Indlela yokuphila esimweni sezulu esisha?

Kunohlangothi olukhanyayo kukho konke-okungenani yilokho u-Apple akukholelwayo, ethi njengoba isimo sezulu siba sibi, ukusetshenziswa kwe-iPhone ekusebenzelaneni komuntu siqu kuzofaka umuzwa omkhulu wokwethembeka komkhiqizo kumakhasimende. Ngakho u-Apple wabona izinhlangothi ezinhle zokufudumala.

"Njengoba izenzakalo zesimo sezulu ezimangalisayo ziba ziningi, amadivaysi athembekile, aphathwayo atholakala ngokushesha futhi kabanzi, alungele ukusetshenziswa ezimeni lapho ezokuthutha, amandla nezinye izinsizakalo zingase zingatholakali okwesikhashana," kubhala u-Apple ekukhululweni.

I-iPhone isesimweni esizwela isimo sezulu

Inkampani ilindele nezinye izinzuzo. Ngokukhuphuka kwentengo yamandla, amakhasimende afuna imikhiqizo eyonga amandla, okuyinto umdondoshiya weCupertino ethi ingenye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zokunikezwa kwayo.

Ngakho-ke, i-Apple ibona ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu njengento enhle, nakuba ezinye zezinsizakalo ezinikezwa yi-iPhone zingase zihlupheke, njengokunemba kokuhamba namawashi. Ukuncibilika kweqhwa e-Arctic kushintsha lonke uhlelo lokusatshalaliswa kwamanzi emhlabeni, futhi abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi kuthinta i-eksisi yoMhlaba yokuzungeza. Lokhu kungenxa yokugudluka kwesigxobo kazibuthe siye empumalanga. Konke lokhu kungaholela ekujikelezeni okusheshayo kweplanethi ezungeze i-eksisi yayo. Ngo-2200, usuku lungaba lufushane ngama-millisecond angu-0,012. Akwaziwa kahle ukuthi lokhu kuzozithinta kanjani izimpilo zabantu.

Sekukonke, ukuphila ezweni elihlaselwe ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubukeka kuyinhlekelele. Nokho, ngisho nasezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, mancane amathuba okuba sibhekane nokubhujiswa okuphelele. Uma kunokungabaza okungathi sína ngokuthi umuntu uzokwazi yini ukumisa izenzakalo ezimbi (ngisho noma efuna ngempela, okuyinto engaqiniseki ngaso sonke isikhathi), umuntu kufanele aqale ukujwayela umqondo "wesimo sezulu esisha esivamile" - futhi ucabange ngamasu okusinda.

Kufudumele lapha, kunesomiso, maningi amanzi la.

Sekuyabonakala ukunwetshwa kwenkathi yokukhula ezindaweni ezipholile. Amazinga okushisa ebusuku akhuphuka ngokushesha kunamazinga okushisa emini. Kungase futhi kuphazamise isikhathi sokukhula kwerayisi, isibonelo. shintsha isigqi sempilo yomuntu i ukusheshisa ukufudumalangoba uMhlaba ojwayele ukufudumala uyaphola ebusuku. Ziya ngokuya ziba yingozi Amagagasi okushisa, okungase kubulale amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu ngonyaka eYurophu—ngokwesibonelo, igagasi lokushisa lango-2003, labulala abantu abangu-70 XNUMX. Abantu.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, idatha yesathelayithi ikhombisa ukuthi kuya kufudumala. kwenza umhlaba ube luhlazaokubonakala kakhulu ezindaweni ezomile ngaphambilini. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuyinto enhle, nakuba okwamanje kubonakala kungathandeki kwezinye izindawo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Australia, uhlaza olwengeziwe ludla imithombo yamanzi eyivelakancane, luphazamisa ukugeleza kwemifula. Nokho, kungenzeka futhi ukuthi isimo sezulu ekugcineni sizoshintsha sibe manzi. izokwandisa inani eliphelele lamanzi kumjikelezo.

