Ukuphela kwebheji ye-Tornado RAF yehlile emlandweni
I-Tornado GR.4A (engaphambili) enenombolo ye-serial ZG711 ibambe iqhaza Ohlelweni Lobuholi Be-Tactical e-Florennes Base e-Belgium ngo-February 2006. Indiza ilahlekile
ngawo lowo nyaka ngenxa yokushaywa kwezinyoni.
I-Tornado ibilokhu iyibhomu lokuqala leRoyal Air Force (RAF) kule minyaka engamashumi amane edlule. Imoto yokugcina yalolu hlobo yahoxiswa ezindizeni zokulwa eRoyal Air Force yaseGreat Britain ngoMashi 31 walo nyaka. Namuhla, ohambweni lweTornado lwenziwa i-Eurofighter Typhoon FGR.4 kanye nendiza ye-Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning multirole.
Umphathi Wezisebenzi zeRoyal Netherlands Air Force, uLieutenant General Bertie Wolf, wethula uhlelo ngo-1967 okuhloswe ngalo ukufaka esikhundleni se-F-104G Starfighter kanye nomklamo omusha wamabhomu wokulwa owawuzothuthukiswa yi-European Aviation Industry. Ngemva kwalokhu, i-UK, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy kanye neCanada balungiselela izinhlelo ze-Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA).
Izifundo zezidingo ze-MRCA zaqedwa ngoFebhuwari 1, 1969. Babegxile emandleni okuteleka, ngakho-ke indiza entsha bekumele ibe nezihlalo ezimbili kanye nezinjini ezimbili. Ngaleso sikhathi, uMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-Dutch ubudinga indiza engasindi, enenjini eyodwa, enemisebenzi eminingi enokuthenga okuthengekayo nezindleko zokusebenza. Ngenxa yezimfuneko ezingqubuzanayo, ezingahambelani, i-Netherlands yahoxa ohlelweni lwe-MRCA ngoJulayi 1969. IBelgium neCanada benza okufanayo, kodwa iFederal Republic of Germany yangenela lolu hlelo esikhundleni salokho.
Phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, indiza ye-Tornado GR.1 yashintshwa ukuze iphathe amabhomu enuzi ahlakaniphile angu-WE 177. Phansi: i-ALARM anti-radiation missile.
Imizamo yozakwethu yayigxile ekuthuthukiseni indiza eklanyelwe ukuhlasela izindawo eziqondiswe phansi, ukuqhuba uphenyo, kanye nemisebenzi emkhakheni wezokuvikela emoyeni kanye nokweseka amabutho asolwandle ngamasu. Imiqondo eyahlukene iye yacutshungulwa, okuhlanganisa ezinye izindlela kunendiza eyodwa enenjini eyodwa.
I-MRCA consortium esanda kwakhiwa yanquma ukwakha ama-prototypes; Lezi bekuzoba izindiza ezinezihlalo eziningi ezinezinhlobonhlobo zezikhali zendiza, okuhlanganisa nemicibisholo eqondiswa umoya ukuya emoyeni. I-prototype yokuqala yendiza enjalo yasuka eManching eJalimane ngo-August 14, 1974. Yenzelwe okuhlosiwe okuhlaba umxhwele. Kusetshenziswe ama-prototypes ayisishiyagalolunye ekuhlolweni, kwalandelwa amanye ama-prototype ayisithupha. Ngo-March 10, 1976, kwenziwa isinqumo sokwethula ukukhiqizwa kwe-serial kweTornado.
Kuze kube i-Panavia consortium (eyakhiwe yiBritish Aerospace, i-Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm yaseJalimane kanye ne-Italy's Aeritalia) yakha indiza yokuqala yangaphambi kokukhiqizwa, i-MRCA yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-Tornado. Kwaqala ngoFebhuwari 5, 1977.
Okuhlukile kokuqala kweRoyal Air Force kwakubizwa ngokuthi i-Tornado GR.1 futhi kuhluke kancane endizeni ye-Tornado IDS yaseJalimane-Italian. I-Tornado GR.1 fighter-bomber yokuqala yalethwa ku-Trinational Tornado Training Establishment (TTTE) e-RAF Cottesmore ngomhla ka-1 Julayi 1980.
