Uwashintsha kanjani amagiya ku-transmission manual

Isibalo sezimoto ezishintshwayo siyancipha minyaka yonke, okuholela ezimotweni ezinamayunithi azishintshayo, amarobhothi kanye nama-CVT. Abanikazi bezimoto abaningi, abazibheka njengabashayeli abanolwazi namakhono, abazi ukuthi bashintsha kanjani amagiya "kuma-mechanics" ngendlela efanele, ngoba abakaze babhekane nakho. Noma kunjalo, ochwepheshe beqiniso bakhetha ukusebenzisa i-transmission manual, bethi inamandla kakhulu, inikeza amathuba amaningi futhi, ngokusebenza kahle, ingahlala isikhathi eside kune-othomathikhi. Akumangalisi ukuthi zonke izimoto zezemidlalo zifakwe u-gearbox oshintshwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isidingo sokwenza izinqumo ngokuzimela mayelana nokushintshwa kwegiya elilodwa kuya kwelinye kuthuthukisa "umuzwa wemoto" womshayeli, umkhuba wokuqapha njalo imodi yokusebenza yenjini. Ukuthembeka nokugcinwa okuphezulu kwe "mechanics" kwaziswa kakhulu ngabasebenzisi futhi kuqinisekisa isidingo sezimoto ezifakwe lolu hlobo lokudlulisa. Abashayeli abangenalwazi bazohlomula ekuqondeni izimiso zokushayela imoto ehambisa ngesandla, njengoba ulwazi olunjalo alukho ngaphezu kwalokho.

Okuqukethwe

• 1 Umgomo wokusebenza kokudluliswa kwezandla
• 2 Isikhathi sokushintsha amagiya
• 3 Ungawashintsha kanjani amagiya ngendlela efanele
• 4 Ukushintsha kokudlula
• 5 Ungabhuleka kanjani ngenjini

Umgomo wokusebenza kokudluliswa kwezandla

Ijubane le-crankshaft yezinjini eziningi ezivuthayo zangaphakathi liphakathi kuka-800-8000 rpm, futhi isivinini sokujikeleza kwamasondo emoto singama-50-2500 rpm. Ukusebenza kwenjini ngesivinini esiphansi akuvumeli ipompo likawoyela ukuthi lidale ukucindezela okuvamile, ngenxa yalokho imodi "yokufa kwendlala yamafutha", efaka isandla ekugqokeni okusheshayo kwezingxenye ezihambayo. Kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezindlela zokujikeleza kwe-crankshaft yenjini namasondo emoto.

Lokhu kungafani akukwazi ukulungiswa ngezindlela ezilula, njengoba izimo ezihlukene zidinga izindlela ezahlukene zamandla. Isibonelo, ekuqaleni kokunyakaza, amandla amaningi ayadingeka ukuze anqobe inertia yokuphumula, futhi umzamo omncane kakhulu uyadingeka ukuze kugcinwe isivinini semoto esivele ishesha. Kulokhu, ijubane eliphansi lokujikeleza kwe-crankshaft yenjini, amandla ayo aphansi. I-gearbox isebenza ukuguqula i-torque etholwe ku-crankshaft yenjini ibe yimodi yamandla edingekayo kulesi simo bese idlulisela emasondweni.

I-crankcase igcwele ngaphezu kwengxenye ngamafutha ukuze kugcotshwe amagiya ahilelekile emsebenzini

Umgomo wokusebenza kwebhokisi lamagiya eliwumshini ususelwa ekusetshenzisweni kwamapheya amagiya anesilinganiso esithile segiya (isilinganiso senani lamazinyo kumagiya amabili asebenzisanayo). Njengoba yenziwe lula, igiya elingusayizi owodwa lifakwe ku-motor shaft, elinye ku-gearbox shaft. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhokisi emishini, eziyinhloko yilezi:

• Ama-shaft amabili. Isetshenziswa ezimotweni ezihamba ngamasondo angaphambili.
• I-shaft emithathu. Ifakwe ezimotweni ezidonsa ngamasondo angemuva.

