Luye lwabalwa kanjani usuku lwePhasika phakathi namakhulu eminyaka?

Kulesi sihloko, sizokutshela ukuthi isayensi yezinkanyezi yayihlobene kanjani nezibalo, ukuthi mangaki amakhulu eminyaka ososayensi banamuhla bathatha impumelelo yezazi zezinkanyezi zasendulo, nokuthi bangakuthola kanjani lokho okuhlangenwe nakho nokuqaphela kwaqinisekisa umbono.

Uma sifuna ukuhlola usuku lwePhasika elilandelayo namuhla, vele ubheke ikhalenda futhi konke kuzocaca ngokushesha. Nokho, ukubeka izinsuku zeholide bekungelula ngaso sonke isikhathi.

14 noma 15 nisan?

Easter liyiholide lobuKristu elibaluleke kakhulu laminyaka yonke. Wonke amavangeli amane ayavuma ukuthi uSuku Olungcwele lwalungoLwesihlanu nokuthi abafundi bathola ithuna likaKristu lingenalutho ngeSonto emva kwePhasika. IPhasika lamaJuda ligujwa ngoNisan 15 ngokwekhalenda yamaJuda.

Abavangeli abathathu babika ukuthi uKristu wabethelwa esiphambanweni ngoNisan 15. ISt. UJohane wabhala ukuthi kwakunguNisan 14, futhi kwakuyinguqulo yakamuva yezenzakalo eyayibhekwa njengengenzeka kakhulu. Nokho, ukuhlaziya idatha etholakalayo akuzange kuholele ekukhethweni kosuku olulodwa oluqondile lovuko.

Ngakho-ke, imithetho yokuchazwa kwakufanele kuvunyelwane ngandlela thize Izinsuku zePhasika eminyakeni elandelayo. Izingxabano nokucwengwa kwezindlela zokubala lezi zinsuku kuthathe amakhulu eminyaka. Ekuqaleni, empumalanga yoMbuso WaseRoma, ukubethelwa kwakukhunjulwa minyaka yonke ngoNisan 14.

Usuku lweholide lamaJuda lePhasika lunqunywa izigaba zenyanga ekhalendeni lamaJuda futhi lungawela nganoma yiluphi usuku lwesonto. Ngakho-ke, umkhosi we-Pasion of the Lord kanye nomkhosi wovuko wawungase ube nganoma yiluphi usuku lwesonto.

ERoma, kwakunenkolelo yokuthi inkumbulo yovuko kufanele njalo igujwe ngeSonto ngemva kwePhasika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uNisan 15 uthathwa njengosuku lokubethelwa kukaKristu. Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD, kwanqunywa ukuthi iSonto lePhasika linganduleli i-equinox yasentwasahlobo.

Kanti ngeSonto

Ngo-313, ababusi boMbuso WaseRoma osentshonalanga nasempumalanga, uConstantine Omkhulu (272-337) noLicinius (c. 260-325), bakhipha i-Edict of Milan, eyayiqinisekisa inkululeko engokwenkolo eMbusweni WaseRoma, eyayiqondiswe ikakhulukazi kumaKristu. (1). Ngo-325, uConstantine Omkhulu wabiza umkhandlu eNicaea, amakhilomitha angama-80 ukusuka eConstantinople (2).

USam wayeyiphatha njalo. Ngaphezu kwemibuzo yezenkolo ebaluleke kakhulu - njengokuthi uNkulunkulu uBaba wayekhona yini ngaphambi kweNdodana kaNkulunkulu - nokudalwa kwemithetho yeBhayibheli, kwaxoxwa ngombuzo wosuku lwamaholide eSonto.

Kwanqunywa ukuthi iPhasika lizogujwa ngeSonto ngemva “kwenyanga egcwele” yokuqala entwasahlobo, echazwa njengosuku lweshumi nane ngemva kokuvela kokuqala kwenyanga ngemva kokuthwasa kwenyanga.

