Lapho uMthetho kaHooke ungasaneli...

Ngokomthetho kaHooke owaziwa ezincwadini zesikole, ubude bomzimba kufanele bulingane ngokuqondile nengcindezi esetshenziswayo. Kodwa-ke, izinto eziningi ezibaluleke kakhulu kubuchwepheshe besimanje kanye nempilo yansuku zonke cishe zihambisana nalo mthetho noma ziziphatha ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele. Izazi ze-physics nonjiniyela bathi izinto ezinjalo zinezakhiwo ze-rheological. Ucwaningo lwalezi zakhiwo luzoba isihloko sokuhlolwa okuthile okuthakazelisayo.

I-Rheology iwucwaningo lwezakhiwo zezinto eziziphatha ngendlela eyeqa inkolelo-mbono yokunwebeka esekelwe emthethweni kaHooke oshiwo ngenhla. Lokhu kuziphatha kuhlotshaniswa nezigigaba eziningi ezithakazelisayo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi, ikakhulukazi: ukubambezeleka kokubuyiselwa kwezinto esimweni saso sokuqala ngemva kokwehla kwe-voltage, okungukuthi, i-hysteresis elastic; ukwanda kobude bomzimba ekucindezelekeni okuqhubekayo, okubizwa ngokuthi ukugeleza; noma ukwanda okuphindaphindiwe kokumelana nokuguquguquka nobulukhuni bomzimba wepulasitiki ekuqaleni, kuze kufike ekubukeni kwezakhiwo eziwuphawu lwezinto eziphukayo.

umbusi ovilaphayo

Omunye umkhawulo umbusi epulasitiki ubude 30 cm noma ngaphezulu fixed emihlathini vise ukuze umbusi mpo (Fig. 1). Senqaba ingxenye engaphezulu yerula ngamamilimitha ambalwa kuphela bese siyayikhulula. Qaphela ukuthi ingxenye yamahhala yerula i-oscillates izikhathi eziningana eduze nendawo yokulinganisa eqondile futhi ibuyela esimweni sayo sokuqala (Fig. 1a). Ama-oscillations aphawuliwe ahambisana ne-harmonic, njengoba ekuphambukeni okuncane ubukhulu bamandla anwebekayo asebenza njengamandla aqondisayo alingana ngokuqondile nokuchezuka kokuphela kwerula. Lokhu kuziphatha kombusi kuchazwa yi-theory of elasticity. 

Ilayisi. 1. Ucwaningo lwe-elastic hysteresis usebenzisa irula

1 - i-ambulensi,

2 – vice emihlathini, A – ukuchezuka ekupheleni kwerula kusukela mpo

Engxenyeni yesibili yokuhlolwa, siphambukisa umkhawulo ongaphezulu werula ngamasentimitha ambalwa, siyikhulule, futhi sibheke ukuziphatha kwayo (Fig. 1b). Manje lesi siphetho sibuyela kancane kancane endaweni yokulinganisa. Lokhu kungenxa yokweqile komkhawulo wokunwebeka wezinto zombusi. Lo mphumela ubizwa ngokuthi i-elastic hysteresis. Kubandakanya ukubuya kancane komzimba okhubazekile esimweni sawo sokuqala. Uma siphinda lesi sivivinyo sokugcina ngokutshekisa isiphetho esiphezulu serula nakakhulu, sizothola ukuthi ukubuya kwayo kuzohamba kancane futhi kungathatha amaminithi ambalwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, irula ngeke libuyele ncamashi endaweni eqondile futhi lizohlala ligobile unomphela. Imiphumela echazwe engxenyeni yesibili yokuhlolwa ingenye nje yayo izihloko zocwaningo lwe-rheology.

Inyoni ebuyayo noma isicabucabu

Ukuze uthole ulwazi olulandelayo, sizosebenzisa ithoyizi elishibhile nelilula ukuthenga (ngezinye izikhathi litholakala ngisho nasezikhiqizweni). Iqukethe umfanekiso oyisicaba ngendlela yenyoni noma esinye isilwane, njengesicabucabu, esixhunywe ngebhande elide ngesibambo esimise indandatho (Fig. 2a). Lonke ithoyizi lenziwe ngezinto eziqinile, ezifana nerabha ezinamathele kancane lapho ulithinta. I-tape inganwetshwa kalula, ikhulise ubude bayo izikhathi eziningana ngaphandle kokuyidabula. Senza ukuhlola eduze kwendawo ebushelelezi, njengengilazi yesibuko noma udonga lwefenisha. Ngeminwe yesandla esisodwa, bamba isibambo bese wenza igagasi, ngaleyo ndlela uphonsa ithoyizi endaweni ebushelelezi. Uzoqaphela ukuthi umfanekiso unamathela phezulu futhi i-tape ihlala iqinile. Siqhubeka nokubamba isibambo ngeminwe yethu amashumi ambalwa amasekhondi noma ngaphezulu.