Ukwakhiwa kwamabhokisi kuqukethe i-shaft esebenzayo neqhutshwayo, lapho kufakwa khona amagiya obubanzi obuthile. Ngokushintsha amapheya ahlukene amagiya, amandla ahambisanayo kanye nezindlela zejubane ziyafinyelelwa. Kunamabhokisi anamapheya angu-4,5, 6 noma ngaphezulu noma izinyathelo njengoba zibizwa kanjalo. Izimoto eziningi zino-gearbox onamagiya amahlanu kodwa ezinye azijwayelekile. Isiteji sokuqala sinegiya elilingana nelikhulu kunawo wonke, sinikeza amandla amakhulu ngesivinini esincane futhi sisetshenziselwa ukuqalisa imoto isuke ime. Igiya lesibili linenani elincane legiya, elikuvumela ukuthi ukwandise isivinini, kodwa linikeze amandla amancane, njll. Igiya lesihlanu likuvumela ukuthi ufinyelele isivinini esiphezulu emotweni yangaphambi kwe-overclocked.

Ukushintsha amagiya kwenziwa uma ukuxhuma ku-crankshaft yenjini (i-clutch) kunqanyulwa. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi eshintshwayo iyakwazi ukusuka egiyeni lokuqala isuka kwelesihlanu. Imvamisa, uguquko olusuka phezulu luye kumagiya aphansi lwenzeka ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezinkulu, kanti lapho ushintsha ukusuka kweyokuqala kuye kwelesine ngokushesha, cishe injini ayinawo amandla anele futhi iyama. Lokhu kudinga ukuthi umshayeli aqonde umgomo wokushintsha igiya.

Isikhathi sokushintsha amagiya

Kunoma yikuphi, ukuhamba kwemoto kuqala lapho uvula igiya lokuqala, noma isivinini, njengoba kubizwa ngokuthi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Bese kuthi eyesibili, eyesithathu, njll. ivulwe ngokushintshana. Azikho izidingo ezibalulekile zokulandelana kokushintsha kwegiya, izici ezinqumayo yijubane nezimo zokushayela. Kukhona uhlelo lwezincwadi zokufunda ukuze uthole ukuthi yisiphi isivinini sokushintsha amagiya:

Igiya lokuqala lisetshenziswa uma usuka, elesibili likuvumela ukuthi unyuse isivinini, elesithathu liyadingeka uma u-overtake, elesine ukushayela uzungeza idolobha, elesihlanu likuvumela ukushayela ngaphandle kwalo.

Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi wuhlelo olumaphakathi futhi oseluphelelwe yisikhathi. Abanye ochwepheshe bathi akufanele isetshenziswe ngenkathi ushayela, kuyingozi kuyunithi yamandla omshini. Isizathu siwukuthi izici lobuchwepheshe izimoto ukushintsha njalo ngonyaka, ubuchwepheshe ngcono futhi uthola amathuba amasha. Ngakho-ke, abashayeli abaningi bazama ukuqondiswa ukufundwa kwe-tachometer, ukusheshisa injini ibe ngu-2800-3200 rpm ngaphambi kokukhuphuka.

Kunzima ukuhlola njalo ukufundwa kwe-tachometer ngenkathi ushayela, futhi akuzona zonke izimoto ezinakho. Abashayeli abanolwazi baqondiswa umzwelo wabo wemvelo, balawula umsindo wenjini egijimayo nokudlidliza kwayo. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile sokusebenzisa ukudluliswa kwezandla, isipiliyoni esithile sivela, esizibonakalisa ezingeni le-reflex. Umshayeli ushintshela kwesinye isivinini ngaphandle kokungabaza.