Lolu suku ngesiLatini inyanga XIV. Inyanga egcwele yezinkanyezi ngokuvamile ivela ngeNyanga XV, futhi kabili ngonyaka ngisho nangeNyanga XVI. UMbusi uConstantine naye wakhipha umthetho wokuthi ama-Easter akufanele agujwe ngosuku olufanayo nePhasika lamaJuda.

Uma ibandla laseNice lanquma usuku lwePhasika, akunjalo. iresiphi eyinkimbinkimbi yedethi yalawa maholideisayensi ngokuqinisekile yayiyothuthuka ngendlela ehlukile emakhulwini eminyaka alandela. Indlela yokubala idethi yovuko ithole igama lesiLatin elithi computus. Kwakudingeka ukusungula usuku oluqondile lwamaholide azayo esikhathini esizayo, ngoba umkhosi ngokwawo wandulela ukuzila ukudla, futhi kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ungaqala nini.

incwadi yokubika

Izindlela zakuqala ukubala usuku lwephasika zazisekelwe emjikelezweni weminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Umjikelezo weminyaka engama-84 nawo wasungulwa, oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kodwa hhayi ongcono kunowangaphambili. Inzuzo yakhe kwakuyinani eligcwele lamasonto. Nakuba ingazange isebenze ekusebenzeni, yasetshenziswa isikhathi eside impela.

Isixazululo esingcono kakhulu kwaba umjikelezo weminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye we-Meton (isazi sezinkanyezi sase-Athene), owabalwa cishe ngo-433 BC.

Ngokusho kwakhe, njalo eminyakeni engu-19, izigaba zenyanga ziphinda ngezinsuku ezifanayo zezinyanga ezilandelanayo zonyaka welanga. (Kamuva kwavela ukuthi lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele - umehluko cishe ihora nesigamu umjikelezo ngamunye).

Ngokuvamile ama-Easter ayebalelwa imijikelezo emihlanu ye-Metonic, okungukuthi, iminyaka engu-95. Izibalo zosuku lwama-Easter zaba inkimbinkimbi nakakhulu iqiniso elaziwa ngaleso sikhathi lokuthi njalo ngemva kweminyaka engu-128 ikhalenda likaJulius lalichezuka ngosuku olulodwa onyakeni wezindawo ezishisayo.

Ekhulwini lesine, lokhu kuhluka kwafinyelela izinsuku ezintathu. ISt. UTheophilus (owashona ngo-412) - uMbhishobhi wase-Alexandria - wabala izibhebhe zePhasika iminyaka eyikhulu kusukela ku-380. UCyril (378-444), umalume wakhe kwakunguSt. UTheophilus wasungula izinsuku zeSonto Elikhulu ngemijikelezo emihlanu ye-Metonic, eqala ngonyaka wama-437 (3).

Nokho, amaKristu aseNtshonalanga awazange ayamukele imiphumela yokubala kososayensi baseMpumalanga. Enye yezinkinga futhi kwakuwukunquma usuku lwe-vernal equinox. Engxenyeni yamaGreki, lolu suku lwalubhekwa njengoMashi 21, futhi ngesiLatini - Mashi 25. AmaRoma nawo asebenzisa umjikelezo weminyaka engama-84 kanti ama-Alexandria asebenzisa umjikelezo weMetonic.

Ngenxa yalokho, lokhu kwaholela eminyakeni ethile ekugubheni i-Easter empumalanga ngosuku oluhlukile kunasentshonalanga. UVictoria wase-Aquitaine waphila ekhulwini lesi-457, wasebenza ekhalendeni lama-Easter kwaze kwaba ngu-84. Ubonise ukuthi umjikelezo weminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye ungcono kunowonyaka we-532. Uphinde wathola ukuthi izinsuku zeSonto Elingcwele ziphinda njalo eminyakeni engama-XNUMX.

Le nombolo itholakala ngokuphindaphinda ubude bomjikelezo weminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye ngomjikelezo wonyaka we-leap weminyaka emine kanye nenani lezinsuku evikini. Izinsuku zoVuko ezibalwe nguye azizange zihambisane nemiphumela yezibalo zososayensi baseMpumalanga. Amaphilisi akhe agunyazwa e-Orléans ngo-541 futhi asetshenziswa eGaul (iFrance yanamuhla) kwaze kwaba yisikhathi sikaCharlemagne.

