ULenin - iphayona lamandla enuzi
ULenin uyingqalabutho yamandla enuzi. Lenin ngoMeyi 1960, isithombe esivela emkhunjini weDanish Navy. Indiza enophephela emhlane i-Mi-1 endaweni yokufikela. Imitapo yolwazi ye-Forswarz
Ukuthuthukiswa kweNyakatho yeSiberia kwaqala ngalokho okungase "kukhishwe" emahlathini ayo. Izinsiza beziziningi, inkinga bekuwukuthi "impango" ingatholwa kanjani "empucukweni". Indawo enzima ngokwedlulele yayingabandakanyi ezokuthutha ezihamba phansi, ngakho yahlala imanzi, kodwa njengoba imifula eminingi yayigelezela olwandle olubandayo, embozwe yiqhwa cishe unyaka wonke, kwakungelula ukusebenzisa lo mgwaqo.
Kusukela ekhulwini le-1880, izifiki ezazihlala ogwini loLwandle Olumhlophe zaqhubekela phambili nasempumalanga, ekugcineni zafika emlonyeni we-Ob. Ngemva kohambo lokuqala lozalo lwamaRomanov, ukuhlola kwamanzi asenyakatho kwaqala ngobuqotho engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-1877 ngohambo lukaVitus Bering, abazalwane uKhariton noDmitry Laptev, noSemyon Chelyuskin. Ngemva kweminyaka eyikhulu, kwaba sobala ukuthi kwakungenzeka ukuhamba ngomkhumbi ngasogwini olusenyakatho ye-Asia. Ngokokuqala ngqá lokhu kwenziwa uhambo luka-Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld esitimeleni iVega, esabuyela eStockholm ngo-April XNUMX, eseqede cishe iminyaka emibili yohambo oluyindilinga nobusika beqhwa kakade eBering Strait. Ngaleso sikhathi, kusukela ngo-XNUMX, imikhiqizo yezolimo kakade zithunyelwa kusukela amachweba Kara Sea Arkhangelsk. Kwakungelona ibhizinisi elikhulu (futhi ngenxa yalokho elinenzuzo eyengeziwe), kodwa njengoba kwatholakala imithombo yamathambo aseSiberia, amanzi ase-Arctic avusa isithakazelo esikhulayo phakathi kwamaRussia.
Ekupheleni kuka-March 1897 cadmium. UStepan Makarov, umdwebi wezilwandle, umhambi, kamuva owaba umkhuzi welinye lamaqembu e-Baltic Fleet, wanikeza inkulumo e-St. umkhumbi ophihliza iqhwa owawungabanqoba. I-postulate yasekelwa uhulumeni futhi ngemva konyaka nesigamu, i-Jermak yasungulwa endaweni yemikhumbi yaseNewcastle-on-Tyne eNewcastle-on-Tyne (uMakarov wayengumbhali wephrojekthi yakhe, futhi waqondisa umsebenzi). Kuze kube ngu-1901, wenza izindiza ezintathu "zokuhlola" eziya enyakatho noMakarov ebhodini. Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, izindiza ezivamile zaqala phakathi kweVladivostok ne-Kolyma, ezingabalulekile kangako kwezomnotho.
Ukuqala kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kanye nohambo oluholwa nguBoris Vilkitsky ngo-1913-1915. (kutholwe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, Severnaya Zemlya), lapho imikhumbi ephihliza iqhwa engamamitha angu-60 "Taimyr" futhi "Vaigach" wazibonakalisa ngempumelelo, washintsha umqondo umzila enyakatho. INguquko ka-Okthoba ezimele yanezela ekubalukeni kwayo, njengoba yaba umzila wasolwandle omfushane kakhulu phakathi kwemikhawulo yombuso wamaBolshevik, kodwa futhi iyona kuphela engaphandle kwamanzi amazwe okungenani amelana nayo.
Ngo-1932, ngokokuqala ngqá kokunye umkhumbi, umkhumbi ophihliza iqhwa u-Alexander Sibiryakov wasuka e-Arkhangelsk waya eBering Strait ngohambo luka-Otto Schmidt, owasheshe wamiswa njengomqondisi wokuqala weGlavsevmorput. Ngo-1934, yabhujiswa ngakolunye uhlangothi nguFedor Litke, futhi ngo-1935, ngemva kokudluliselwa kwezinkampani ezimbili zamapulangwe zisuka eLeningrad zaya eVladivostok, kwaqala ukusebenza kwawo okujwayelekile kwezimpahla. Ngenxa yalokho, engxenyeni yesibili yawo-30, kwakhiwa izikebhe ezi-4 zeqhwa zase-Arctic zohlobo lukaStalin ezindaweni zemikhumbi zaseSoviet.
Ngemva kokuphela kokuhamba ngomkhumbi ngo-1937, lapho imikhumbi engaphezu kuka-20 ibambeka eqhweni (omunye wemikhumbi ucwiliswe ama-hummocks "aya phambili"), iMoscow yabona isidingo semikhumbi ephihliza iqhwa e-arctic yomklamo othuthuke kakhudlwana kanye nokuqhutshwa ngamandla. Angizange ngibe naso isikhathi sokuchaza imininingwane lapho kugqashuka iMpi Enkulu Yokushisekela Izwe, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ngo-May 22, 1947 kuphela, uhulumeni wase-USSR wamukela isinqumo esithi “Ukunikeza iNorthern Sea Route ngemikhumbi ephihliza iqhwa enamandla nezinto zokuhamba. imikhumbi ejwayele ukuzulazula e-Arctic ukuze iguqule.” emzileni wasolwandle ovame ukusebenza”, lapho iziyalezo ezifanele zanikezwa uMnyango Wokwakha Imikhumbi.
