Inyanga, iMars nokunye

Osomkhathi beNASA sebeqalile ukuhlola amasudu omkhathi amasha le nhlangano ehlela ukuwasebenzisa emisebenzini ezayo yenyanga njengengxenye yohlelo luka-Artemis oluhlelelwe iminyaka ezayo (1). Kusenohlelo olubabazekayo lokuthola izisebenzi emhlabeni, abesilisa nabesifazane, eSilver Globe ngo-2024.

Sekuvele kwaziwa ukuthi kulokhu akukhulunywa, kodwa kuqala mayelana nokulungiselela bese kuba ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda ukuze kusetshenziswe kakhulu iNyanga nezinsiza zayo esikhathini esizayo.

Muva nje, i-ejensi yaseMelika imemezele ukuthi izikhungo zemkhathi zikazwelonke eziyisishiyagalombili sezisayine isivumelwano esibizwa nge-Artemis Accords. UJim Bridenstine, inhloko ye-NASA, imemezela ukuthi lesi yisiqalo somfelandawonye omkhulu wamazwe ngamazwe wokuhlola inyanga, okuzoqinisekisa "ikusasa lendawo enokuthula nephumelelayo." Amanye amazwe azojoyina isivumelwano ezinyangeni ezizayo. Ngaphezu kwe-NASA, isivumelwano sisayinwe yi-ejensi yasemkhathini yase-Australia, Canada, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, UAE kanye ne-UK. I-India neChina, nazo ezinezinhlelo zezobunhloli, azikho ohlwini. imbulunga yesiliva i uhlelo lokuthuthukiswa kwezimayini zasemkhathini.

Ngokuya ngemibono yamanje, iNyanga nokuzungeza kwayo kuzodlala indima ebalulekile njengomlamuli nesisekelo sezinto ezibonakalayo kulolu hambo. Uma sizoya ku-Mars eminyakeni eyishumi yesine yaleli khulu leminyaka, njengoba i-NASA, i-China kanye nabanye bememezele, ishumi leminyaka lika-2020-30 kufanele libe yisikhathi sokulungiselela okukhulu. Uma kungekho nesisodwa sezinyathelo ezidingekayo ezithathwayo, ke Ngeke sindize siye ku-Mars eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo.

Icebo lokuqala lalinjalo Inyanga ifika ngo-2028kodwa iPhini likaMongameli uMike Pence ucele iminyaka emine ukuyikhuthaza. Osomkhathi bazondiza I-Orion spacecraftezophatha amarokhethi e-SLS iNASA esebenza kuwo. Ukuthi lolu usuku lwangempela yini kusazobonakala, kodwa ngokwezobuchwepheshe kuningi okwenzekayo mayelana nalolu hlelo.

Isibonelo, i-NASA isanda kwakhiwa uhlelo olusha ngokuphelele lokufika (SPLICE) okufanele lenze i-Mars ibe yingozi kakhulu. I-SPLICE isebenzisa isistimu yokuskena nge-laser ngesikhathi sokwehla, ekuvumela ukuthi uhlale endleleni futhi uqaphele indawo okufikela kuyo. Le nhlangano ihlela ukuhlola lolu hlelo maduze ngerokhethi (2), eyaziwa njengemoto engatholakala ngemuva kokundizela ku-orbit. Okubalulekile ukuthi umhlanganyeli obuyayo uthola ngokuzimela indawo engcono kakhulu yokuhlala.

2. I-New Shepard yehlela phansi

Ake senze sengathi hlela ukubuyisela abantu enyangeni ekuqaleni kuka-2024 izophumelela. Yini elandelayo? Ngonyaka ozayo, imojula ebizwa ngokuthi i-Habitat kufanele ifike e-Moongate, okwamanje esesigabeni sokuklama, esibhale ngayo okuningi ku-MT. I-NASA Gateway, isiteshi sasemkhathini sivuliwe umjikelezo wenyanga (3) eyakhiwe ndawonye nabalingani bamazwe ngamazwe, izoqala ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Kodwa ngeke kuze kube u-2025 lapho indawo yokuhlala yase-US ilethwa esiteshini lapho ukusebenza kwangempela kwesiteshi kuzoqala khona. Amaphrojekthi asathuthukiswayo njengamanje kufanele avumele ukuba khona ngesikhathi esisodwa kosomkhathi abane ebhodini, futhi uchungechunge lwabahlali benyanga abahleliwe kufanele luguqule i-Gateway ibe isikhungo somsebenzi wasemkhathini nengqalasizinda yohambo oluya ku-Mars.