Abangane abathathu - uDionysius, uCassiodorus noBoethius no-Anna Domini

Do Ukubala kwebhodi lePhasika UDionysius Omncane (c. 470-c. 544) (4) waziyeka izindlela zamaRoma futhi walandela indlela eyaboniswa izazi zamaGreki zaseNayile Delta, okungukuthi waqhubeka nomsebenzi kaSt. Kirill.

U-Dionysius waqeda ukuzimela kwezazi zase-Aleksandriya mayelana namandla okuqamba iSonto Lovuko.

Wazibala njengemijikelezo ye-Metonic emihlanu kusukela ngo-532 AD. Wabuye wasungula izinto ezintsha. Khona-ke iminyaka yabhalwa ngokwenkathi kaDiocletian.

Njengoba lombusi ayeshushisa amaKristu, uDionysius wathola indlela efaneleke kakhulu yokuphawula iminyaka, okungukuthi kusukela ekuZalweni kukaKristu, noma u-anni Domini nostri Jesus Christi.

Ngandlela thize, wabala lolu suku ngokungalungile, wenza iphutha iminyaka eminingana. Namuhla kuyamukelwa kabanzi ukuthi uJesu wazalwa phakathi kuka 2 no 8 BC. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngo 7 BC. ukuhlangana kweJupiter neSaturn kwenzeka. Lokhu kwanikeza isibhakabhaka umphumela wento ekhanyayo, engabonakala neNkanyezi yaseBetlehema.

UCassiodorus (485-583) wenza umsebenzi wokuphatha enkantolo yaseTheodoric, wabe esesungula indlu yezindela eVivarium, ngaleso sikhathi eyayihlukaniswa yiqiniso lokuthi yayihileleke kwezesayensi futhi yalondoloza imibhalo yesandla emitapo yolwazi yasemadolobheni nasezikoleni zasendulo. UCassiodorus wadonsela ukunakekela ekubalulekeni okukhulu kwezibalo, ngokwesibonelo, ocwaningweni lwesayensi yezinkanyezi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokokuqala ngqa kusukela UDionysius wasebenzisa igama elithi Anna Domini ngo-562 AD encwadini yokufunda yokunquma usuku lwePhasika, iComputus Paschalis. Leli bhukwana laliqukethe iresiphi esebenzayo yokubala usuku ngokwendlela kaDionysius futhi lasakazwa ngamakhophi amaningi emitapo yolwazi. Indlela entsha yokubala iminyaka kusukela ekuzalweni kukaKristu yamukelwa kancane kancane.

Kungashiwo ukuthi ngekhulu lama-480 lase lisetshenziswe kabanzi, nakuba, ngokwesibonelo, kwezinye izindawo eSpain yamukelwa kuphela ngekhulu lama-525 ngokubusa kukaTheodoric, wahumusha i-geometry ka-Euclid, i-Archimedes' mechanics, i-astronomy kaPtolemy. , ifilosofi kaPlato kanye nengqondo ka-Aristotle ngesiLatini, futhi wabhala nezincwadi zokufunda. Imisebenzi yakhe yaba umthombo wolwazi kubacwaningi bakusasa beNkathi Ephakathi.

Iphasika leCeltic

Manje ake siye enyakatho. EReims ngo-496, inkosi yaseGallic uClovis yabhapathizwa kanye nama-franc ayizinkulungwane ezintathu. Ngisho nangaphezulu ngale ndlela, ngaphesheya kwe-English Channel eBritish Isles, amaKristu oMbuso WaseRoma ayephila ngaphambili kakhulu.

Bahlukaniswa neRoma isikhathi eside, kusukela ibutho lokugcina lamaRoma lasuka esiqhingini samaCeltic ngo-410 AD. Ngakho, lapho, ngokuhlukaniswa, kwasungulwa amasiko namasiko ahlukene. Kukulesi simo lapho kwakhula khona inkosi yamaCeltic engumKristu yaseNorthumbria Oswiu (612-670). Unkosikazi wakhe, u-Princess Enflaed wase-Kent, wakhuliswa ngesiko lamaRoma elalethwa eningizimu yeNgilandi ngo-596 yinxusa likaPapa Gregory u-Augustine.

