Iphrojekthi ye-68K cruisers

Zheleznyakov ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kolwandle. Isithombe somkhumbi uhamba ngesivinini esiphezulu cishe sathathwa ngokunyuka kwamamayela. Abagibeli baseSoviet bamaphrojekthi angu-26, 26bis, 68K kanye no-68bis babenemigqa emihle, enombhalo wesitayela sase-Italy.

Maphakathi nawo-30s, izinhlelo ezinkulu zokwakha imikhumbi ehamba olwandle zathuthukiswa e-USSR. Phakathi kwamakilasi ngamanye kanye nezigaba ezincane zemikhumbi, ama-cruiser light, okuhloswe ukuthi asebenze njengengxenye yamaqembu e-surface azayo, ayebalulekile. Ngokuphambene namaphrojekthi abagibeli bohlobo lwe-26 Kirov kanye nohlobo lwe-26bis uMaxim Gorky oseluvele lwakhiwe ezindaweni zemikhumbi yasekhaya ngosizo lwamaNtaliyane, abasha kwakufanele babonakale ngezici ezincane kakhulu.

Ngo-March 1936, iBhodi ye-VMO RKKA (Naval Forces of the Workers' Christian Red Army, kamuva ebizwa ngokuthi i-ZVMS) yahambisa iziphakamiso kuMkhandlu Wabantu BamaCommissars (okungukuthi, uhulumeni waseSoviet) ngezigaba (izigaba) zemikhumbi. eyakhiwayo. , kufaka phakathi ama-cruisers alula anezikhali ze-180 mm (iphrojekthi ethuthukisiwe ye-26 uhlobo lwe-Kirov). Isinqumo soMkhandlu Wezabasebenzi Nezokuvikela we-USSR sangomhla zingama-27 kuNhlaba 1936 sanquma i-tonnage yesikhathi esizayo "imikhumbi emikhulu" (imigqa engu-8 yokufuduka okujwayelekile kwamathani angama-35 kanye namathani ayi-000 kwangu-12), okuhlanganisa abagibeli abasindayo abanezinga lezikhali. ka-26 mm, cishe kuzo zonke izici eziphakeme kunemikhumbi yempi ye-Sevastopol-class enkonzweni. I-ZVMS kanye ne-Main Directorate of Naval Shipbuilding ye-Navy (ngemuva kwalokhu ebizwa ngokuthi i-GUK) bayalwe ukuba balungiselele uhlelo lokwakhiwa kwale mikhumbi, ephukile phakathi neminyaka kuze kube ngu-000, futhi ngokushesha baqale ukuklama amayunithi aqondile, kanye. njengama-cruiser asindayo futhi alula.

Isifiso sokuvelela esivela ezinhlelweni zaseSoviet siyaphawuleka. Ekuqaleni, ingqikithi yamathani emikhumbi ekhonjiswe ukwakhiwa kwakufanele ibe amathani ayi-1 (!), okwakungaphezu kwamandla emboni yendawo (uma kuqhathaniswa, yayicishe ilingane nesamba samathani weRoyal Navy kanye i-US Navy phakathi nenkathi okuxoxwa ngayo). Nokho, masingakhohlwa ukuthi la “macebo” enziwa kuphi futhi ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo. Okokuqala, amandla asolwandle akha imikhumbi esindayo yezikhali, futhi okwesibili, ngaleso sikhathi e-USSR kwakunzima futhi kuyingozi ukuphikisa iphuzu lokubuka "umugqa ojwayelekile". Ukufuna izixazululo ezintsha akukwazanga ukwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezelwa kwezombusazwe okungakaze kubonwe, inani eliphakeme lenzeka phakathi neminyaka engu-727. Kusukela ngokunyamalala ngaphandle komkhondo ku-Stalinist Gulag, akekho oye waphepha, kuhlanganise nabaholi bemikhumbi kanye imboni. Lokhu kwaholela ekuphazamisekeni kwenqubo yokukhiqiza, futhi ngaphandle kokubambezeleka kwabangela ukwehla kwezinga lomkhiqizo (zonke izinkinga zamane zasulwa ngokuthi “amaqhinga ezitha zabantu”), futhi ngenxa yalokho, amashejuli okulethwa komkhumbi kanye nezinhlelo zawo zokwakha kuphazamiseka.

