Ungabathola kanjani futhi ubabone njengabafokazi? Asizange yini sizilandele ngephutha?
Kube nesiphithiphithi emphakathini wesayensi kamuva nje ngu-Gilbert W. Levin, Usosayensi Omkhulu we-NASA kumishini ye-Viking Mars ka-1976 (1). Wanyathelisa isihloko kuyi-Scientific American ethi ngaleso sikhathi babutholakele ubufakazi bokuphila kuyi-Mars.
Ukuhlola okwenziwa phakathi nalezi mishini, okubizwa ngokuthi (LR), kwakuwukuhlola inhlabathi Yeplanethi Ebomvu ukuze kutholakale ubukhona bezinto eziphilayo kuyo. AmaViking afaka imisoco kumasampula enhlabathi ye-Mars. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi iminonjana yegesi ye-metabolism yabo etholwe ama-monitor e-radioactive yayizofakazela ukuba khona kokuphila.
Futhi le mikhondo yatholwa,” kukhumbula uLevin.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusabela kwezinto eziphilayo, ukuhlolwa kwaphindwa ngemva kokuba inhlabathi "ibilisiwe", okufanele ngabe ibulala amafomu okuphila. Ukube bekushiywe imikhondo, lokhu bekungasho ukuthi umthombo wabo izinqubo ezingezona ezebhayoloji. Njengoba umcwaningi wangaphambili weNASA egcizelela, konke kwenzeka ngendlela obekufanele kwenzeke ngayo empilweni.
Nokho, azikho izinto eziphilayo ezitholakele kwezinye izivivinyo, futhi i-NASA ayikwazanga ukukhiqiza kabusha le miphumela elabhorethri yayo. Ngakho-ke, imiphumela evusa amadlingozi yenqatshiwe, yahlukaniswa ngokuthi iqiniso elingamanga, okubonisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okungaziwa okungabonisi ukuba khona kwezinto eziphilayo ezihlala kwamanye amazwe.
Esihlokweni sakhe, u-Levine uveza ukuthi kunzima ukuchaza iqiniso lokuthi, eminyakeni engu-43 eyalandela ngemva kwamaViking, akekho noyedwa wabahlali abalandelanayo abathunyelwa yi-NASA ku-Mars ababehlome ithuluzi lokubona ukuphila elalizobavumela ukuba baqaphe. ukusabela kamuva. kwatholakala ngawo-70s.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, "i-NASA isivele imemezele ukuthi i-Mars lander yayo ka-2020 ngeke ifake i-hardware yokuthola impilo," ebhala. Ngokombono wakhe, ukuhlolwa kwe-LR kufanele kuphindwe ku-Mars ngokulungiswa okuthile, bese kudluliselwa eqenjini lochwepheshe.
Kodwa-ke, isizathu sokuthi kungani i-NASA ingajahi ukwenza “ukuhlolwa kokuba khona kwempilo” ingase ibe nesisekelo sozungu esingazwakali kakhulu kunemibono abafundi abaningi be-“MT” okungenzeka ukuthi bayizwile. Mhlawumbe lokho Ososayensi, kuhlanganise ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kocwaningo lwamaViking, bangabaza ngokungathí sina ukuthi kwakulula yini ukwenza "ukuhlolwa kwempilo" ngomphumela ocacile, ikakhulukazi ukude, ukusuka ebangeni lamakhilomitha ambalwa ezigidi zamakhilomitha.
Ulwazi lusekelwe
Ochwepheshe abacabanga ukuthi bangayithola kanjani, noma okungenani bazi ukuphila ngale koMhlaba, baya ngokuya beqaphela ukuthi ngokuthola "okuthile", bangaphoxa isintu kalula. ukungaqiniseki mayelana nemiphumela yokuhlolwa. Idatha yokuqala ethakazelisayo ingase ivuse izithakazelo zomphakathi futhi ikhuthaze ukuqagela ngesihloko, kodwa mancane amathuba okuba icace ngokwanele ukuze iqonde ukuthi sibhekene nani.
kusho uSara Seeger, isazi sezinkanyezi e-Massachusetts Institute of Technology esibambe iqhaza ekutholakaleni kwama-exoplanets, engqungqutheleni yakamuva ye-International Astronautical Congress eWashington.