INkosi neNdlovukazi babegubha iPhasika umuntu ngamunye ngokwesiko abakhule ngalo. Ngokuvamile izinsuku zamaholide bavumelana bodwa, kodwa hhayi njalo, njengoba benza ngo-664. Kwaba yisimanga ngesikhathi inkosi isivele igubha amaholide enkantolo, nendlovukazi isazilile futhi igubha iSonto Lesundu.

AmaCelt asebenzisa indlela kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lesi-84, ngokusekelwe emjikelezweni weminyaka engama-14. NgeSonto ngeSonto kungenzeka kusukela enyangeni XIV kuya enyangeni XX, i.e. leli holide lingawela ncamashi ngosuku lwe-XNUMX ngemva kokuthwasa kwenyanga, okwakuphikiswa kakhulu ngaphandle kweziQhingi zaseBrithani.

ERoma, umkhosi wenziwa phakathi kwenyanga XV kanye nenyanga XXI. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaCelt akhulume ngokubethelwa kukaJesu esiphambanweni ngoLwesine. Indodana kuphela yombhangqwana wasebukhosini, owakhuliswa ngamasiko kanina, wancenga uyise ukuba amhlele. Kwase kuthi eWhitby, esigodlweni sezindela eStreanaschalch, kwaba nomhlangano wabefundisi, okukhumbuza uMkhandlu waseNicaea emakhulwini amathathu eminyaka ngaphambili (5).

Nokho, kungaba khona isisombululo esisodwa kuphela, ukwenqatshwa kwamasiko eCeltic nokuzithoba eBandleni lamaRoma. Ingxenye kuphela yabefundisi baseWales nabase-Ireland yahlala isikhathi esithile ngaphansi kwesimiso esidala.

5. Amanxiwa endlu yesigodlo lapho isinodi yayibanjelwe khona eWhitby. UMike Peel

Lapho kungeyona i-spring equinox

UBede the Venerable (672–735) wayeyindela, umbhali, uthisha kanye nombhidisi wekwaya esigodlweni sezindela eNorthumbria. Wayehlala kude nezinto ezikhangayo zamasiko nezesayensi yangaleso sikhathi, kodwa wakwazi ukubhala izincwadi ezingamashumi ayisithupha ngeBhayibheli, igeography, umlando, izibalo, ukugcina isikhathi, neminyaka ye-leap.

6. Ikhasi elivela ku-Venerable Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum

Wenza nezibalo zezinkanyezi. Angasebenzisa umtapo wezincwadi ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amane. Ukuhlukaniswa kwakhe ngokwengqondo kwakukhulu nakakhulu kunokuhlukaniswa kwakhe ngokwendawo.

Kulo mongo, angafaniswa no-Isidore wangaphambili waseSeville (560-636), owathola ulwazi lwasendulo futhi wabhala ngesayensi yezinkanyezi, izibalo, izikhathi, kanye ukubala usuku lwephasika.

Kodwa-ke, u-Isidore, esebenzisa ukuphindaphinda kwabanye ababhali, wayevame ukungaqambi. UBede, encwadini yakhe eyayidumile ngaleso sikhathi ethi Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, eyabhalwa kusukela ekuzalweni kukaKristu (6).

Wahlukanisa izinhlobo ezintathu zesikhathi: esinqunywa imvelo, isiko negunya, kokubili esomuntu nesaphezulu.

Wayekholelwa ukuthi isikhathi sikaNkulunkulu sikhulu kunanoma yisiphi esinye isikhathi. Omunye wemisebenzi yakhe, i-De temporum ratione, yayingenakuqhathaniswa ngesikhathi nekhalenda emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka alandelayo. Yayiqukethe ukuphindaphinda kolwazi osekwaziwa kakade, kanye nezinto azizuzile umbhali. Yayidumile ngeNkathi Ephakathi futhi ingatholakala emitatsheni yolwazi engaphezu kwekhulu.