Ilayisi. 2. Isibonelo esicacile se-elastic hysteresis, eboniswa kusetshenziswa isiphambano sokubuya

1 - umfanekiso wesicabucabu, 2 - ibhande elinwebekayo,

3 – isibambo, 4 – intende, 5 – indawo ebushelelezi

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, siqaphela ukuthi umfanekiso uzovela ngokuzumayo futhi, ukhangwa yi-tape yokunciphisa ukushisa, uzobuyela ngokushesha esandleni sethu. Kulesi simo, njengasekuhlolweni kwangaphambilini, kukhona nokuwohloka kancane kwe-voltage, okungukuthi, i-elastic hysteresis. Amandla okunwebeka wetheyiphu eyeluliwe anqoba amandla okunamathela kwephethini ebusweni, okuba buthaka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngenxa yalokho, isibalo sibuyela esandleni. Izinto zokudlala ezisetshenziswe kulokhu kuhlolwa zibizwa ngama-rheologists i-viscoelastic. Leli gama ligunyazwa yiqiniso lokuthi libonisa kokubili izakhiwo ezinamathelayo - lapho linamathela endaweni ebushelelezi, kanye nezakhiwo ezinwebekayo - ngenxa yalokho lihlukana nalo futhi libuyela esimweni salo sokuqala.

eyehla indoda

Isithombe 1. Umfanekiso owehla odongeni oluqondile futhi uyisibonelo esihle se-elastic hysteresis.

Lokhu kuhlolwa kuzosebenzisa ithoyizi elitholakala kalula elenziwe ngezinto ezibonakalayo ze-viscoelastic (isithombe 1). Yenziwa ngesimo somfanekiso womuntu noma isicabucabu. Sijikijela leli thoyizi ngezitho ezimisiwe bese sibheka phezulu endaweni eyisicaba eqondile, okungcono engilazini, esibukweni noma odongeni lwefenisha. Into ephonsiwe inamathela kule ndawo. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, isikhathi esincike, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ekuqineni kwendawo kanye nesivinini sokuphonsa, phezulu kwethoyizi kuyaphuma. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yalokho okwaxoxwa ngakho ngaphambili. i-elastic hysteresis kanye nesenzo sesisindo somfanekiso, esithatha indawo yamandla anwebekayo ebhande, elalikhona ekuhlolweni kwangaphambilini.

Ngaphansi kwethonya lesisindo, ingxenye ehlukanisiwe yethoyizi igoba futhi ihlehle kuze kube yilapho ingxenye iphinda ithinta indawo eqondile. Ngemuva kwalokhu kuthinta, i-gluing elandelayo yesithombe phezulu iqala. Ngenxa yalokho, isibalo sizophinde sinamathiselwe, kodwa endaweni ekhanda phansi. Izinqubo ezichazwe ngezansi ziyaphindwa, nezibalo ziklebhula imilenze bese kuba yikhanda. Umphumela uba ukuthi lo mfanekiso wehla endaweni eqondile, wenze ukuphenduka okumangalisayo.

I-plasticine ewuketshezi

Ilayisi. 3. Ukuhlolwa kokugeleza kwePlastiki

a) isimo sokuqala, b) isimo sokugcina;

1 - intende, 2 - ingxenye engaphezulu ye-plasticine,

3 - inkomba, 4 - ukuminyanisa, 5 - ucezu oludabukile lwepulasitiki

Kulokhu kanye nezivivinyo ezimbalwa ezilandelayo, sizosebenzisa i-plasticine etholakala ezitolo zamathoyizi, eyaziwa ngokuthi "ubumba lomlingo" noma "i-tricolin". Sixova ucezu lwe-plasticine ngesimo esifana ne-dumbbell, esingaba ngu-4 cm ubude futhi sibe nobubanzi bezingxenye ezikhudlwana ngaphakathi kwe-1-2 cm kanye nobubanzi obuncane obungaba ngu-5 mm (Fig. 3a). Sibamba ukubunjwa ngeminwe yethu ekupheleni kwengxenye engaphezulu futhi siyibambe inganyakazi noma ilengise ngokuqondile eduze nomaka ofakiwe obonisa indawo yokuphela okuphansi kwengxenye enkulu.