Lolu phiko luqeqeshe abasebenzi beTornado kuwo womathathu amazwe abalingani. Iqembu lokuqala likalayini we-RAF elalihlome ngeTornado GR.1 lalinguNo. I-IX (Ibhomu) Squadron, ngaphambili eyayisebenzisa amabhomu ahlakaniphile e-Avro Vulcan. Ngo-1984, yagunyazwa ngokugcwele kusetshenziswa imishini emisha.
Izinjongo kanye nezici zamaqhinga nezobuchwepheshe
I-Tornado iyindiza enezinjini ezimbili enezindima eziningi elungiselelwe ukucaciswa kokuphakama okuphansi nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kokuhlosiwe ekujuleni kokuvikela izitha, kanye nezindiza zokuhlola. Ukuze indiza yenze kahle endaweni ephakeme ephansi kule mishini engenhla, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kufanele ifinyelele kokubili isivinini esiphezulu nezici ezinhle zokuqondisa nokuqondisa ngesivinini esiphansi.
Ngezindiza ezinesivinini esikhulu ngalezo zinsuku, uphiko lwe-delta lwaluvame ukukhethwa. Kodwa lolu hlobo lwephiko aluphumeleli ekuhambeni okubukhali ngesivinini esiphansi noma ezindaweni eziphansi. Ngokuqondene nokuphakama okuphansi, sikhuluma ngokuyinhloko ngokuhudula okuphezulu kwephiko elinjalo kuma-angles aphezulu okuhlasela, okuholela ekulahlekelweni okusheshayo kwejubane namandla okuqondisa.
Isixazululo senkinga yokuba nesivinini esibanzi uma uhamba ezindaweni eziphansi zeTornado siphenduke uphiko olunejiyomethri eguquguqukayo. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwephrojekthi, lolu hlobo lwephiko lukhethelwe i-MRCA ukuze ithuthukise ukusebenza kokuqondisa nokunciphisa ukudonsa ngesivinini esihlukile endaweni ephansi. Ukuze kwandiswe ububanzi, indiza yayifakwe isamukeli esigoqayo ukuze sinikeze uphethiloli owengeziwe endizeni.
Ngo-2015, i-Tornado GR.4, inombolo ye-serial ZG750, yathola isithonjana se-Gulf War ka-1991 eyaziwa ngokuthi "I-Desert Pink." Ngakho, isikhumbuzo seminyaka engu-25 yenkonzo yokulwa yalolu hlobo lwezindiza ezindizeni zaseBrithani zagujwa (iRoyal International Air Tattoo 2017).
Ngaphezu kokuhluka kwe-fighter-bomber, i-RAF iphinde yathola inguqulo ende ye-Tornado ADV fighter enemishini ehlukene nezikhali, okwathi ngendlela yayo yokugcina yaqokwa i-Tornado F.3. Le nguqulo yasebenza enkonzweni yokuvikela emoyeni yase-UK iminyaka engu-25 kwaze kwaba ngu-2011, lapho ithathelwa indawo yindiza yendima ye-Eurofighter Typhoon.
ukulinganisa
I-Royal Air Force isebenzise isamba sezindiza ze-Tornado ezingu-225 ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zeziteleka, ikakhulukazi izinguqulo ze-GR.1 kanye ne-GR.4. Ngokuqondene nokwahluka kweTornado GR.4, lokhu ukwahluka kokugcina okusele kusevisi ye-RAF (ikhophi yokuqala yalokhu okuhlukile yalethwa endizeni yezempi yaseBrithani ngo-Okthoba 31, 1997, adalwe ngokuthuthukisa amamodeli angaphambili), ngakho kulokhu isihloko sizogxila encazelweni yalolu hlobo oluthile.
