I-Red Army e-Balkan ngo-1944

Umyalo weSoviet wabona ukuthi kungenzeka ukuzungeza nokucekela phansi amasosha aseJalimane ayegxile endaweni yaseChisinau ngamabutho emingcele yesi-2 yase-Ukraine neyesi-3 yase-Ukraine.

Ukukhululwa kweKarogrod (Constantinople, Istanbul) ejokeni lamaMohammed ababi, ukulawula ulwandle lwaseBosporus naseDardanelles kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezwe lama-Orthodox ngaphansi kobuholi "koMbuso Omkhulu WaseRussia" kuyisethi evamile ye imigomo yenqubomgomo yangaphandle yabo bonke ababusi baseRussia.

Isixazululo esinamandla kulezi zinkinga sahlotshaniswa nokuwa koMbuso Wase-Ottoman, okwathi kusukela phakathi nekhulu le-1853 kwaba yisitha esikhulu saseRussia. UCatherine II wasekela ngokuqinile iphrojekthi yokuxoshwa okuphelele kwamaTurkey eYurophu ngokubambisana ne-Austria, ukuhlukaniswa kweNhlonhlo YaseBalkan, ukudalwa kwezikhulu zaseDanubian zesifunda saseDacia kanye nokuvuselelwa kombuso waseByzantine oholwa yindlovukazi. umzukulu uKonstantin. Omunye umzukulu wakhe - uNicholas I - ukuze afeze leli phupho (ngomehluko kuphela ukuthi i-tsar yaseRussia yayingeke ibuyisele iByzantium, kodwa yayifuna ukwenza i-Sultan yaseTurkey isikhonzi sakhe) yahileleka eMpumalanga engalungile (eCrimea). ) impi ngokumelene ne-1856-XNUMX.

UMikhail Skobelev, "ujenene omhlophe", wahamba waya eBosphorus edlula eBulgaria ngo-1878. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho iRussia yahlasela khona uMbuso Wase-Ottoman, okwathi ngemva kwalokho ithonya laseTurkey eNhlonhlweni yaseBalkan alibange lisabuyiselwa, futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwawo wonke amazwe aseNingizimu Slavic eTurkey kwakuyindaba yesikhathi kuphela. Nokho, ubukhosi emazweni aseBalkan abuzange bufinyelelwe - kwakukhona umzabalazo phakathi kwawo wonke amandla amakhulu ukuze abe nethonya emazweni asanda kuzimela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundazwe zangaphambili zoMbuso Wase-Ottoman ngokushesha zanquma ukuba zizinkulu futhi zangena ezingxabanweni ezingenakuxazululeka phakathi kwazo; Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iRussia yayingenakuthatha uhlangothi noma ukugwema ikhambi lenkinga yaseBalkan.

Ukubaluleka kwamasu kweBosporus kanye neDardanelles, okubalulekile eMbusweni WaseRussia, akuzange kulahleke abantu ababusayo. Ngo-September 1879, izicukuthwane ezibaluleke kakhulu zahlangana e-Livadia ngaphansi kobuholi bukaTsar Alexander II ukuze zixoxe ngesiphetho esingenzeka se-straits uma kwenzeka ukuwa koMbuso Wase-Ottoman. Njengombambiqhaza engqungqutheleni, iKhansela langasese uPyotr Saburov, wabhala, iRussia ayikwazanga ukuvumela ukuhlala unomphela kwe-Straits yiNgilandi. Umsebenzi wokunqoba lezi zinkinga wabekwa uma izimo ziholela ekubhujisweni kombuso waseTurkey eYurophu. UMbuso WaseJalimane wawubhekwa njengomngane weRussia. Izinyathelo eziningana zathathwa, kwabhekwa kabusha inkundla yemidlalo yesikhathi esizayo, futhi kwakhiwa “indawo ekhethekile” yezimayini zasolwandle nezikhali ezinkulu. Ngo-September 1885, u-Alexander III wathumela incwadi ku-Chief of the General Staff, u-Nikolai Obruchev, lapho echaza khona umgomo oyinhloko waseRussia - ukuthunjwa kweConstantinople kanye nezinkinga. Inkosi yabhala: “Ngokuqondene nezinkathazo, yebo, isikhathi asikakafiki, kodwa umuntu kumelwe ahlale eqaphile futhi abe nazo zonke izindlela zokuthi azilungiselele. Kuphela ngaphansi kwalesi simo ngilungele ukulwa neNhlonhlo YaseBalkan, ngoba iyadingeka futhi iwusizo ngempela eRussia. Ngo-July 1895, kwaba "umhlangano okhethekile" e-St Petersburg, owawuhanjelwe ongqongqoshe bezempi, izindaba zasolwandle, izindaba zangaphandle, inxusa Turkey, kanye nabasebenzi eliphakeme kunawo wonke ibutho Russian. Isinqumo sengqungquthela sikhulume ngokulungela ngokuphelele kwezempi ukuze kuthathwe iConstantinople. Kwaphinde kwashiwo ukuthi: ngokuthatha iBosphorus, iRussia yayizofeza omunye wemisebenzi yayo yomlando: ukuba yinkosikazi yeNhlonhlo YaseBalkan, ukugcina iNgilandi ihlaselwe njalo, futhi kwakungeke kudingeke imesabe kusukela ohlangothini loLwandle Olumnyama. . Uhlelo lokufika kwamasosha eBosphorus lwacatshangelwa emhlanganweni wezikhonzi ngoDisemba 5, 1896, kakade ngaphansi kobuholi bukaNicholas II. Ukubunjwa kwemikhumbi ehilelekile ekusebenzeni kwanqunywa, futhi kwaqokwa umphathi webutho lokuhlala. Uma kwenzeka kuba nokungqubuzana kwezempi ne-Great Britain, i-Russian General Staff yahlela ukuhlasela i-India kusukela e-Asia Ephakathi. Lelisu lalinabaphikisi abaningi abanamandla, ngakho inkosi esencane yanquma ukungenzi isinqumo esingujuqu. Ngokushesha, izenzakalo zaseMpumalanga Ekude zathatha konke ukunakwa kobuholi baseRussia, futhi isiqondiso saseMpumalanga Ephakathi "sasiqandisiwe". NgoJulayi 1908, lapho kuqubuka uguquko lwentsha, iBosphorus Expedition yaphinde yacatshangelwa eSt. ukufinyelela umgomo wezombangazwe.