Ukubheka indawo yokuphela okuphansi kwe-plasticine, siphawula ukuthi ihamba kancane kancane. Kulokhu, ingxenye ephakathi ye-plasticine icindezelekile. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukugeleza noma ukukhasa kwento futhi ihlanganisa ukukhulisa ubude bayo ngaphansi kwesenzo sokucindezeleka okuqhubekayo. Esimweni sethu, lokhu kucindezeleka kubangelwa isisindo sengxenye engezansi ye-plasticine dumbbell (Fig. 3b). Ngokombono we-microscopic okwamanje lokhu kuwumphumela wenguquko esakhiweni sezinto ezingaphansi kwemithwalo isikhathi eside ngokwanele. Ngesinye isikhathi, amandla engxenye ewumngcingo mancane kangangokuthi aphuka ngaphansi kwesisindo sengxenye engezansi ye-plasticine yedwa. Izinga lokugeleza lincike ezintweni eziningi, kufaka phakathi uhlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo, inani kanye nendlela yokufaka ukucindezeleka kukho.

Ipulasitiki esiyisebenzisayo izwela kakhulu ukugeleza, futhi singayibona ngeso lenyama emashumini ambalwa nje emizuzwana. Kuyafaneleka ukunezela ukuthi ubumba lomlingo lwasungulwa ngengozi e-United States, phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, lapho kwenziwa imizamo yokukhiqiza izinto zokwenziwa ezifanele ukukhiqizwa kwamasondo ezimoto zempi. Njengomphumela we-polymerization engaphelele, kutholwe into ethile lapho inani elithile lama-molecule ayengaboshiwe, futhi izibopho phakathi kwamanye ama-molecule zingashintsha kalula isikhundla sazo ngaphansi kwethonya lezici zangaphandle. Lezi zixhumanisi "ezibhampayo" zifaka isandla ezintweni ezimangalisayo zobumba olubhampayo.

ibhola elilahlekile

Ilayisi. 4. Isethelwe ukuhlola i-plasticine ukuze isakazeke futhi iphumule ingcindezi:

a) isimo sokuqala, b) isimo sokugcina; 1 - ibhola lensimbi,

2 - umkhumbi osobala, 3 - ipulasitiki, 4 - isisekelo

Manje cindezela i-plasticine yomlingo emkhunjini omncane obala, uvule phezulu, uqiniseke ukuthi awekho amabhamuza omoya kuwo (Fig. 4a). Ubude nobubanzi bomkhumbi kufanele kube ngamasentimitha amaningana. Beka ibhola lensimbi cishe ngo-1,5 cm ububanzi phakathi nendawo engaphezulu ye-plasticine.Sishiya isitsha ngebhola kuphela. Njalo emahoreni ambalwa sibheka ukuma kwebhola. Qaphela ukuthi ingena ngokujulile futhi ijulile ku-plasticine, yona, ingena esikhaleni esingaphezulu kwebhola.

Ngemuva kwesikhathi eside ngokwanele, okuncike: isisindo sebhola, uhlobo lwe-plasticine esetshenzisiwe, ubukhulu bebhola kanye ne-pan, izinga lokushisa elizungezile, siyaqaphela ukuthi ibhola lifinyelela phansi epanini. Isikhala esingaphezulu kwebhola sizogcwaliswa ngokuphelele nge-plasticine (Fig. 4b). Lokhu kuhlola kubonisa ukuthi impahla iyageleza futhi ukukhululeka kokucindezeleka.

I-plasticine egxumayo

Yakha ibhola lenhlama yokudlala yomlingo bese uliphonsa ngokushesha endaweni eqinile njengendawo ephansi noma odongeni. Siqaphela ngokumangala ukuthi i-plasticine igxuma isuka kulezi zindawo njengebhola lerabha le-bouncy. Ubumba bomlingo umzimba ongabonisa kokubili izakhiwo zepulasitiki nezinwebekayo. Kuya ngokuthi umthwalo uzoshesha kangakanani ukwenza kuwo.

Lapho izingcindezi zisetshenziswa kancane, njengasendabeni yokuxova, kukhombisa izakhiwo zepulasitiki. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokusetshenziswa okusheshayo kwamandla, okwenzeka lapho kushayisana phansi noma udonga, i-plasticine ibonisa izakhiwo ezinwebekayo. Ubumba bomlingo lungabizwa kafushane ngokuthi umzimba we-plastic-elastic.

