Babukeka kanjani abafokazi?

Ingabe sinesizathu nelungelo lokulindela ukuthi ama-Aliens azofana nathi? Kungase kuvele ukuthi bafana kakhulu nokhokho bethu. Okhokho abakhulu futhi izikhathi eziningi.

U-Matthew Wills, isazi sesayensi yezinto eziphilayo e-University of Bath e-UK, usanda kulingeka ukuba acabangele ukwakheka komzimba okungenzeka kube izakhamuzi ezingase zibe khona kumaplanethi angaphandle kwelanga. Ngo-August walo nyaka, wakhumbula ephephabhukwini phys.org ukuthi ngesikhathi okuthiwa. Ngesikhathi seCambrian Explosion (ukwanda okungazelelwe kokuphila emanzini cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-542 edlule), ukwakheka komzimba kwezinto eziphilayo kwakuhluke kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaleso sikhathi kwakuhlala u-Opabinia, isilwane esinamehlo amahlanu. Ngokwethiyori, kungenzeka ukuthuthukisa uhlobo oluhlakaniphile olunale nombolo yezitho ezibukwayo. Ngalezo zinsuku kwakukhona neDinomischus efana nembali. Kuthiwani uma u-Opabinia noma u-Dinomischus eba nempumelelo yokuzala nokuziphendukela kwemvelo? Ngakho-ke kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi abafokazi bangahluka kakhulu kithi, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo basondele ngandlela-thile.

Imibono ehluke ngokuphelele mayelana nokwenzeka kokuphila kuma-exoplanets iyashayisana. Abanye bangathanda ukubona ukuphila emkhathini njengento yendawo yonke futhi ehlukahlukene. Abanye baxwayisa ngokuba nethemba elikhulu. U-Paul Davis, isazi sefiziksi kanye nesazi sendawo yonke e-Arizona State University kanye nomlobi we-Eerie Silence, ukholelwa ukuthi ukuphindaphindeka kwama-exoplanet kungadukisa ngoba amathuba ezibalo ama-molecule okuphila akha ngokungahleliwe ahlala emancane ngisho nenani elikhulu lomhlaba. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izazi eziningi ze-exobiology, kuhlanganise nalezo ezivela ku-NASA, zikholelwa ukuthi akukho okuningi okudingekayo empilweni - okudingekayo kuphela amanzi awuketshezi, umthombo wamandla, amanye ama-hydrocarbon kanye nesikhathi esincane.

Kodwa ngisho nomuntu othandabuzayo uDavis ekugcineni uyavuma ukuthi ukucatshangelwa kokungenzeki akubheki ukuthi kungenzeka yini lokho akubiza ngokuthi ukuphila kwethunzi, okungasekelwe kukhabhoni namaprotheni kodwa ezinqubweni ezihluke ngokuphelele zamakhemikhali nezomzimba.

Uhlala i-silicon?

Ngo-1891, isazi sezinkanyezi saseJalimane uJulius Schneider sabhala lokho ukuphila akudingekile ukuba kusekelwe kukhabhoni nezinhlanganisela zayo. Ingase futhi isekelwe ku-silicon, into eseqenjini elifanayo kuthebula le-periodic njengekhabhoni, efana nekhabhoni enama-electron ama-valence amane futhi imelana kakhulu kunayo nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu lesikhala.

Ikhemikhali yekhabhoni ngokuyinhloko i-organic ngoba iyingxenye yazo zonke izinhlanganisela eziyisisekelo "zokuphila": amaprotheni, ama-nucleic acid, amafutha, ushukela, amahomoni namavithamini. Kungenzeka ngendlela yamaketanga aqondile namagatsha, ngendlela ye-cyclic ne-gaseous (methane, carbon dioxide). Phela, yi-carbon dioxide, ngenxa yezitshalo, elawula umjikelezo we-carbon emvelweni (ingasaphathwa indima yayo yesimo sezulu). Ama-molecule e-organic carbon akhona emvelweni ngendlela eyodwa yokujikeleza (chirality): kuma-nucleic acid, ushukela u-dextrorotatory kuphela, kumaprotheni nama-amino acids ayi-levorotatory. Lesi sici, namanje esingachazwanga abacwaningi emhlabeni we-prebiotic, senza ama-carbon compounds aqashelwe ngokukhethekile ezinye izinhlanganisela (isibonelo, ama-nucleic acid ngama-nucleolytic enzymes). Izibopho zamakhemikhali ezinhlanganisela zekhabhoni zizinzile ngokwanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphila kwazo isikhathi eside, kodwa inani lamandla ekuqhekekeni nasekubunjweni kwazo liqinisekisa izinguquko ze-metabolic, ukubola kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwento ephilayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-athomu e-carbon kuma-molecule e-organic avame ukuxhunyaniswa ngamabhondi aphindwe kabili noma aphindwe kathathu, okunquma ukusebenza kabusha kwawo kanye nokucaciswa kokuphendula kwe-metabolic. I-silicon ayiwakhi ama-polymers we-polyatomic; ayisebenzi kakhulu. Umkhiqizo we-silicon oxidation yi-silica, ethatha ifomu le-crystalline.