I-Tornado GR.4 fighter-bomber yashintshwa ngokuhlelekile, isakhulisa amandla ayo okulwa. Ngakho-ke, i-Tornado GR.4 esesimweni sayo sokugcina ihluke kakhulu kulawo ma-Tornados aqale akhiwa ngokuhambisana nezidingo zamaqhinga nezobuchwepheshe ezakhiwe ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-4. Indiza ye-Tornado GR.199 ifakwe izinjini ezimbili ze-Turbo-Union RB.34-103R Mk 38,5 bypass turbojet ezine-thrust ephezulu engu-71,5 kN kanye no-27 kN ku-afterburner. Lokhu kuyenza ikwazi ukusuka ngesisindo esiphezulu esingama-950 kg futhi ifinyelele isivinini esifinyelela ku-1350 km/h endaweni ephansi futhi ifinyelele ku-1600 km/h endaweni ephakeme.
Ibanga lokundiza lendiza lingama-3890 km futhi linganyuswa ngokufakwa amafutha endizeni; Ibanga lesenzo kumishini yesiteleka evamile yi-1390 km.
Kuye ngomsebenzi, i-Tornado GR.4 ingathwala amabhomu e-laser- Paveway II, III kanye ne-IV laser- kanye nesathelayithi eqondiswa, imicibisholo ye-Brimstone air-to-ground, imicibisholo ye-Storm Shadow ye-tactical cruise, nemicibisholo emincane eqondiswa umoya ukuya emoyeni. Ukufakwa kwemicibisholo ye-ASRAAM. Indiza ye-Tornado GR.1 yayihlale ihlome ngezinganono ezimbili ze-Mauser BK 27 ezingama-27 mm ezinezinhlamvu eziyi-180 emgqonyeni ngamunye, ezahlakazwa kunguqulo ye-GR.4.
Phakathi nesikhathi sabo sokuqala sesevisi, i-RAF Tornado GR.1 fighter-bombers yayigqoke okuluhlaza okumnyama nokucasha okumpunga.
Ngaphezu kwezikhali, indiza ye-Tornado GR.4 ithwala amathangi kaphethiloli engeziwe anomthamo wamalitha angu-1500 noma angu-2250 kusihlilingi sangaphandle, i-Litening III optical-electronic surveillance and guide tank, ithangi le-Raptor visual reconnaissance, kanye ne-Sky Shadow esebenzayo. isistimu ye-radio jamming. i-reservoir noma ama-ejectors ama-anti-radiation kanye nama-cartridges okubhubhisa ukushisa. Umthamo omkhulu womthwalo wokumiswa kwendiza kwangaphandle ungama-9000 kg.
Ngalezi zikhali namathuluzi akhethekile, i-Tornado GR.4 fighter-bomber ingahlasela konke okuhlosiwe okungatholakala enkundleni yempi yesimanje. Ukuze ulwe nezinto ezinezindawo ezaziwayo ngaphambilini, amabhomu e-Paveway aqondiswa nge-laser nesathelayithi noma imicibisholo ye-Storm Shadow cruise cruise (okuhloswe ngakho okubalulekile esitheni) kuvame ukusetshenziswa.
Emisebenzini ehlanganisa ukusesha okuzimele kanye nezinyathelo zokulwa nokuhloswe phansi komhlaba noma emisebenzini yokweseka emoyeni eseduze yamabutho angaphansi, iTornado iphethe inhlanganisela yamabhomu e-Paveway IV kanye nemicibisholo ecitshwayo esuka emoyeni kuya emhlabathini ye-Brimstone ene-dual-band homing system (i-laser ne-radar esebenzayo. ) kanye nokubona ithangi le-optical-electronic kanye neyunithi yokukhomba ethi Litening III.
I-RAF Tornadoes ibe nezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokufihla selokhu zaqala ukusebenza. Inguqulo ye-GR.1 inikezwe ngephethini yokufihla ehlanganisa amabala aluhlaza omnqumo kanye namabala ampunga, kodwa lo mbala washintshwa waba mpunga obumnyama engxenyeni yesibili yeminyaka yamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza e-Iraq ngo-1991, ingxenye ye-Tornado GR.1 yathola umsebenzi wokupenda ngesihlabathi esipinki. Phakathi nempi elandelayo ne-Iraq ngo-2003, i-Tornado GR.4 yapendwe ngokumpunga ngokukhanyayo.