Ungawashintsha kanjani amagiya ngendlela efanele

Umgomo wokushintsha isivinini esivamile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokudluliswa kwezandla umi kanje:

• I-clutch icindezelekile ngokuphelele. Ukunyakaza kubukhali, akufanele ungabaze.
• Ukudlulisela okufunayo kuyakhanyiswa. Udinga ukwenza kancane, kodwa ngokushesha. I-lever ihanjiswa ngokulandelana endaweni yokungathathi hlangothi, bese ijubane elifiswayo livuliwe.
• I-clutch pedal ikhishwa kahle kuze kube yilapho kwenziwa ukuxhumana, ngesikhathi esifanayo igesi yengezwe kancane. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze kunxeshezelwe ukulahleka kwesivinini.
• I-clutch ikhishwa ngokuphelele, igesi yengezwa kuze kube yilapho imodi yokushayela oyifunayo ibonakala.

Amagiya amaningi ashintshwayo ayakwazi ukushintsha amagiya ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-clutch pedal. Lokhu kusebenza kuphela ngenkathi ushayela, kuyimpoqo ukusebenzisa i-clutch pedal ukuze uqale endaweni. Ukuze ushintshe, khulula i-pedal yegesi bese uhambisa i-lever yegiya endaweni emaphakathi. Ukudluliselwa kuzozivala. Khona-ke i-lever ihanjiswa endaweni oyifunayo ehambisana negiya ofuna ukuyivula. Uma i-lever ijwayele ukuhlala endaweni, ihlala ilinde imizuzwana embalwa kuze kube yilapho isivinini senjini sifinyelela inani elifunayo ukuze i-synchronizer ingavimbeli ukuthi ingavuleki. Ama-Downshifts asebenza ngendlela efanayo, kodwa kuhle ukulinda kuze kube yilapho isivinini senjini sehla sibe yinani elifanele.

Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi akuzona zonke izinhlobo zokuhambisa ngesandla ezikwazi ukugudluka ngaphandle kwe-clutch. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ukuguqulwa kungenziwanga ngendlela efanele, umphumela uba ukukhala okukhulu kwamazinyo egiya, okubonisa izenzo ezingamukeleki. Kulesi simo, akufanele uzame ukuvula igiya, kufanele usethe i-lever ukuze ingathathi hlangothi, cindezela i-clutch pedal bese uvula isivinini ngendlela evamile.

Для подобного переключения нужен навык вождения автомобиля с механической коробкой, новичкам использовать такой приём сразу не рекомендуется. Польза от наличия подобного навыка в том, что при отказе сцепления водитель может добраться своим ходом до СТО, не вызывая эвакуатор или буксир.

Njengomthetho, amagiya angaphezu kwelesine asetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, kodwa akufanele ushintshele egiyeni eliphezulu ngaphambi kwesikhathi.

Kubashayeli be-novice, kubalulekile ukutadisha ngokucophelela umdwebo wendawo ye-lever ukuze ugweme amaphutha futhi uhlanganyele ngqo igiya elifanele. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhumbula isikhundla sejubane elibuyela emuva, ngoba inendawo yayo emabhokisini ahlukene.

Kunconywa ukuthi uzijwayeze ukufakwa kwamagiya ahlukene ukuze kungabikho okushayisayo uma ushayela. Ngenxa yabo, ijubane liyehla futhi kufanele ulayishe injini ukuze uqhubekise imoto futhi.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko owenzeka lapho ushintsha amagiya ubushelelezi, ukungabi khona kwama-jerks noma ama-jerks emoto. Lokhu kubangela ukungakhululeki kubagibeli, kunomthelela ekugugeni ngokushesha kokudluliselwa. Izinkinga ze-jerks yilezi:

• Ukukhipha igiya akusavumelaniswanga ngokucindezela i-clutch pedal.
• Ukunikezwa kwegesi kushesha kakhulu ngemva kokuvula.
• Ukungahambisani nokusebenza nge-clutch namaphedali egesi.
• Ukuma kancane uma ushintsha.