I-plasticine eqinile

Isithombe 2. Umphumela wokunwebeka kancane kobumba oluyimilingo (ubude bomucu oweluliwe cishe bungama-60 cm)

Kulokhu, yakha isilinda se-plasticine somlingo esingaba ngu-1 cm ububanzi namasentimitha ambalwa ubude. Thatha zombili iziphetho ngeminwe yesandla sakho sokunene nesobunxele bese usetha i-roller ngokuvundlile. Khona-ke sisakaza kancane izingalo zethu emaceleni emgqeni owodwa oqondile, ngaleyo ndlela sibangele isilinda ukuba seluleke ekuqondeni kwe-axial. Sinomuzwa wokuthi i-plasticine ayinikezi nhlobo ukumelana, futhi siqaphela ukuthi incipha phakathi.

Ubude be-cylinder ye-plasticine bungakhuphuka bube amashumi amaningana amasentimitha, kuze kube yilapho kwakhiwa intambo encane engxenyeni yayo ephakathi, ezophuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (isithombe 2). Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kubonisa ukuthi ngokufaka kancane kancane ukucindezeleka emzimbeni we-plastic-elastic, umuntu angabangela ukuguqulwa okukhulu kakhulu ngaphandle kokuwubhubhisa.

ipulasitiki eqinile

Silungisa isilinda se-plasticine somlingo ngendlela efanayo naleyo esivivinyweni sangaphambilini bese sigoqa iminwe yethu emaphethelweni ayo ngendlela efanayo. Ngemva kokugxilisa ukunaka kwethu, selula izingalo zethu ezinhlangothini ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, sifuna ukwelula isilinda ngokucijile. Kuvela ukuthi kuleli cala sizizwa ukumelana okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-plasticine, futhi isilinda, ngokumangalisayo, ayinwebeki nhlobo, kodwa ihlephula ubude bayo, njengokungathi inqunywe ngommese (isithombe 3). Lokhu kuhlola kubonisa futhi ukuthi imvelo ye-deformation yomzimba we-plastic-elastic incike ezingeni lesicelo sokucindezeleka.

I-Plasticine intekenteke njengengilazi

Isithombe 3. Umphumela wokwelula ngokushesha kwe-magic plasticine - ungabona ubude obuncane izikhathi eziningi kanye nonqenqema olucijile, okukhumbuza ukuqhekeka kwezinto ezibuthakathaka.

Lokhu kuhlola kubonisa ngokucace nakakhulu ukuthi izinga lokucindezeleka lizithinta kanjani izakhiwo zomzimba we-plastic-elastic. Yakha ibhola elinobubanzi obungamasentimitha angu-1,5 ukusuka odaka lomlingo bese ulibeka phezu kwesisekelo esiqinile, esikhulu, njengepuleti lensimbi esindayo, i-anvil, noma phansi ukhonkolo. Shaya kancane ibhola ngesando enesisindo esingu-0,5 kg (Fig. 5a). Kuvela ukuthi kulesi simo ibhola liziphatha njengomzimba wepulasitiki futhi lihlakazeke ngemva kokuba isando siwele phezu kwalo (Fig. 5b).

Yenza i-plasticine eyisicaba ibe yibhola futhi futhi uyibeke epuletini njengangaphambili. Futhi sishaya ibhola ngesando, kodwa kulokhu sizama ukukwenza ngokushesha okukhulu (Fig. 5c). Kuvela ukuthi ibhola le-plasticine kuleli cala liziphatha njengokungathi lenziwe ngezinto ezibuthakathaka, njengengilazi noma i-porcelain, futhi phezu komthelela lihlakazeka libe yizicucu kuzo zonke izinkomba (Fig. 5d).

Umshini oshisayo kumabhendi enjoloba emithi

Ukucindezeleka ezintweni ze-rheological kungancishiswa ngokuphakamisa izinga lokushisa labo. Sizosebenzisa lo mphumela kunjini yokushisa enomgomo omangalisayo wokusebenza. Ukuyihlanganisa, uzodinga: ikepisi lesikulufu sembiza kathini, ishumi nambili noma amabhande enjoloba amafishane, inaliti enkulu, ucezu oluwunxande lweshidi elincane lensimbi, nesibani esinesibani esishisayo kakhulu. Umklamo we-motor uboniswa ku-Fig. 6. Ukuze uyihlanganise, nquma ingxenye ephakathi kwesembozo ukuze kutholakale indandatho.