I-silicon yakha (njenge-silica) amagobolondo ahlala njalo noma "amathambo" angaphakathi ebhaktheriya athile namaseli aneseli elilodwa. Ayikhombisi ukuthambekela ekubeni i-chiral noma ukudala amabhondi angagcwele. Imane izinze kakhulu kumakhemikhali ukuba ibe yisakhiwo esithile sezinto eziphilayo. Kuye kwafakazela ukuthi kuyathakazelisa kakhulu izicelo zezimboni: ku-elekthronikhi njenge-semiconductor, kanye nesici esidala ama-high-molecular compounds abizwa ngokuthi ama-silicones, asetshenziselwa izimonyo, i-parapharmaceuticals yezinqubo zezokwelapha (izimila), ekwakheni nasembonini (amapende, amarabha). ama-elastomers).

Njengoba ungase ubone, akukhona nje ukuba khona kwengozi noma isifiso sokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuthi ukuphila kwasemhlabeni kusekelwe ezinhlanganisela zekhabhoni. Kodwa-ke, ukunikeza i-silicon ithuba elincane, kwakucatshangelwa ukuthi esikhathini se-prebiotic, kwakuphezu kwe-silica ye-crystalline ukuthi izinhlayiya ezine-chirality eziphambene zihlukanisiwe, okwasiza esinqumweni sokukhetha uhlobo olulodwa kuphela kuma-molecule e-organic. .

Abagqugquzeli be "impilo ye-silicon" bathi umbono wabo awunangqondo neze, ngoba lesi sici, njengekhabhoni, sidala izibopho ezine. Omunye umqondo wukuthi i-silicon ingakha amakhemikhali afanayo kanye nezindlela zokuphila ezifanayo. Isazi sezinkanyezi esidumile uMax Bernstein we-NASA Research Headquarters e-Washington siphawula ukuthi mhlawumbe indlela yokuthola ukuphila kwangaphandle okusekelwe ku-silicon iwukubheka ama-molecule e-silicon enamandla amakhulu noma amaketanga angazinzile. Kodwa-ke, asihlangani nezinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi eziqinile ezisekelwe ku-hydrogen ne-silicon, njengoba kunjalo nge-carbon. Amaketanga ekhabhoni akhona kuma-lipids, kodwa izinhlanganisela ezifanayo ezibandakanya i-silicon ngeke ziqine. Nakuba i-carbon ne-oxygen compounds ingakheka futhi iphule (njengoba yenza emizimbeni yethu ngaso sonke isikhathi), i-silicon ihlukile.

Izimo nezimo ezizungezile zamaplanethi eMhlabeni zihlukahlukene kangangokuthi ezinye izinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali eziningi zingaba isincibilikisi esingcono sesakhiwo ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukile kulezo esizaziyo eMhlabeni. Kungenzeka ukuthi izinto eziphilayo ezakha i-silicon zizobonisa ubude bempilo ende kakhulu kanye nokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu. Kodwa-ke, akwaziwa ukuthi bazokwazi yini ukudlula esigabeni sama-microorganisms zibe izinto ezisezingeni eliphakeme, ezikwaziyo, isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa kobuhlakani, ngakho-ke impucuko.

Kukhona nemibono yokuthi amanye amaminerali (hhayi nje asekelwe ku-silicon) agcina ulwazi - njenge-DNA, lapho agcinwa khona ochungechungeni olungafundwa ukusuka komunye umkhawulo kuya komunye. Kodwa-ke, i-mineral ingabagcina ezinhlangothini ezimbili (ngaphezulu kwayo). Amakristalu “akhula” lapho kuvela ama-athomu amasha wegobolondo. Ngakho uma sichoboza ikristalu futhi iqala ukukhula futhi, kuyoba njengokuzalwa kwento ephilayo entsha, futhi ulwazi lungadluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Kodwa ingabe ikristalu elikhiqizayo liyaphila? Kuze kube manje, abukho ubufakazi obutholakele bokuthi amaminerali angakwazi ukudlulisa "idatha" ngale ndlela.