Ngo-June 26, 1936, ngomthetho kahulumeni, kwenziwa isinqumo esingokomthetho sokwakha “umkhumbi omkhulu wasolwandle nolwandle” owawukwazi ukulwa ngenkuthalo namabutho asolwandle “anoma yiziphi izifunda zonxiwankulu noma umfelandawonye wazo.” Ngakho-ke, uhlelo "lokwakha imikhumbi emikhulu yasolwandle" lwavunywa, luhlinzekela ukukhiqizwa kwamakilasi alandelayo (ama-subclass):

• imikhumbi yempi yekilasi "A" (amathani angama-35, amayunithi ayi-000 - ama-8 ku-Baltic Fleet no-4 ku-Black Sea Fleet);
• uhlobo lwemikhumbi yempi yohlobo B (amathani angu-26 000, amayunithi angu-16 - 6 ePacific Fleet, 4 e-Baltic Fleet, 4 e-Black Sea Fleet kanye no-2 e-Severny Fleet);
• ama-cruiser alula ohlobo olusha (amathani angu-7500, amayunithi angu-5 - ama-3 e-Baltic Fleet kanye nama-2 e-Northern Fleet);
• Abagibeli abalula bekilasi laseKirov (amathani angama-7300, amayunithi ayi-15 - 8 ePacific Fleet, 3 eBaltic kanye nama-4 oLwandle Olumnyama).

Kodwa-ke, ngoJulayi 17, 1937, isivumelwano se-Anglo-Soviet sasayinwa eLondon sokunciphisa inani lemikhumbi yamakilasi amakhulu, ngokusho ukuthi i-USSR yathembisa ukuhambisana nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe emkhakheni wezikhali zasolwandle kanye nemingcele evela. bona. Lokhu kwakungenxa yomunye umyalo kahulumeni, owamukelwa ngo-August 13-15, “ekubukezweni kohlelo lokwakha imikhumbi lwango-1936.” NgoSepthemba walo nyaka, uhulumeni wethulwa “Uhlelo Lokwakha Umkhumbi Lwezempi Yezempi Yezempi Ebomvu”, lapho amayunithi afanayo ayesakhona: Uhlobo lwe-6 A (4 lwePacific Fleet no-2 lweNorthern Fleet), Uhlobo lwe-12 B (2 okwePacific Fleet, 6 okwe-Baltytsk Fleet

futhi 4 oLwandle Olumnyama), 10 esindayo kanye 22 light cruisers (kuhlanganise nekilasi Kirov). Lolu hlelo alukagunyazwa ngokusemthethweni. Ukuqaliswa kwayo nakho kwakubuzwa, kodwa ukuklanywa kwemikhumbi, kanye nayo nezinhlelo zezikhali ezingekho, kwaqhubeka.

NgoFebhuwari 1938, i-Main Naval Staff yethula ku-People's Commissariat of Industry "Uhlelo lokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi yokulwa neyokusiza ye-1938-1945." Ngaphambi kokugqashuka kwempi neJalimane (Juni 22, 1941), yaziwa ngokuthi "uhlelo olukhulu" futhi yayihlanganisa: imikhumbi yempi engu-15, ama-cruisers angu-15 esindayo, ama-cruisers angu-28 (okuhlanganisa i-6 Kirov class) namanye amakilasi amaningi. kanye nezinhlobo. Ukunakwa kudonswa ekuncipheni kwenani lemikhumbi yempi ngenkathi ikhuliswa endabeni yama-light cruiser. Ngo-August 6, 1939, i-People's Commissar entsha yeNavy N.G. Kuznetsov yethula kuhulumeni “Uhlelo Lweminyaka Eyishumi Lokwakha Umkhumbi Wamasosha Amanzi,” oluhlinzekela ukwakhiwa, okuhlanganisa: imikhumbi engu-15 yohlobo lwe-A, imikhumbi emikhulu engu-16 kanye nokukhanya okungu-32. ama-cruisers (kuhlanganise 6 "Kirov"). Kucatshangelwa amakhono wangempela embonini, kuhlanganise nezindawo ku-ramps, yahlukaniswa yaba izifundo ezimbili zeminyaka emihlanu - 1938-1942 kanye 1943-1947. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi inhloso eyinhloko yalezi zinhlelo kwaba ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi esindayo wezikhali, okuyinto Comrade Stalin ayethanda mathupha, Cruisers ukukhanya futhi yakha ingxenye ebalulekile ukwakheka okuhleliwe futhi kudinga ukunakwa okukhethekile. Uhlelo lokuthuthukisa olubalulwe ngenhla lwe-Red Army Navy lwango-1936 lwacabangela isidingo somkhumbi omusha waleli klasi, owawuhloselwe ukusebenza njengengxenye yeqembu lemikhumbi elilandelanayo.