3. Isiteshi Somkhathi Esizungeza Inyanga - Ukunikezwa

Toyota enyangeni?

Lokhu kubikwe yi-Japan Air and Space Search Agency (JAXA). uhlela ukukhipha i-hydrogen emalini yeqhwa enyangeni (4) ukulisebenzisa njengomthombo kaphethiloli, ngokwe-Japan Times. Umgomo uwukunciphisa izindleko zokuhlolwa kwenyanga okuhleliwe kwezwe maphakathi nawo-20s ngokwakha umthombo wendawo wamafutha esikhundleni sokuthutha umthamo omkhulu. amafutha avela emhlabeni.

I-Japan Space Agency ihlose ukusebenzisana ne-NASA ukuze idale iSango Lenyanga elishiwo ngenhla. Umthombo kaphethiloli, odalwe endaweni ngokwalo mqondo, ungavumela osomkhathi ukuthi bahanjiswe esiteshini besuka. indawo yenyanga futhi ngokuphambene. Angasetshenziswa futhi ukuphehla izimoto nezinye izingqalasizinda endaweni. I-JAXA ilinganisela ukuthi cishe amathani angu-37 amanzi adingekayo ukuze kuhlinzekwe uphethiloli owanele ukuze athuthelwe eMoongate.

I-JAXA iphinde yembula nokwakheka kwe-six-wheel drive. i-hydrogen fuel cell imoto ezihambelayo eyakhiwe ngokubambisana neToyota ngonyaka odlule. IToyota yaziwa njengengqalabutho yobuchwepheshe be-hydrogen. Ubani owaziyo, mhlawumbe esikhathini esizayo sizobona ama-moon rovers ane-logo yomkhiqizo odumile waseJapane.

I-China ine-missile entsha kanye nezifiso ezinkulu

Nikeza kancane umphakathi emhlabeni jikelele ezenzweni zakho I-China yakha umcibisholo omushaabazothatha osomkhathi babo baye enyangeni. Imoto entsha eyethulwe yethulwa eNgqungqutheleni Yomkhathi YaseChina ka-2020 eFuzhou, eMpumalanga China ngoSepthemba 18. Imoto yokwethula entsha yakhelwe ukwethula umkhumbi-mkhathi ongamathani angama-25. Ukuphonswa kwerokhethi kufanele kube kukhulu ngokuphindwe kathathu kunerokhethi yaseChina enamandla kakhulu iLong March 5. Irokhethi kumele ibe nezigaba ezintathu, njengamarokhethi aziwayo. I-Delta IV Enzima i I-Falcon Inzimafuthi ingxenye ngayinye yezintathu kufanele ibe ngamamitha angu-5 ububanzi. Uhlelo lokwethula lolu hlelo, olungakabi nalo igama kodwa olubizwa nge-"921 rocket" e-China, lungamamitha angu-87 ubude.

I-China ayikamenyezeli idethi yokuhlola yendiza noma okungenzeka ukuthi ifike enyangeni. Noma imicibisholo amaShayina abenayo kuze kube manje, noma I-orbiter yaseShenzhouayikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokufika kwenyanga. Udinga ne-lander, engatholakali e-China.

I-China ayikalugunyazi ngokusemthethweni uhlelo lokubeka osomkhathi enyangeni, kodwa ibilokhu ivuleleke ngemishini enjalo. Irokhethi eyethulwe ngoSepthemba iyintsha. Ngaphambili, sikhulume ngomqondo. amarokhethi ngoMashi 9eyayizofana ngosayizi nerokhethi ye-Saturn V noma i-SLS eyakhiwe yi-NASA. Kodwa-ke, i-rocket enkulu kangaka ngeke ikwazi ukwenza izindiza zayo zokuqala zokuhlola kuze kube ngu-2030.

