Yiziphi futhi zisebenza kanjani izinzwa zohlelo lokugcotshwa kwenjini?

Ukuze kusetshenziswe kahle uhlelo lokugcotshwa kwenjini, kusetshenziswa yonke inzwa eyinkimbinkimbi. Zikuvumela ukuthi ulawule izinga (ivolumu), ingcindezi, ikhwalithi (izinga lokungcola) kanye nokushisa kukawoyela wenjini. Izimoto zesimanje zisebenzisa zombili izinzwa ezisebenza ngogesi nangogesi (ngogesi). Umsebenzi wabo omkhulu ukurekhoda noma yikuphi ukuphambuka esimweni sohlelo kusuka kumapharamitha ajwayelekile futhi unikeze imininingwane ehambelana nezinkomba zedeshibhodi yemoto.

Inhloso nedivayisi yenzwa yokucindezela uwoyela

Izinzwa zokucindezela uwoyela ziphakathi kwezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ohlelweni. Baphakathi kwabokuqala ukusabela kokungasebenzi kahle okuncane kunjini. Izinzwa zengcindezi zingatholakala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene: eduze kwekhanda lesilinda, eduze kwebhande lesikhathi, eduze kwepompo kawoyela, kubakaki esihlungi, njll.

Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinjini zingaba nenzwa eyodwa noma ezimbili zokucindezela uwoyela.

Esokuqala yisimo esiphuthumayo (umfutho ophansi), onquma ukuthi kukhona yini ingcindezi ohlelweni, futhi uma ingekho, kukhonjiswa ngokukhanyisa isibani sesibonisi sokungasebenzi kahle kudeshibhodi yemoto.

Okwesibili ukulawula, noma ingcindezi ephelele.

Uma "uwoyela obomvu" kudeshibhodi yemoto ukhanya - ukuqhubeka nokunyakaza emotweni kungavunyelwe! Ukuziba le mfuneko kungaholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu ngendlela yokulungiswa kwenjini.

Inothi kubashayeli bezimoto. Izibani zokulawula kudeshibhodi zinemibala ehlukene ngesizathu. Noma iziphi izinkomba ezibomvu zamaphutha zivimbela ukuqhubeka kokuhamba kwemoto. Izinkomba eziphuzi zibonisa ukuthi udinga ukuxhumana nensizakalo kungekudala.

Isimiso sokusebenza kwenzwa ephuthumayo

Lolu uhlobo lwenzwa oluyimpoqo kuzo zonke izimoto. Ngokwesakhiwo, kulula kakhulu futhi iqukethe izinto ezilandelayo:

• umzimba;
• ulwelwesi;
• oxhumana nabo;
• umsizi.

Inzwa yezimo eziphuthumayo kanye nesibani sesibonakaliso kufakiwe kwisekethe kagesi ejwayelekile. Lapho injini icishiwe futhi ingekho ingcindezi, i-diaphragm isesimweni esiqondile, oxhumana nabo besifunda bavaliwe, futhi i-pusher ihoxiswa ngokuphelele. Okwamanje injini iqalisiwe, kusetshenziswa i-voltage kwinzwa ye-elekthronikhi, futhi isibani esiku-dashboard sikhanya isikhashana kuze kube yilapho kutholakala izinga lokucindezela uwoyela olufunekayo ohlelweni.

Isebenza kulwelwesi, oluhambisa i-pusher bese luvula oxhumana nabo besifunda. Lapho ingcindezi ohlelweni lokuthambisa yehla, i-diaphragm iyalula futhi, futhi isifunda siyavaleka, kuvulwe isibani senkomba.

Isebenza kanjani inzwa yengcindezi ngokuphelele

Kuyithuluzi le-analog elibonisa ingcindezi yamanje ohlelweni kusetshenziswa inkomba yohlobo lwesikhombi. Ngokwesakhiwo, inzwa ejwayelekile yokuthatha ukufundwa kwengcindezi kawoyela iqukethe:

• izindlu;
• ulwelwesi (diaphragms);
• i-pusher;
• isilayida;
• nichrome emazombezombe.