Ingcosana ye-arsenic

Akuyona nje i-silicon ejabulisa abathanda ukuphila ngaphandle kwe-carbon. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, umuzwa wadalwa yimibiko yocwaningo oluxhaswe yi-NASA e-Mono Lake (e-California) oludalule ukutholakala kohlobo lwebhaktheriya, i-GFAJ-1A, esebenzisa i-arsenic ku-DNA yayo. I-Phosphorus, esesimweni sezinhlanganisela ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-phosphates, iyakha, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Umgogodla we-DNA ne-RNA, kanye namanye ama-molecule abalulekile njenge-ATP ne-NAD, abalulekile ekudlulisweni kwamandla kumaseli. I-Phosphorus ibonakala ibalulekile, kodwa i-arsenic, eduze kwayo etafuleni le-periodic, inezici ezifanayo kakhulu.

Abafokazi abavela ku-"War of the Worlds" - ukubuka ngeso

UMax Bernstein okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla uphawule ngalokhu, epholisa isasasa. “Umphumela wocwaningo lwaseCalifornia wawuthakazelisa kakhulu, kodwa ukwakheka kwalezi zinto eziphilayo kwakusenekhabhoni. Endabeni yalezi zinambuzane, i-arsenic ithathe indawo ye-phosphorus esakhiweni, kodwa hhayi i-carbon, "wachaza kwesinye sezitatimende zakhe zabezindaba. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene ezikhona eMkhathini, akunakugwenywa ukuthi ukuphila, okukwazi kakhulu ukuzivumelanisa nendawo ezungezile, kwakungase kuthuthuke ngesisekelo sezakhi ngaphandle kwe-silicon nekhabhoni. I-chlorine nesibabule nakho kungakha ama-molecule amade namabhondi. Kunamagciwane asebenzisa isulfure esikhundleni se-oxygen ukuze asebenze. Sazi izakhi eziningi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ezingasebenza kangcono kunekhabhoni njengezinto zokwakha zezinto eziphilayo. Njengoba nje kunezinhlanganisela eziningi zamakhemikhali ezingasebenza njengamanzi endaweni ethile endaweni yonke. Kumelwe sikhumbule futhi ukuthi cishe kunezakhi zamakhemikhali ezisemkhathini ezingakatholwa ngumuntu. Mhlawumbe, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ukuba khona kwezakhi ezithile kungaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwalezi zinhlobo zokuphila ezithuthukile njengaseMhlabeni.

Abafokazi abavela ku-movie ethi "Predator"

Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ama-alien esingase sihlangane nawo endaweni yonke ngeke abe yindalo nhlobo, ngisho noma siqonda izinto eziphilayo kalula (okungukuthi, kucatshangelwa amakhemikhali ngaphandle kwekhabhoni). Kungaba... ubuhlakani bokwenziwa. UStuart Clark, umbhali we-Search for Earth's Twin, ungomunye wabasekeli balo mbono. Ugcizelela ukuthi ukucabangela izimo ezinjalo eziphuthumayo kungaxazulula izinkinga eziningi, njengokujwayela ukuhamba emkhathini noma isidingo sezimo “ezilungile” zokuphila.

Noma ngabe kuxakile kangakanani, kugcwele izilo ezimbi, izilwane ezinonya kanye nabafokazi abanamehlo amakhulu asethuthuke kwezobuchwepheshe, imibono yethu mayelana nezakhamuzi ezingaba khona zeminye imihlaba isahlotshaniswa ngandlela thize nezinhlobo zabantu noma izilwane ezaziwa yithi eMhlabeni. Kubonakala sengathi singakucabanga nje lokho esikuhlobanisa nalokho esikwaziyo. Ngakho-ke umbuzo uwukuthi, ingabe singaphinde siqaphele abafokazi abanjalo ngandlela-thile abahlobene nomcabango wethu? Lokhu kungaba inkinga enkulu lapho sihlangabezana nokuthile noma othile “ohluke ngokuphelele.”

Sikumema ukuthi uzijwayeze Isihloko senkinga ku.