Izifunda ezisenyakatho njengeSiberia zingase zibe izindawo zokukhiqiza ezolimo ngenxa yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Kodwa-ke, kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuthi inhlabathi yase-Arctic kanye nezindawo zasemngceleni impofu kakhulu, futhi inani lokukhanya kwelanga elifinyelela phansi ehlobo ngeke lishintshe. Ukufudumala futhi kuphakamisa izinga lokushisa kwe-Arctic tundra, okwathi ngaleso sikhathi ikhipha i-methane, igesi ebamba ukushisa enamandla kakhulu (i-methane nayo ivela phansi olwandle, lapho ivaleleke khona kumakristalu abizwa ngokuthi ama-clathrates).

Iziqhingi zaseMaldives archipelago ziphakathi kwezisengozini kakhulu ngenxa yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke

Ukwandisa i-plankton biomass eNyakatho Pacific lokhu kunemiphumela emihle kodwa okungenzeka ibe mibi. Amanani ezinye izinhlobo zamaphengwini angase ande, okuyinto engazilungele izinhlanzi, kodwa kulokho ezikudlayo, yebo. Ngokuphindaphindiwe. Sekukonke, ngakho-ke, ukufudumala kuqala kumaketanga anyakazayo wembangela nomphumela omiphumela yawo yokugcina esingeke siyibikezele.

Ubusika obufudumele buyosho ngokuqinisekile ukufa okumbalwa ngenxa yamakhaza, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamaqembu azwela kakhulu emiphumeleni yawo, njengabantu abadala. Kodwa-ke, la maqembu afanayo nawo asengozini yokuthinteka kabi ngenxa yokushisa okwengeziwe, futhi inani labantu ababulawa amagagasi okushisa liyakhula. Kukholelwa futhi ukuthi isimo sezulu esifudumele sizoba nomthelela ukufuduka izinambuzane ze-pathogenicnjengomiyane nomalaleveva kuzovela ezindaweni ezintsha ngokuphelele.

Uma ngenxa yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu izinga lolwandle lizokhuphuka ngamamitha angu-2100 ngonyaka wesi-3, lokhu kuzosho, okokuqala, ukufuduka kwabantu abaningi. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi amazinga olwandle nolwandle angagcina enyuke aze afike ku-20 m. Khonamanjalo, kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukuphakama kwe-1,8 m kungasho isidingo sokuhlalisa kabusha abantu abayizigidi ezingu-13 e-US kuphela. Umphumela uyoba futhi ukulahlekelwa okukhulu - isib. inani lempahla elahlekile ku-real estate izoba cishe izigidigidi ezingama-900 zamadola aseMelika. Uma Izinguzunga zeqhwa zase-Himalaya zizoncibilika unomphelaizovela ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka inkinga yamanzi kubantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,9. Imifula emikhulu yase-Asia igeleza isuka ezintabeni zaseHimalaya naseTibetan Plateau, ihlinzeka ngamanzi eChina naseNdiya, kanye nasemazweni amaningi amancane. Iziqhingi neziqhingi zasolwandle njengeMaldives zisengozini enkulu. Amasimu erayisi khona manje egcwele amanzi anosawotiokubhubhisa isivuno. Amanzi olwandle angcolisa imifula ngoba axubana namanzi ahlanzekile.

Omunye umphumela omubi obonwa abacwaningi ukoma emahlathini ashisayo, ekhipha i-CO eyengeziwe emkhathini₂. I-pH eshintshiwe, i.e. i-acidification yolwandle. Le nqubo yenzeka ngenxa yokumuncwa kwe-CO eyengeziwe.₂ emanzini futhi kungaba nomthelela omubi kakhulu oqeda amandla kulo lonke uchungechunge lokudla olwandle. Ukuba mhlophe kanye nezifo ezibangelwa amanzi afudumalayo nazo ziyanda ingozi yokushabalala kwamakhorali.