Impi ihloliwe
Phakathi nenkonzo yayo ende eRoyal Air Force, iTornado yabamba iqhaza ezingxabanweni eziningi ezihlomile. Izindiza ze-Tornado GR.1 zabona ukubhapathizwa kwazo ngomlilo ngesikhathi seMpi YaseGulf ngo-1991. Cishe ama-RAF Tornado GR.60 fighter-bombers angaba ngu-1 abamba iqhaza ku-Operation Granby (ukubamba iqhaza kweBrithani ku-Operation Desert Storm) esuka e-Muharraq Base e-Bahrain nase-Tabuk nase-Dhahran e- I-Saudi Arabia. Arabia.
I-British "Tornado", ehlukaniswa ngombala wayo "we-Arctic", ibambe iqhaza ngokuhlelekile ekuzilolongeni eNorway. Ezinye zazo zazifakwe ithreyi lokuhlola eline-linear scanner esebenza kumakhamera we-infrared nasemoyeni.
Ngesikhathi somkhankaso we-Iraq omfishane kodwa oshubile wango-1991, iTornado yasetshenziswa ekuhlaselweni kwendawo ephansi ezisekelweni zomoya zase-Iraq. Ezimweni eziningi, kwasetshenziswa i-cartridge entsha ye-optical-electronic sighting yangaleso sikhathi i-TIALD (i-thermal imaging on-board laser target designator) yasetshenziswa, okwaphawula ukuqala kokusetshenziswa kwezikhali ezinemba okuphezulu ku-Tornado. Kwandiza izindiza ezingaphezu kuka-1500, lapho kwalahleka khona izindiza eziyisithupha.
Abalwi be-Tornado F.18 abangu-3 baphinde babamba iqhaza ku-Operations Desert Shield kanye ne-Desert Storm ukuze banikeze ukuzivikela emoyeni e-Saudi Arabia. Kusukela lapho, ama-British Tornadoes acishe abamba iqhaza njalo ekulweni, aqala ngokusetshenziswa e-Balkan njengengxenye yokuphoqelela indawo okungeyona impukane phezu kwe-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina, kanye nasenyakatho naseningizimu ye-Iraq.
I-Tornado GR.1 fighter-bombers nayo yabamba iqhaza ku-Operation Desert Fox, umkhankaso wezinsuku ezine wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu ngokumelene ne-Iraq kusukela mhla ziyi-16 kuya ku-19 kuZibandlela 1998 ngamasosha ase-US kanye namaNgisi. Isizathu esikhulu sokuqhuma kwamabhomu kwaba ukwehluleka kwe-Iraq ukuthobela izincomo zezinqumo ze-UN kanye nokuvinjelwa kokuhlolwa kweKhomishini Ekhethekile Ye-UN (UNSCOM).
Omunye umsebenzi wokulwa lapho i-RAF Tornado yabamba iqhaza elibonakalayo kwaba i-Operation Telly, umnikelo waseBrithani ku-Operation Iraqi Freedom ngo-2003. Le misebenzi ihlanganisa kokubili i-GR.1 Tornado engashintshiwe kanye ne-GR.4 Tornado esesivele ilungisiwe. Lesi sakamuva sibe nenqwaba yeziteleka ezinembayo ezibhekiswe phansi, okuhlanganisa ukulethwa kwemicibisholo ye-Storm Shadow. Kokugcina bekuyimpi yokuqala. Ngesikhathi se-Operation Telic, indiza eyodwa yalahleka, yadutshulwa ngephutha uhlelo lwe-American Patriot anti-aircraft.
Lapho i-Tornado GR.4 isiqedile ukusebenza e-Iraq, yathunyelwa e-Afghanistan ngo-2009, lapho "yakhululeka khona" yizindiza zokuhlasela ze-Harrier. Esikhathini esingaphansi kweminyaka emibili kamuva, iBrithani, iTornado yase-Afghan iseseKandahar, yathumela enye iTornado eMedithera. Kanye ne-Eurofighter Typhoons ezinze e-Italy, i-Tornado GR.4s evela ku-RAF Marham yabamba iqhaza ku-Operation Unified Protector e-Libya ngo-2011.