Ngaphezu kuka-250% wemishini eyengeziwe

Ngokocwaningo olwenziwa yi-Euroconsult olwanyatheliswa ngo-April 2020 olunesihloko esithi “Space Exploration Perspectives”, ukutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi emhlabeni wonke ekuhloleni indawo kwakucishe kube ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-20 ngo-2019, kwenyuke ngamaphesenti ayisi-6 kusukela ngonyaka odlule. Amaphesenti angama-71 awo asebenzisa i-US. Uxhaso lwezimali locwaningo lwasemkhathini kulindeleke ukuthi lukhuphuke luye ku- $30 billion ngo-2029 sibonga Ukuhlola inyanga, ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda yezokuthutha kanye ne-orbital. Cishe ukuthunyelwa kwemishini eyi-130 kulindeleke kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo, uma kuqhathaniswa nemishini engama-52 kule minyaka eyi-10 edlule (5). Ngakho kuningi okuzokwenzeka. Umbiko awuboni kusengaphambili ukuphela kokusebenza kwe-International Space Station. Uyilindile ukukhuphuka kwesiteshi sasemkhathini se-orbital yamaShayina kanye neSango leNyanga. I-Euroconsult ikholelwa ukuthi ngenxa yesithakazelo esikhulu eNyangeni, izindleko zemishini ye-Martian zingase zehle. Eminye imisebenzi kufanele ixhaswe ngezinga elilinganayo njengangaphambili.

5. Uhlelo lwebhizinisi lomkhathi lweshumi leminyaka elizayo

Okwamanje . Kakade ngo-2021, kuzoba nethrafikhi eningi ku-Mars kanye ne-orbit yayo. Enye i-rover yaseMelika, i-Perseverance, ingenxa yendawo kanye nokwenza ucwaningo. Ebhodini i-rover kwakukhona namasampula ezinto ezintsha ze-spacesuit. I-NASA ifuna ukubona ukuthi izinto ezihlukene zisabela kanjani endaweni ye-Martian, okuzosiza ekukhetheni amasudi afanele ama-marsonauts azayo. I-rover enamasondo ayisithupha iphinde ithwale indiza enophephela emhlane i-Ingenuity ehlela ukuyiphatha. izindiza zokuhlola endaweni engavamile ye-Mars.

Ama-probe azoba ku-orbit: amaShayina I-Tianwen-1 futhi ephethwe yi-United Arab Emirates Hope. Ngokwemibiko yabezindaba, uphenyo lwaseChina luphinde lube ne-lander kanye ne-rover. Ukube yonke le mishini ibiyimpumelelo, ngonyaka ozayo besizoba nomuntu wokuqala osebenza emhlabeni waseMartian osebenza emhlabeni. Iplanethi Ebomvu.

Ngo-2020, i-rover ye-ejensi yaseYurophu i-ESA ayizange iqale njengengxenye yohlelo lwe-ExoMars. Ukwethulwa kuhlehliselwe u-2022. Alukho ulwazi olucacile lokuthi i-India nayo ifuna ukuthumela i-rover njengengxenye yohlelo. I-Mangalyan Mission 2 okuhlelelwe u-2024. NgoMashi 2025, uphenyo lwaseJapan lweJAXA luzongena ku-Mars orbit ukufunda ngezinyanga ze-Mars. Uma umsebenzi wokuzungeza i-Mars uphumelela, umkhumbi-mkhathi uzobuyela eMhlabeni namasampula eminyakeni emihlanu.

I-SpaceX ka-Elon Musk nayo inezinhlelo ze-Mars futhi ihlela ukuthumela umkhankaso ongaqashiwe lapho ngo-2022 "ukuqinisekisa ubukhona bamanzi, ukukhomba izinsongo, nokwakha amandla okuqala, izimayini, kanye nengqalasizinda egcina impilo." UMusk uphinde wathi ufuna i-SpaceX iyithumele ngo-2024. imikhumbi-mkhathi enabantu ku-Marsa, umgomo wayo oyinhloko kuzoba "ukwakha indawo yokugcina uphethiloli nokulungiselela izindiza eziqhutshwa abantu zesikhathi esizayo." Kuzwakala kukuhle kancane, kodwa isiphetho esijwayelekile esivela kulezi zimemezelo yilesi: I-SpaceX uzokwenza uhlobo oluthile lwemishini kaMartian eminyakeni ezayo. Kuyafaneleka ukungeza ukuthi i-SpaceX iphinde yamemezela ukuthunyelwa kwenyanga. Usomabhizinisi waseJapan, umklami kanye ne-philanthropist u-Yusaku Maezawa bekufanele enze indiza yokuqala yabavakashi ukuzungeza iNyanga ngo-2023, njengoba kufanele kuqondwe, ngerokhethi enkulu ye-Starship manje ehlolwayo.