UBede wabuyela kulesi sihloko iminyaka eminingi. ukubala usuku lwephasika. Ubale izinsuku zamaholide oVuko zomjikelezo owodwa weminyaka engama-532, kusukela ku-532 kuya ku-1063. Okubaluleke kakhulu, akagcinanga ezibalweni ngokwazo. Wakha i-sundial eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngo-730, waqaphela ukuthi i-equinox ye-vernal ayizange iwe ngo-March 25.

Wabona i-autumnal equinox ngoSepthemba 19. Ngakho waqhubeka nokubona kwakhe, futhi lapho ebona i-equinox elandelayo entwasahlobo ka-731, waqaphela ukuthi ukusho ukuthi unyaka uhlanganisa izinsuku ezingu-365/XNUMX kuwukulinganiselwa kuphela. Kungase kuqashelwe lapha ukuthi ikhalenda likaJulian ngaleso sikhathi "lalingalungile" ngezinsuku eziyisithupha.

Indlela kaBede yokuhlola inkinga yokubala yayingakaze ibe khona eNkathini Ephakathi namakhulu eminyaka ambalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi sayo. Ngendlela, kufanele futhi wengeze ukuthi u-Bede uthole indlela yokusebenzisa amagagasi olwandle ukukala izigaba nokuzungeza kweNyanga. Imibhalo ka-Bede icashunwe ngu-Abbott Fleury (945–1004) no-Hraban Maur (780–856), abenze lula izindlela zabo zokubala futhi bathola imiphumela efanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Abbott Fleury wasebenzisa ingilazi yehora yamanzi ukuze alinganise isikhathi, idivayisi enembe kakhulu kune-sundial.

Ayanda amaqiniso awavumelani

I-German Kulavi (1013-54) - indela evela eReichenau, yaveza umbono ongafaneleki ngokuphelele ngesikhathi sakhe ukuthi iqiniso lemvelo alinakunqotshwa. Wasebenzisa i-astrolabe kanye ne-sundial, ayeyakhele ngokukhethekile.

Ayenembe kangangokuthi wathola ukuthi ngisho nezigaba zenyanga azihambisani nokubala kwekhompyutha.

Ihlola ukuthobela ikhalenda leholide izinkinga zesonto ngesayensi yezinkanyezi zavela zaba zimbi. Wazama ukulungisa izibalo zikaBede, kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. Ngakho, wathola ukuthi yonke indlela yokubala usuku lwama-Easter yayingalungile futhi isekelwe ekucabangeleni okuyiphutha kwesayensi yezinkanyezi.

Ukuthi umjikelezo we-Metonic awuhambisani nokunyakaza kwangempela kwelanga nenyanga kwatholwa nguRainer wasePaderborn (1140–90). Wabala leli nani ngosuku olulodwa eminyakeni engu-315 yekhalenda likaJulian. Wasebenzisa izibalo zaseMpumalanga ezikhathini zanamuhla ukuze enze amafomula ezibalo asetshenziswa ukubala usuku lwePhasika.

Uphinde waphawula ukuthi imizamo yokubala iminyaka yomhlaba kusukela ekudalweni kwawo ngezigigaba zeBhayibheli ezilandelanayo inephutha ngenxa yekhalenda elingalungile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX/XNUMX, uConrad waseStrasbourg wathola ukuthi isikhathi sasebusika sasebusika sase sishintshile izinsuku eziyishumi ekumisweni kwekhalenda likaJulius.

Kodwa-ke, kwaphakama umbuzo wokuthi le nombolo akufanele yini ilungiswe ukuze i-vernal equinox iwe ngo-March 21, njengoba yasungulwa eMkhandlwini waseNicaea. Isibalo esifanayo nesikaRainer wasePaderborn sabalwa uRobert Grosseteste (1175-1253) wase-University of Oxford, futhi wathola umphumela ngosuku olulodwa eminyakeni engu-304 (7).