Kungase kube khona ukungaqiniseki okuhlobene nenqubo yokuthola kancane kancane. kunzima ukuthwala emphakathini, kusho uKatherine Denning, isazi sesayensi yabantu baseYunivesithi yase-York eCanada.
esho engxoxweni abe nayo ne-Space.com. -
Uma "impilo engaba khona" itholakala, izinto eziningi ezitholakalayo ezihlobene naleli gama zingadala ukwesaba neminye imizwa engemihle, kusho umcwaningi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, waphawula ukuthi isimo sengqondo samanje sabezindaba mayelana necala asibonisi ukulindela okuzolile, okunesineke kokuqinisekiswa kwemiphumela ephawulekayo.
Ososayensi abaningi babonisa ukuthi ukuthembela ekufuneni izimpawu zezinto eziphilayo kungadukisa. Uma, ngaphezu koMhlaba, kunezinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali ezihluke ngokuphelele kanye nokusabela kunalezo ezaziwa yithi eMhlabeni - futhi yilokhu okucatshangwayo mayelana nesathelayithi yeSaturn, i-Titan - khona-ke ukuhlolwa kwebhayoloji esikwaziyo kungase kuvele. ukungabi namsebenzi ngokuphelele. Kungakho abanye ososayensi behlongoza ukubeka eceleni i-biology futhi kubhekwe izindlela zokuthola impilo ku-physics, futhi ikakhulukazi ithiyori yolwazi. Yilokho okunikezwayo okunesibindi okugxila kukho Paul Davis (2), isazi sesayensi yemvelo esivelele esichaza umbono wakhe encwadini ethi "Idemoni Emshinini", eyanyatheliswa ngo-2019.
“Inkolelo-mbono eyinhloko yilo: sinemithetho yolwazi eyisisekelo eyenza ingxubevange yamakhemikhali iphile. Izimfanelo nezimfanelo ezingavamile esizihlanganisa nokuphila ngeke zibe khona ngengozi.” Kusho uDavis.
Umbhali unikeza lokho akubiza ngokuthi "itshe lokuthinta" noma "Isilinganiso" sempilo.
“Yibeke phezu kwetshe eliyinyumba bese inkomba izokhombisa uziro. Phezu kwekati elihlanzayo lizogxumela ku-100, kodwa kuthiwani uma ucwilisa imitha kumhluzi we-biochemical primal noma ulibambe phezu komuntu ofayo? Kunini lapho i-chemistry eyinkimbinkimbi iba khona ukuphila, futhi ukuphila kubuyela nini entweni evamile? Kukhona okuthile okujulile nokunganyakazi phakathi kwe-athomu ne-amoeba.”kubhala uDavis, esola ukuthi impendulo yemibuzo enjalo nesixazululo sokufuna ukuphila ilele Ulwazi, iya ngokuya ibhekwa njengesisekelo esiyisisekelo sakho kokubili i-physics ne-biology.
UDavis ukholelwa ukuthi konke ukuphila, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izici zayo zamakhemikhali kanye ne-biological, kuzosekelwe amaphethini jikelele okucubungula ulwazi.
“Sikhuluma ngemisebenzi yokucubungula ukwaziswa engase isetshenziselwe ukukhomba ukuphila nomaphi lapho sikubheka khona endaweni yonke,” echaza.
Ososayensi abaningi, ikakhulukazi izazi zefiziksi, bangase bavumelane nalezi zitatimende. Inkolelo-mbono kaDavies yokuthi amaphethini olwazi afanayo alawula ukwakheka kwempilo iyimpikiswano kakhulu, iphakamisa ukuthi ukuphila akuziveleli ngengozi, kodwa umane kunezimo ezivumayo. U-Davis ugwema ukusolwa ngokusuka kwisayensi ukuya enkolweni, ephikisana ngokuthi "isimiso sokuphila sakhiwe emithethweni yendawo yonke."