Bekuwumkhankaso wokuphoqelela indawo esungulwe yi-UN ukuze kunqandwe ukuhlasela kwamasosha kahulumeni waseLibya emaqenjini aphikisayo ahlomile ngenhloso yokuketula umbuso wobushiqela bukaMuammar Gaddafi. Imishini yeTornado indize ibanga elingu-4800km isuka isuka yaze yafika lapho ifika khona, okuyizindiza zokuqala zempi ukundiza zisuka enhlabathini yaseBrithani kusukela ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Ukubamba iqhaza kweBrithani ku-Operation Unified Defender kwaqanjwa ngekhodi ethi Ellamy.
Ukulahleka
I-prototype ye-P-08 yalahleka ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, abasebenzi baphazamiseka ngenxa yenkungu futhi indiza yaphahlazeka oLwandle lwase-Irish eduze neBlackpool. Sekukonke, phakathi nenkonzo yayo yeminyaka engama-40 kwa-RAF, kwalahleka izimoto ezingama-78 kwezingama-395 ezingene emsebenzini. Cishe amaphesenti angu-20. Bathenga izishingishane, ngokwesilinganiso ezimbili ngonyaka.
Ezimweni eziningi, izimbangela zezingozi kwakuyizinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokungasebenzi kahle kwezobuchwepheshe. Ngenxa yokushayisana komoya, kwalahleka izindiza ezingu-18, kwalahleka ezinye iziNkanyamba ezintathu lapho abasebenzi behluleka ukulawula indiza ngenkathi bezama ukugwema ukushayisana komoya. Abayisikhombisa balahleke ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwezinyoni kwathi abane badutshulwa ngesikhathi se-Operation Desert Storm. Kumabhomu e-Tornado GR.142 angu-4 abesebenza ne-RAF phakathi kuka-1999 no-2019, ayishumi nambili alahlekile. Lokhu cishe kumaphesenti angu-8,5. imikhumbi, isilinganiso se-Tornado GR.4 eyodwa njalo eminyakeni emibili, kodwa azikho izindiza ezilahlekile eminyakeni emine edlule yesevisi.
ukuphela
I-RAF GR.4 Tornados ibe ngaphansi kokwenziwa kwesimanjemanje nokulungiswa njalo, okwandisa kancane kancane amandla azo okulwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, ama-Tornadoes anamuhla ahluke kakhulu kulawo aqala ukusebenza eButhweni Lomoya WaseBrithani. Lezi zindiza bezindize amahora angaphezu kwesigidi kanti i-RAF ibe ngowokuqala ukuzihoxisa. Izikhali ezingcono kakhulu ze-Tornado, imicibisholo eqondiswa umoya i-Brimstone esuka emoyeni iye emoyeni kanye nemicibisholo ye-Storm Shadow ye-tactical cruise, manje isithwelwe indiza ye-Typhoon FGR.4 multirole. Indiza ye-Typhoon FGR.4 kanye ne-F-35B Lightning ithatha umkhankaso we-Tornado fighter-bomber, isebenzisa ulwazi lwamaqhinga oluqoqwe izisebenzi zendiza nabasebenzi basezindaweni ezingaphansi eminyakeni engamashumi amane.
Ama-Tornados amabili e-GR.4 ngaphambi nje kokusuka endizeni elandelayo phakathi ne-Exercise Frisian Flag ngo-2017 esuka endaweni yase-Dutch e-Leeuwarden. Lesi bekungokokugcina i-British Tornado GR.4 ibamba iqhaza enguqulweni yaminyaka yonke yokuzivocavoca kwe-American Red Flag.
Iyunithi yokugcina yaseBrithani ukuhlonyiswa ngeTornado GR.4 inguNo. IX(B) Squadron RAF Marham. Kusukela ngo-2020, leli qembu lizobe lihlome ngezimoto zasemoyeni ezinganamuntu we-Protector RG.1. AmaJalimane namaNtaliyane asasebenzisa i-Tornado fighter-bombers. Zibuye zisetshenziswe yiSaudi Arabia, okuwukuphela kwayo okungeyena owaseYurophu owamukela lolu hlobo lwemoto. Nokho, zonke izinto ezinhle ziyaphela. Abanye abasebenzisi beTornado nabo bahlela ukuqeda izindiza zabo zalolu hlobo, okuzokwenzeka ngo-2025. Khona-ke i-"Tornado" izogcina ingena emlandweni.