 Izindawo eNingizimu Melika zisemazingeni ahlukene engcuphe yokoma (ebomvu kakhulu), ngokusho kwesathelayithi yeTropical Rainfall Measuring Mission.

Ezinye zezimo ezicatshangwayo ku-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) umbiko we-AR4 nazo zikhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka umphumela wezomnotho ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ukulahleka komhlaba wezolimo nezindawo zokuhlala kulindeleke ukuthi kuphazamise ukuhwebelana komhlaba wonke, ezokuthutha, amandla kanye nezimakethe zabasebenzi, amabhange nezezimali, ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nomshwalense. Lokhu kungacekela phansi ukuzinza kwezomnotho nezenhlalo emazweni acebile nampofu. Abatshalizimali bezikhungo njengezikhwama zempesheni nezinkampani zomshwalense bazobhekana nezinselelo ezinkulu. Amazwe asathuthuka, amanye awo asengene shí ezingxabanweni zezikhali, angase abhekane nemibango emisha esenesikhathi eside ethinta amanzi, amandla noma ukudla, okulimaza kakhulu ukukhula komnotho wawo. Kuyamukelwa kabanzi ukuthi imiphumela emibi yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu izozwakala ikakhulukazi emazweni angakulungele kakhulu ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, kokubili kwezenhlalo nakwezomnotho.

Nokho, lokho ososayensi besimo sezulu abakwesaba kakhulu kuyikho ushintsho olufana ne-avalanche olunomphumela okhulayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma amaqhwa ancibilika ngokushesha, ulwandle lumunca ukushisa okwengeziwe, kuvimbele ukuba iqhwa lasebusika lingabuyeli, futhi isimiso singena emjikelezweni oqhubekayo wokuncipha. Okunye okukhathazayo kufaka phakathi ukuphazamiseka kwemisinga yasolwandle noma imijikelezo yezimvula zase-Asia nase-Afrika, okungase kuthinte izigidigidi zezimpilo. Kuze kube manje, azikho izimpawu zoshintsho olufana ne-avalanche ezitholiwe, kodwa ukwesaba akunciphi.

Ingabe ukufudumala kuyathandeka?

Kodwa-ke, kukhona abakholelwa ukuthi ibhalansi yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu isalungile futhi izohlala injalo isikhathi esithile. Isiphetho esifanayo senziwa eminyakeni eminingi edlule nguProf. Richard Tol waseNyuvesi yaseSussex - ngemuva nje kokuhlaziya ucwaningo ngemithelela yezehlakalo zesimo sezulu esizayo. Esihlokweni esanyatheliswa ngo-2014 njengesahluko sencwadi ethi “Zingakanani izinkinga zomhlaba eziwudle umhlaba wonke?”, ehlelwe nguBjorn Lomborg, inhloko ye-Copenhagen Consensus, uProf. UTol uthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kube nomthelela ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yabantu kanye neplanethi. Nokho, lokhu akukona lokho okuthiwa ukuphika isimo sezulu. Akaphiki ukuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni kuyenzeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukholelwa ukuthi bazoqhubeka bezuzisa isikhathi eside, futhi ngemva kuka-2080 cishe bazoqala ukulimaza umhlaba.

Kodwa-ke, u-Tol ulinganisela ukuthi kuze kube manje imiphumela eyinzuzo yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu yenza u-1,4% womkhiqizo womnotho womhlaba wonke, nokuthi ngo-2025 leli zinga lizokhuphuka libe ngu-1,5%. Le nzuzo izoba ngaphansi ngo-2050, kodwa kulindeleke ukuthi ibe ngu-1,2% futhi ingabi yinegative kuze kube ngu-2080. Uma umnotho womhlaba uqhubeka ukhula ngo-3% ngonyaka, ngaleso sikhathi umuntu ovamile uyobe ecebe ngokuphindwe kayisishiyagalolunye kunanamuhla, futhi i-Bangladesh ephansi, isibonelo, izokwazi ukukhokhela isivikelo esifana nesezikhukhula amaDashi anaso namuhla. .