Usuvele uneminyaka engu-10, 20, 30 ubudala
Ukungabaza mayelana "namaresiphi okuphila" aqinisekisiwe kuyaqhubeka kwanda. Iseluleko esijwayelekile sabacwaningi, isibonelo. ubukhona bamanzi awuketshezi. Nokho, ucwaningo lwakamuva lwamadamu e-Dallol hydrothermal hydrothermal reservoirs enyakatho ye-Ethiopia lufakazela ukuthi umuntu kufanele aqaphele lapho elandela umzila wamanzi (3), eduze komngcele ne-Eritrea.
3Dallol Hydrothermal Reservoir, Ethiopia
Phakathi kuka-2016 no-2018, ithimba le-Microbial Diversity, Ecology and Evolution (DEEM), elakhiwe ongoti bezinto eziphilayo abavela esikhungweni sikazwelonke socwaningo saseFrance i-CNRS kanye neNyuvesi yaseParis-South, bavakashele indawo yaseDallola izikhathi eziningana. Ngemva kokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwezindlela zesayensi zokubheka izimpawu zokuphila, ososayensi bagcina befinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi inhlanganisela yamazinga adlulele kasawoti ne-asidi emanzini iphakeme kakhulu kunoma iyiphi into ephilayo. Kwakuvame ukucatshangwa ukuthi, naphezu kwakho konke, ukuphila okulinganiselwe kwe-microbiological kwasinda lapho. Nokho, emsebenzini wakamuva ngale ndaba, abacwaningi baye bakungabaza lokhu.
Ithimba lithemba ukuthi imiphumela yalo, eshicilelwe kumagazini i-Nature Ecology & Evolution, izosiza ukunqoba imibono nemikhuba futhi isetshenziswe njengesixwayiso kososayensi abafuna ukuphila eMhlabeni nangale kwayo.
Naphezu kwalezi zixwayiso, ubunzima, nokungaqondakali kwemiphumela, ososayensi bebonke banethemba elikhulu ngokutholakala kwezilwane ezingaziwa. Ezibikezelweni ezihlukahlukene, umbono wesikhathi wamashumi eminyaka ambalwa ezayo uvame ukunikezwa. Isibonelo, u-Didier Queloz, owathola kanye naye uMklomelo KaNobel kuPhysics wango-2019, uthi sizothola ubufakazi bokuba khona phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amathathu.
UQueloz utshele iThe Telegraph. -
Ngomhla zingama-22 kuMfumfu wezi-2019, ababambiqhaza be-International Astronautical Congress bazame ukuphendula umbuzo wokuthi isintu sizokwazi nini ukuqoqa ubufakazi obungenakuphikwa bokuba khona kwempilo yangaphandle. UClaire Webb we-Massachusetts Institute of Technology ukhishiwe ekuhlaziyeni Izibalo zikaDrakemayelana namathuba okuphila endaweni yonke yanyatheliswa ngo-2024. UMike Garrett, umqondisi we-Jodrell Bank Observatory e-United Kingdom, ukholelwa ukuthi “kunethuba elihle lokuthola ukuphila kuyi-Mars eminyakeni emihlanu kuya kweyishumi nanhlanu ezayo. .” ULucianna Walkovich, isazi sezinkanyezi e-Adler Planetarium eChicago, naye wakhuluma ngeminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu. USara Seeger oseke wacashunwa washintsha umbono ngeminyaka engamashumi amabili. Kodwa-ke, u-Andrew Simion, umqondisi we-SETI Research Center eBerkeley, wayephambi kwabo bonke, owahlongoza usuku oluqondile: Okthoba 22, 2036 - iminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa ngemuva kwephaneli yezingxoxo eCongress ...
4. I-Martian meteorite edumile eneminonjana yempilo okusolwayo
Nokho, ukukhumbula umlando odumile I-Martian meteorite kusukela kuma-90s. Ikhulu lama-XX (4) futhi sibuyela ezimpikiswano mayelana nokungase kutholwe amaViking, umuntu akanakwengeza ngokuthi ukuphila kwangaphandle komhlaba kungenzeka. isivele itholakelenoma okungenani uyitholile. Cishe wonke amagumbi esimiso sonozungezilanga esivakashelwa imishini yasemhlabeni, kusukela kuMercury kuya ePluto, asinikeze ukudla okucabangayo. Nokho, njengoba ungabona empikiswaneni engenhla, isayensi ifuna ukungaqondakali, futhi lokho kungase kungabi lula.