Kuma-asteroids kanye nezinyanga ezinkulu

Ngethemba ukuthi nangonyaka ozayo izongena ku-orbit. James Webb Space Telescope (6) okufanele abe yindlalifa I-Hubble Telescope. Ngemva kwesikhathi eside sokulibaziseka kanye nezihibe, ukuhlolwa okuyinhloko kwalo nyaka kuqedwe ngempumelelo. Ngo-2026, esinye isibonakude esibalulekile sasemkhathini, i-European Space Agency's Planetary Transits and Oscillations of Stars (PLATO), kufanele yethulwe emkhathini, umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ozoba.

6. I-Webb Space Telescope - Ukubona ngeso lengqondo

Esimeni esinethemba elikhulu, i-Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) izothumela iqembu lokuqala losomkhathi baseNdiya emkhathini ngo-2021.

U-Lucy, oyingxenye yohlelo lwe-NASA Lokutholwa, kuhlelelwe ukwethula ngo-Okthoba 2021. Hlola ama-Trojan asteroid ayisithupha kanye ne-asteroid yebhande elikhulu.. Izinhlobo ezimbili zama-Trojan ezikhuphuka nomfula ezansi nomfula i-Jupiter kucatshangwa ukuthi ziyimizimba emnyama eyakhiwe ngento efanayo namaplanethi angaphandle azungeza eduze kwe-Jupiter. Ososayensi banethemba lokuthi imiphumela yale mishini izoguqula ukuqonda kwethu futhi mhlawumbe nokuphila eMhlabeni. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, le phrojekthi ibizwa ngokuthi uLucy, i-hominid ye-fossilized eyanikeza ukuqonda ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu.

Ngo-2026, sizobheka kabanzi Ingqondo, enye yezinto eziyishumi ezinkulu kunazo zonke ebhande le-asteroid, okuthi, ngokusho kososayensi, i-nickel iron core iplanethi. Ukwethulwa kwale mishini kuhlelelwe u-2022.

Ngawo lowo nyaka ka-2026, kufanele kuqale umkhankaso weDragonfly ku-Titan, inhloso yawo okuwukuhlala phezu kwenyanga ye-Saturn ngo-2034. Ubusha obukuyo wumklamo wokuhlolwa nokuhlolwa kwendawo indiza yamarobhothiezosuka endaweni iye kwenye njengoba ibonakala. Lesi sinqumo kungenzeka sibangelwe ukungaqiniseki emhlabeni ku-Titan nokwesaba ukuthi i-rover enamasondo izosheshe ingasebenzi. Lona umgomo ongafani nanoma yimuphi omunye, ngoba indawo okuyiwa kuyo ihlukile kunoma yikuphi esikwaziyo. umzimba wesistimu yelanga.

Kungenzeka ukuthi umkhankaso wokuya kwenye inyanga yeSaturn, i-Enceladus, uzoqala engxenyeni yesibili yama-XNUMXs. Lona umbono nje wamanje, hhayi umgomo othize onesabelomali nohlelo. I-NASA ibona ngeso lengqondo ukuthi lokhu kuzoba umkhankaso wokuqala womkhathi ojulile ngokwengxenye noma ngokuphelele oxhaswe yizinkampani ezizimele.

Ngaphambi kwalokho, uphenyo lweJUICE (7), olwamenyezelwa yi-ESA ngo-2022, luzofika endaweni yocwaningo lwayo. Kulindeleke ukuthi ifinyelele ohlelweni lweJupiter ngo-2029 futhi ifinyelele emzileni weGanymede eminyakeni emine kamuva. Inyanga enkulu kunazo zonke esimisweni sonozungezilanga futhi uhlole ezinye izinyanga eminyakeni ezayo, Callisto futhi okuthakazelisa kakhulu kithina Yurophu. Ekuqaleni kwakuhloswe ukuba kube yimishini ehlangene yaseYurophu-America. Kodwa-ke, ekugcineni, i-US izokwethula uphenyo lwayo lwe-Europa Clipper ukuze ihlole i-Europe maphakathi nawo-XNUMXs.

7. I-JUICE Mission - Ukubona ngeso lengqondo

Kungenzeka ukuthi kuzovela ohambweni olusha ngokuphelele ohlelweni lwe-NASA namanye ama-ejensi, ikakhulukazi lawo okuhloswe ngawo I-Venus. Lokhu kungenxa yokutholwa kwamuva kwezinto ezibonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba khona kwezinto eziphilayo emkhathini weplanethi. I-NASA njengamanje ixoxa ngezinguquko zesabelomali ezingavumela umgomo omusha ngokuphelele noma eziningana. IVenus ayikude kangako, ngakho-ke kuyinto engacabangeki.