Ukudluliselwa kwengcindezi ngokuphelele kungaba yi-rheostat noma umfutho. Esimweni sokuqala, ingxenye yayo kagesi empeleni iyi-rheostat. Lapho injini isebenza, kuphakama ingcindezi ohlelweni lokuthambisa, olusebenza kulwelwesi futhi, ngenxa yalokho, i-pusher iguqula isikhundla sesilayida esikhona epuletini ngentambo yensimbi ye-nichrome. Lokhu kuholela ekuguqukeni kokumelana nokunyakaza kwenaliti yesikhombi se-analog.

Izinzwa ze-Pulse zifakwe ipuleti le-thermobimetallic, futhi isiguquli sayo siqukethe oxhumana nabo ababili: engenhla yipuleti elinokuvunguza okuxhumeke kumcibisholo wenkomba, nangaphansi. Lesi sakamuva sixhumana ne-diaphragm yenzwa futhi sifushaniswa nomhlabathi (umhlabathi emzimbeni wemoto). Okwamanje kugeleza koxhumana nabo abaphezulu nabaphansi be-converter, bafudumeze ipuleti layo eliphezulu futhi bavuselele ushintsho esimweni somcibisholo. Ipuleti le-bimetallic enzwa nalo likhubazeka futhi livule oxhumana nabo lize liphole. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi isekethe livalwe unomphela futhi livulwa. Amazinga engcindezi ahlukile ohlelweni lokuthambisa anomphumela oqondile koxhumana naye ongezansi futhi ashintshe isikhathi sokuvula sesekethe (ukupholisa ipuleti). Ngenxa yalokhu, inani lamanje elihlukile linikezwa iyunithi yokulawula ngogesi, bese kukhomba inkomba, enquma ukufundwa kwengcindezi kwamanje.

Inzwa yezinga lika-oyela, noma isitifiketi se-elekthronikhi

Muva nje, abakhiqizi bezimoto abaningi ngokwengeziwe bayashiya ukusetshenziswa kwedipiki yakudala yokuhlola izinga likawoyela wenjini besebenzisa izinzwa zikagesi.

Inzwa yezinga likawoyela (kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa nangokuthi yi-electronic dipstick) iqapha ngokuzenzakalela izinga ngesikhathi kusebenza imoto futhi ithumele ukufundwa kudeshibhodi kumshayeli. Imvamisa itholakala ezansi nenjini, kwisigaxa, noma eduze kwesihlungi sikawoyela.

Ngokwakheka, izinzwa zezinga likawoyela zihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• Imishini, noma iflothi. Siqukethe iflothi elenziwe ngozibuthe waphakade nethubhu eqonde mpo enenkinobho yomhlanga. Lapho ivolumu kawoyela iguquka, iflothi lihamba eduze kweshubhu futhi lapho kufinyelelwa ezingeni eliphansi, inkinobho yomhlanga ivala isifunda bese inikezela amandla kagesi kusibani senkomba esihambisanayo kudeshibhodi.
• Ukushisa. Enhliziyweni yale divayisi kunentambo ezwela ukushisa, lapho kusetshenziswa khona amandla amancane ukuyifudumeza. Ngemuva kokufinyelela ekushiseni okusethiwe, i-voltage icishiwe futhi ucingo lupholile lushisa emazingeni okushisa kawoyela. Kuya ngokuthi kudlula isikhathi esingakanani, ivolumu kawoyela ohlelweni iyanqunywa futhi kunikezwa isignali ehambisanayo.
• Ugesi. Lolu hlobo lwenzwa luyi-subtype ye-thermal. Idizayini yayo ibuye isebenzise ucingo oluguqula ukumelana kuye ngethempelesha lokushisa. Lapho ucingo olunjalo lucwiliswa emafutheni enjini, ukumelana kwalo kuyehla, okwenza kube lula ukunquma ivolumu kawoyela ohlelweni ngenani lamandla okuphuma. Uma izinga likawoyela liphansi, inzwa ithumela isignali kuphiko lokulawula, oluyifanisa nedatha esethempelini lokugcoba futhi isayine isibani esikhanyayo.
• Ultrasonic. Kungumthombo wamapulse e-ultrasonic aqondiswe epanini likawoyela. Kubonakala ebusweni bukawoyela, lawo mapulse abuyiselwa kumamukeli. Isikhathi sokuhamba sesiginali kusukela ngesikhathi sokuthumela ekubuyisweni kwaso sinquma inani lamafutha.