Ilayisi. 5. Indlela yokubonisa izakhiwo ze-plasticine kanye ne-brittle ye-plasticine

a) ukushaya ibhola kancane b) ukushaya kancane

c) ukushaya ngokushesha ibhola, d) umphumela wokushaya okusheshayo;

1 - ibhola lepulasitiki, 2 - ipuleti eliqinile nelinkulu, 3 - isando,

v – isivinini sesando

Phakathi nalendandatho sibeka inaliti, okuyi-axis, futhi sibeka amabhande okunwebeka kuwo ukuze phakathi nobude bayo aphumule ngokumelene nendandatho futhi anwetshwe ngokuqinile. Amabhande okunwebeka kufanele abekwe ngokulinganayo kwendandatho, ngakho-ke, kutholakala isondo elinama-spokes akhiwe ngamabhande okunwebeka. Goba ucezu lweshidi lensimbi libe yisimo secramponi izingalo zeluliwe, okukuvumela ukuthi ubeke indilinga eyenziwe ngaphambilini phakathi kwabo futhi umboze ingxenye yobuso bayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-cantilever, emaphethelweni ayo omabili aqondile, senza i-cutout esivumela ukuthi sibeke i-ekseli yesondo kuyo.

Beka i-ekseli yesondo kusikwe esisekelweni. Sizungeza isondo ngeminwe yethu futhi sihlole ukuthi ilinganisela yini, i.e. ingabe ima kunoma iyiphi indawo. Uma kungenjalo, bhalansisa isondo ngokususa kancane indawo lapho amabhande enjoloba ahlangana khona nendandatho. Beka ubakaki etafuleni bese ukhanyisa ingxenye yesiyingi ephuma emakhothameni ayo ngesibani esishisayo kakhulu. Kuvele ukuthi ngemuva kwesikhashana isondo liqala ukujikeleza.

Isizathu salokhu kunyakaza ukuguquka okuqhubekayo endaweni ephakathi kwesisindo sesondo ngenxa yomphumela obizwa ngokuthi ama-rheologists. ukuphumula kokucindezeleka okushisayo.

Lokhu kuphumula kusekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi inkontileka yezinto ezibonakalayo ezinwebekayo egcizelelwe kakhulu lapho ishisa. Enjinini yethu, lokhu okubalulekile amabhande enjoloba aseceleni kwesondo aphuma kubakaki abakaki futhi ashisiswe isibani. Ngenxa yalokho, isikhungo sesisindo sesondo sishintshelwa ohlangothini olumbozwe izingalo zokusekela. Njengomphumela wokujikeleza kwesondo, amabhande enjoloba ashisayo awela phakathi kwamahlombe okusekela futhi apholile, ngoba lapho afihliwe ku-bulb. Izisusi ezipholile ziba zinde futhi. Ukulandelana kwezinqubo ezichazwe kuqinisekisa ukujikeleza okuqhubekayo kwesondo.

Hhayi nje ukuhlola okumangalisayo

Ilayisi. 6. Idizayini yenjini yokushisa eyenziwe ngamabhande enjoloba yezemithi

a) umbono oseceleni

b) isigaba ngendiza ye-axial; 1 – indandatho, 2 – inaliti, 3 – irabha elenza imithi,

4 – ubakaki, 5 – ukusika kubakaki, 6 – isibani

Manje i-rheology iwumkhakha othuthukayo othakaselekayo kubo bobabili osolwazi befiziksi nongoti emkhakheni wesayensi yobuchwepheshe. Izenzakalo ze-Rheological kwezinye izimo zingaba nomthelela omubi endaweni ezenzeka kuyo futhi kufanele zicatshangelwe, isibonelo, lapho kwakhiwa izakhiwo ezinkulu zensimbi eziwohlokayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Zivela ekusakazweni kwempahla ngaphansi kwesenzo sokusebenza kwemithwalo kanye nesisindo sayo.

Izilinganiso ezinembile zogqinsi lwamashidi ethusi amboze uphahla oluphakeme namafasitela ezingilazi ezingcolile emasontweni omlando abonise ukuthi lezi zakhi ziminyene ngezansi kunaphezulu. Lona umphumela okwamanjekokubili ithusi nengilazi ngaphansi kwesisindo sazo iminyaka engamakhulu amaningana. Izimo ze-Rheological nazo zisetshenziswa kubuchwepheshe obuningi besimanje kanye nomnotho wokukhiqiza. Isibonelo ukugaywa kabusha kwamapulasitiki. Imikhiqizo eminingi eyenziwe ngalezi zinto okwamanje ikhiqizwa nge-extrusion, imidwebo kanye nokubunjwa kokushaywa. Lokhu kwenziwa ngemva kokushisa impahla kanye nokufaka ingcindezi kuyo ngenani elikhethwe ngokufanelekile. Ngakho, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ama-foil, izinduku, amapayipi, imicu, kanye namathoyizi nezingxenye zomshini ezinobunjwa obuyinkimbinkimbi. Izinzuzo ezibaluleke kakhulu zalezi zindlela yizindleko eziphansi futhi aziyona imfucuza.