Iphutha elijwayelekile labaqalayo ukungahambisani kahle kwezenzo, umehluko phakathi kokusebenza kwe-clutch pedal kanye ne-lever yegiya. Lokhu kuvame ukuboniswa wukubhodloka kwebhokisi noma ukujeqeza kwemoto. Konke ukunyakaza kufanele kusetshenzwe ku-automatism ukuze kungacishwa i-clutch noma ezinye izinto zokudlulisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abashayeli abangenalwazi bavame ukufika sekwephuzile uma befaka igiya lesibili noma ngokuvamile abaqondi kahle ekukhetheni ijubane elifanele. Kunconywa ukuthi ugxile emsindweni wenjini, okwazi kangcono ukukhombisa ukugcwala ngokweqile noma ukusheshisa okunganele. Lokhu kunomthelela emnothweni kaphethiloli, njengoba ukushintshwa okufika ngesikhathi kugiya eliphakeme kukuvumela ukuthi unciphise isivinini senjini, futhi, ngokufanele, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli.

Njalo hlola ukuthi i-shift lever ayithathi hlangothi ngaphambi kokuqala injini. Uma kukhona igiya elibambisene, imoto izogxuma iye phambili noma emuva uma iqala, okungase kudale ingozi noma ingozi.

Ukushintsha kokudlula

Ukweqa kuwumsebenzi onesibopho futhi oyingozi kakhulu. Ingozi eyinhloko engenzeka lapho udlula ukulahlekelwa isivinini, okwandisa isikhathi sokuqedela ukuhamba. Ngenkathi ushayela, izimo zihlala ziphakama lapho imizuzwana inquma yonke into, futhi akwamukelekile ukuvumela ukubambezeleka lapho udlula. Isidingo sokugcina kanye nokunyusa isivinini yimbangela yamaphutha avamile abashayeli abangenalwazi - bashintshela egiyeni eliphezulu, balindele ukuthi indlela yokushayela izoshuba. Eqinisweni, kwenzeka okuphambene - imoto, lapho ishintsha, ilahlekelwa isivinini futhi iphinde iphinde ithathe isikhashana.

Lapho udlula, kunconywa ukuthi wehlise igiya elilodwa bese uqedela ukuqondisa

Abashayeli abaningi bathi inketho engcono kakhulu ukudlula ngesivinini esi-3. Uma imoto ithuthela ku-4 ngesikhathi sokudlula, kuhle ukushintshela ku-3. Lokhu kunomthelela ekuveleni kwamandla engeziwe, ukusheshisa imoto, okubaluleke kakhulu lapho idlula. Kungenjalo, uma ushayela ngegiya lesi-5, ngaphambi kokuqala igiya, shintshela kwelesi-4, dlula futhi uphinde ushintshe uye kwelesi-5. Iphuzu elibalulekile ukuzuza isivinini esikhulu senjini ngesivinini esilandelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma igiya 4 kudinga 2600 rpm, futhi imoto ihamba ngesivinini 5 kusukela 2200 rpm, kufanele kuqala ukusheshisa injini 2600 bese kuphela ukushintsha. Khona-ke ngeke kube khona ama-jerks angadingekile, imoto izohamba kahle futhi ngokugcina amandla adingekayo ukuze isheshise.

Ungabhuleka kanjani ngenjini

I-brake system yemoto isetshenziswa uma i-clutch ikhishwa futhi isebenza ngqo emasondweni. Ikuvumela ukuthi umise ngempumelelo futhi ngokushesha imoto, kodwa idinga ukusetshenziswa ngokucophelela nokunenjongo. Amasondo akhiyiwe noma ukudluliswa kwesisindo somshini kungazelelwe ku-axle yangaphambili ngenxa yokubhuleka okuphuthumayo kungabangela ukushibilika okungalawuleki. Lokhu kuyingozi ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zomgwaqo ezimanzi noma ezineqhwa.