Namuhla siluthatha njengosuku olulodwa eminyakeni engama-308,5. I-Grossetest ihlongozwa ukuthi iqale ukubala usuku lwephasika, ithatha i-vernal equinox ngoMashi 14. Ngaphezu kwesayensi yezinkanyezi, wafunda i-geometry ne-optics. Wayengaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe ngokuhlola amathiyori ngokusebenzisa isipiliyoni kanye nokubuka.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, waqinisekisa ukuthi lokho okwafinyelelwa izazi zezinkanyezi ezingamaGreki nososayensi bama-Arabhu kwakudlula ngisho nezikaBede nabanye ososayensi baseYurophu yangenkathi ephakathi. UJohn of Sacrobosco (1195-1256) omncane kancane wayenolwazi olunzulu lwezibalo nezinkanyezi, wasebenzisa i-astrolabe.

Waba nesandla ekusakazweni kwezinombolo zesi-Arabhu eYurophu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waligxeka kakhulu ikhalenda likaJulius. Ukuze alungise lokhu, wahlongoza ukweqa unyaka owodwa we-leap njalo eminyakeni engama-288 esikhathini esizayo.

Ikhalenda idinga ukubuyekezwa.

URoger Bacon (c. 1214–92) Usosayensi oyiNgisi, umboni, i-empiricist (8). Wayekholelwa ukuthi isenzo sokuhlola kufanele sithathe indawo yengxoxo-mpikiswano - ngakho-ke, akwanele nje ukwenza isiphetho, isipiliyoni siyadingeka. UBacon wabikezela ukuthi ngelinye ilanga umuntu uzokwakha izimoto, imikhumbi enamandla, izindiza.

8. Roger Bacon. Isithombe. UMichael Reeve

Wangena endlini yezindela yaseFrancisca sekwephuzile, eyisazi esivuthiwe, umbhali wezincwadi ezimbalwa kanye nomfundisi eNyuvesi yaseParis. Wayekholelwa ukuthi njengoba indalo yadalwa uNkulunkulu, kufanele ihlolisiswe, ihlolwe, futhi yenziwe yakhiwe ukuze isondeze abantu kuNkulunkulu.

Futhi ukungakwazi ukuveza ulwazi kuyinhlamba kuMdali. Wawugxeka umkhuba owenziwe izazi zezibalo nama-calculus ezingamaKristu, lapho uBede, phakathi kokunye, ephendukela ekulinganiseni izinombolo kunokuba azibale ngokuqondile.

Amaphutha ku- ukubala usuku lwephasika kwaholela, isibonelo, eqinisweni lokuthi ngo-1267 inkumbulo yoVuko yayigujwa ngosuku olungalungile.

Lapho kufanele ngabe iyashesha, abantu babengazi ngayo futhi badla inyama. Yonke eminye imikhosi, njengokwenyuka kweNkosi nePhentekoste, yayigujwa ngephutha lamasonto onke. Ubhekeni isikhathi esihlukanisayo, esinqunywa imvelo, amandla namasiko. Wayekholelwa ukuthi isikhathi sodwa siyisikhathi sikaNkulunkulu nokuthi isikhathi esinqunywa igunya singaba nephutha. UPapa unelungelo lokuchibiyela ikhalenda. Nokho, abaphathi bakapapa ngaleso sikhathi babengamqondi uBacon.

Ikhalenda likaGregory

Kwahlelwa ngendlela yokuthi i-vernal equinox izoba njalo ngoMashi 21, njengoba kwakuvunyelwene eMkhandlwini waseNicaea. Ngenxa yokungalungi okukhona, umjikelezo we-Metonic nawo wenziwa izilungiso ekhalendeni lenyanga. Ngemva kokwethulwa kwekhalenda likaGregory ngo-1582, ngokushesha lasetshenziswa amazwe obuKatolika aseYurophu.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, yamukelwa amazwe amaProthestani, kwase kuba amazwe aseMpumalanga Rite. Nokho, amasonto aseMpumalanga anamathela ezinsukwini ngokwekhalenda likaJulius. Ekugcineni, ilukuluku lomlando. Ngo-1825, iSonto LamaRoma Katolika alizange lihambisane noMkhandlu WaseNicaea. Khona-ke i-Easter yayigujwa kanyekanye nePhasika lamaJuda.