NgokukaRichard Tol, izinzuzo eziyinhloko zokufudumala kwembulunga yonke yilezi: ukufa okumbalwa kwasebusika, izindleko eziphansi zamandla, isivuno esiphezulu sezolimo, ngokunokwenzeka ukuncipha kwesomiso kanye nokuhlukahluka kwemvelo okungenzeka okukhulu. Ngokusho kuka-Toll, kuyabanda, hhayi ukushisa, okuwumbulali omkhulu wesintu. Ngakho-ke, akavumelani nezitatimende zesayensi ezithandwayo njengamanje, futhi eveza ukuthi ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-carbon dioxide kusebenza, phakathi kwezinye izinto, njengomanyolo owengeziwe wezitshalo. Uphawula ukwanda okukhulunywe ngakho ngaphambili kwendawo eluhlaza kwezinye izindawo ezomile kuze kube manje, njenge-African Sahel. Yiqiniso, kwezinye izimo i-desiccation akushiwo - ngisho nasemahlathini ashisayo. Kodwa-ke, ngokwezifundo azibalulayo, isivuno sezinye izitshalo, njengommbila, ngenxa yenani eliphezulu le-CO.₂ khula.

Ngempela, kuvela imibiko yesayensi mayelana nemiphumela emihle engalindelekile yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, isibonelo, ekukhiqizeni ukotini enyakatho yeCameroon. Ukwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa okulinganiselwa ku-0,05°C ngonyaka kunciphisa umjikelezo wezitshalo ngezinsuku ezingu-0,1 ngonyaka ngaphandle kokuba nomthelela omubi ezivunweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphumela wokuvundisa wokunothisa kwe-CO₂ izokwandisa isivuno salezi zitshalo cishe ngamakhilogremu angama-30 ehektheleni. Amaphethini emvula cishe azoshintsha, kodwa amamodeli esifunda afinyelela kwayisithupha asetshenziselwa ukudala amaphethini wezulu wesikhathi esizayo awabikezeli ukwehla kwemvula—imodeli eyodwa ibikezela nokukhuphuka kwemvula.

Nokho, izibikezelo azinalo ithemba kangako kuyo yonke indawo. E-US, ukukhiqizwa kukakolweni kubikwa ukuthi kuncipha ezindaweni ezifudumele njengasenyakatho-maphakathi neTexas. Ngokuphambene, izindawo ezipholile ezifana ne-Nebraska, i-South Dakota ne-North Dakota zibone ukwanda okukhulu kusukela ngeminyaka yama-90s. Ithemba uProf. Ngakho-ke i-Tola cishe ayilungile, ikakhulukazi ngokucabangela yonke idatha etholakalayo.

U-Bjorn Lomborg okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla ubelokhu edonsela ukunaka iminyaka eminingi ekungalinganini phakathi kwezindleko zokulwa nokushisa komhlaba kanye nemiphumela engaba khona. Ngo-2016 uthe kumabonakude i-CBS kungaba kuhle ukubona imithelela emihle yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, noma ngabe imibi ingaphezu kwayo, bese beqhamuka nezindlela ezintsha zokulwa nezingezinhle.

- - Uthe -.

Uguquko lwesimo sezulu lungaba nezinzuzo ezithile, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi lusatshalaliswe ngokungalingani futhi lulingane, noma ludlule imithelela engemihle. Yebo, noma yikuphi ukuqhathanisa kwemiphumela ethile emihle nemibi kunzima, kufaka phakathi ngoba kuzohluka kuye ngendawo nesikhathi. Noma ngabe yisiphi isimo, abantu kuzofanela bakhombise ukuthi yini ebilokhu iyinzuzo emlandweni wokuvela komhlaba - ikhono lokuzivumelanisa nezimo nokusinda ezimweni zemvelo ezintsha.