Ukubhuleka kwenjini kuthathwa njengelinye lamakhono okuyimpoqo okufanele bonke abashayeli babe nawo. Isici sale ndlela ukunciphisa isivinini somshini ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-brake system. Ukunciphisa ijubane kufinyelelwa ngokukhulula i-gas pedal nge-clutch ehlangene, ngenxa yalokho ijubane le-crankshaft injini lehla, iyunithi yamandla iyayeka ukunikeza amandla ekudluliseni, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, ithola. I-energy reserve ngenxa yesikhathi se-inertia incane, futhi imoto iyancipha ngokushesha.

Ukusebenza kahle kakhulu kwale ndlela kubonakala kumagiya aphansi - eyokuqala neyesibili. Emagiya aphakeme, ukubhuleka kwenjini kufanele kusetshenziswe ngokucophelela, njengoba inertia yokunyakaza inkulu futhi ingabangela impendulo - imithwalo eyengeziwe ku-crankshaft nazo zonke izakhi zokudlulisela zizonke. Ezimweni ezinjalo, kunconywa ukuthi usize i-main brake system noma ibhuleki yokupaka (okuthiwa i-braking ehlanganisiwe), kodwa sebenzisa ngokucophelela, ngokulinganisela.

Uma ushayela emgwaqeni oneqhwa, sebenzisa injini yokubhuleka ukuze ugweme ukushushuluza.

Izimo ezinconyiwe zokubhuleka kwenjini:

• Imithambeka emide, ukwehla, lapho kunengozi yokushisa ngokweqile kwama-brake pads kanye nokwehluleka kwawo.
• Iqhwa, iqhwa noma izindawo zomgwaqo ezimanzi, lapho ukusetshenziswa kwesistimu ye-brake yesevisi kubangela ukuthi amasondo avale, umshini ushibilike futhi ulahlekelwe ngokuphelele ukulawula.
• Izimo lapho udinga ukwehlisa ijubane ngokuzolile ngaphambi kokuwela abantu abahamba ngezinyawo, amarobhothi, njll.

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi indlela abashayeli ababheka ngayo ukubhuleka kwenjini ayicacile. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi le ndlela ikuvumela ukuthi wonge uphethiloli, ukhulise impilo yama-brake pads, futhi uthuthukise ukuphepha kokushayela. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ukubhuleka kwenjini kubeka ingcindezi engafuneki ezingxenyeni zokudlulisela, okuba nomthelela ekuhlulekeni kusenesikhathi. Ngokwezinga elithile, zombili zilungile. Kodwa kunesimo lapho ukubhuleka kwenjini kuwukuphela kwekhambi elitholakalayo - ukwehluleka okuphelele kwesistimu yokubhuleka yemoto.

Ukubhuleka kwenjini kudinga ukuqapha. Inkinga wukuthi ukwehlisa isivinini akuvezwa noma yikanjani, amabhuleki awakhanyi. Abanye abahlanganyeli ekuhambeni bangahlola kuphela isimo ngemva kweqiniso, bengakwazi ukuthola ulwazi oluvamile lokukhanya. Lokhu kumele kukhunjulwe futhi kucatshangelwe uma ubhuleka. Kunconywa ukuthuthukisa amakhono we-deceleration enjalo, ukuzijwayeza endaweni ephephile.

Ukusetshenziswa kokudlulisa okwenziwa ngesandla kuba ongoti abaningi, abantu abanombono ocacile wedivayisi nezici zokusebenza zale yunithi. Kunzima kumuntu ojwayele ukushayela imoto nge-othomathikhi ukujwayela ukulawula njalo izindlela zejubane namandla, nakuba i-automaticity yezenzo ithuthukiswa ngokushesha. Abashayeli abanolwazi lokushayela zombili izinhlobo zezimoto baqaphela inani elikhulu lamathuba "oomakhenikha". Kodwa-ke, ukuze usebenzise ngokuzethemba nangokukhululekile ukudlulisa ngesandla, isipiliyoni esithile kanye nokuqonda izici zayo zokuklama kuyadingeka, eziza kuphela ngokuzijwayeza.