Injani inzwa yokushisa kawoyela

Inzwa yokulawula ukushisa kwamafutha kuyinxenye yokuzikhethela yohlelo lokuthambisa. Umsebenzi wawo omkhulu ukukala ileveli yokushisa kawoyela nokudlulisa imininingwane ehambelana nayo kusibonisi sedeshibhodi. Lezi zokugcina zingaba yi-elektroniki (idijithali) noma imishini (switch).

Emazingeni okushisa ahlukahlukene, uwoyela ushintsha izakhiwo zawo, ezithinta ukusebenza kwenjini nokufundwa kwamanye amasensa. Isibonelo, uwoyela obandayo unamanzi amancane, okufanele acatshangelwe lapho ethola idatha yezinga lamafutha. Uma uwoyela wenjini ufinyelela izinga lokushisa elingaphezu kuka-130 ° C, uqala ukushisa, okungaholela ekwehleni okuphawulekayo kwekhwalithi yawo.

Ukunquma lapho kutholakala khona inzwa yokushisa kawoyela we-injini akunzima - imvamisa ifakwa ngqo kwi-crankcase yenjini. Kwezinye izinhlobo zemoto, kuhlanganiswe nenzwa yezinga lamafutha. Ukusebenza kwenzwa yokushisa kusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwezici zesimemondonductor thermistor.

Lapho ukufuthelana kuyehla, ukumelana kwayo kuyehla, okuguqula ubukhulu bamandla okukhipha, anikezwa iyunithi yokulawula ngogesi. Ukuhlaziya idatha etholakele, i-ECU idlulisa imininingwane kudeshibhodi ngokuya ngezilungiselelo ezibekiwe ngaphambili (ama-coefficients).

Izici zenzwa yekhwalithi kawoyela

Inzwa yekhwalithi kawoyela wenjini nayo iyakhethwa. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ukungcola okuhlukahlukene (okokupholisa, okokugqoka, okokufaka ikhabhoni, njll.) Kungena nakanjani emafutheni ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwenjini, impilo yayo yangempela iyancishiswa, futhi akulungile ngaso sonke isikhathi ukulandela izincomo zomkhiqizi ngezikhathi zokushintshwa.

Umgomo wokusebenza kwenzwa yokuqapha ikhwalithi kawoyela wenjini isuselwa ekulinganiseni okuqhubekayo kwe-dielectric yomaphakathi, eguqukayo ngokuya ngokwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali. Yingakho ibekwe ngendlela yokuthi icwiliswe ngokwengxenye emafutheni. Imvamisa, le ndawo itholakala phakathi kwesihlungi nebhulokhi lesilinda.

Ngokwesakhiwo, inzwa yokulawulwa kwekhwalithi kawoyela iyi-substrate ye-polymer lapho kusetshenziswa khona imichilo yethusi (ama-electrode). Ziqondiswe ngababili ngokuya komunye nomunye, zakha inzwa ehlukile kubhangqa ngalinye. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uthole imininingwane efanelekile. Uhhafu wama-electrode ucwiliswa emafutheni, anezici zedielectric, okwenza amapuleti asebenze njenge-capacitor. Kuma-electrode aphambene, kwenziwa i-current egelezela ku-amplifier. Lesi sakamuva, ngokuya ngobukhulu bamanje, sinikeza amandla athile ku-ECU yemoto, lapho iqhathaniswa nenani lesethenjwa. Ngokuya ngomphumela otholakele, isilawuli singakhipha umyalezo mayelana nekhwalithi kawoyela ophansi kudeshibhodi.

Ukusebenza okulungile kwezinzwa zesistimu yokuthambisa nokuqapha isimo sikawoyela kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okulungile nokwanda kwempilo yesevisi yenjini, kepha okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuphepha nokuthuthuka kokusebenza kwezimoto. Njengezinye izingxenye, zidinga ukuhlolwa kwezobuchwepheshe okujwayelekile, ukuhlolwa kokusebenza, kanye nokufaka okunye okufanele lapho kutholakala ukuwohloka.