabhodi eqhwa okuqala. Lawa kwakungamaski amabili avamile ahlanganiswe ndawonye. Nokho-ke umbhali akagcinanga lapho - ukuze kube lula ukuphatha ibhodi, wabhoboza umnsalo wadonsa umnsalo ngawo ngesibambo esandleni sakhe.

1952 I-skis yokuqala eyenziwe nge-fiberglass - i-Bud Philips Ski.

1968 U-Jake Burton, umshisekeli we-snorkeling, waphelelisa ukusungulwa kuka-Poppen ngokunamathisela izintambo zezicathulo ebhodini. Kodwa-ke, kwaze kwaba ngu-1977, ngemva kokuphothula ekolishi, lapho eqala khona ukukhiqiza amabhodi akhe obunikazi beBurton Boards. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngaphandle kukaBurton, uTom Sims, inkanyezi ye-skateboard, wayesebenza ebhodini leqhwa. Efuna ukushwiba unyaka wonke, uSims wakhulula amasondo akhe e-skateboard ebusika waqonda emithambekeni. Kancane kancane, wathuthukisa i-skateboard eqhweni, washintshela ebhodini lokutyibilika elide nelilawuleka kakhudlwana, kwathi ngo-1978, ekanye noChuck Barfoot, wavula i-manufactory. Njengamanje, ama-Sims Snowboards kanye nama-Burton Boards aphakathi kwabakhiqizi bemishini ye-snowboard ebaluleke kakhulu.

1975 Umaka wethula uhlelo lokubopha ngaphambili kwebhuthi - M4, nangemuva - M44 (ibhokisi).

1985 Imiphetho yensimbi ivela kumabhodi eqhwa e-Burton kanye ne-Sims. Isikhathi sokuhogela siyaphela, futhi ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza buya ngokuya bufana nokushushuluza. Okunye okudaliwe ibhodi lokuqala le-freestyle (Sims) kanye nebhodi lokubaza (Gnu), lapho ujika khona ngokusebenzisa ukucindezela konqenqema kunokushelela.

1989 UVolant wethula okokuqala ngqa ukushushuluza kwensimbi.

1990 Ekuqaleni kwawo-90s, u-Kneisl no-Elan bakhiqiza ama-prototypes okukhiqiza ama-skis anokhalo oluncane. Babe yimpumelelo enkulu, futhi ezinye izinkampani zasekela amaphrojekthi azo kumasizini alandelayo kulo mbono. I-SCX Elana kanye no-Ergo Kneissl bangenise inkathi yokushibilika okujulile okusikayo.