Kuthiwani ngokukhipha usawoti emanzini olwandle okuphumelelayo? Amanzi amaningi ngentengo ephansi

Ukuthola amanzi okuphuza ahlanzekile, aphephile kuyisidingo ngeshwa esingahlangatshezwana naye kahle ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba. Ukukhishwa kukasawoti emanzini olwandle bekungaba usizo olukhulu ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, ukube, vele, bekukhona izindlela ezisebenza kahle futhi ezisezingeni elifanele.

Ithemba elisha lokuthuthukiswa kwendlela eyongayo izindlela zokuthola amanzi ahlanzekile ngokususa usawoti wasolwandle ivele ngonyaka odlule lapho abacwaningi bebika imiphumela yocwaningo besebenzisa uhlobo lwempahla i-organometallic skeleton (MOF) yokuhlunga amanzi olwandle. Indlela entsha, eyakhiwe ithimba laseMonash University yase-Australia, idinga amandla amancane kakhulu kunezinye izindlela, kusho abacwaningi.

Amathambo e-MOF organometallic ziyizinto ezinama-porous kakhulu ezinendawo enkulu. Izindawo ezinkulu zokusebenza ezigoqelwe zibe imiqulu emincane zinhle kakhulu ekuhlungeni, i.e. ukubamba izinhlayiya nezinhlayiya oketshezini (1). Uhlobo olusha lwe-MOF lubizwa I-PSP-MIL-53 esetshenziswa ukucupha usawoti kanye nezinto ezingcolisayo emanzini olwandle. Ifakwe emanzini, ngokukhetha igcina ama-ion nokungcola endaweni yayo. Phakathi nemizuzu engama-30, i-MOF ikwazile ukwehlisa isamba sezinto eziqinile ezincibilikisiwe (TDS) zamanzi zisuka ku-2,233 ppm (ppm) zaya ngaphansi kuka-500 ppm. Lokhu ngokusobala kungaphansi komkhawulo we-600 ppm otuswe yi-World Health Organization mayelana namanzi okuphuza aphephile.

1. Ukubona ngeso lengqondo ukusebenza kolwelwesi lwe-organometallic ngesikhathi sokuchithwa kwamanzi olwandle.

Besebenzisa le nqubo, abacwaningi bakwazi ukukhiqiza amalitha angu-139,5 amanzi ahlanzekile ngekhilogremu yezinto ze-MOF ngosuku. Uma inethiwekhi ye-MOF "isigcwele" izinhlayiya, ingahlanzwa ngokushesha futhi kalula ukuze iphinde isetshenziswe. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ifakwa elangeni, elikhipha usawoti ovalelekile ngemizuzu emine nje.

“Izinqubo zokukhipha usawoti emanzini evaporative zidinga amandla, kanti obunye ubuchwepheshe obufana no i-osmosis eguquguqukayo (2), banezithiyo eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwamandla namakhemikhali okuhlanza ulwelwesi nokukhishwa kwe-chlorination,” kuchaza u-Huanting Wang, umholi weqembu labacwaningi eMonash. “Ukukhanya kwelanga kuwumthombo wamandla amaningi futhi ovuselelekayo emhlabeni. Inqubo yethu entsha yokukhipha usawoti emanzini esekelwe ku-adsorbent kanye nokusetshenziswa kokukhanya kwelanga ukuze kuvuselelwe kuhlinzeka ngesixazululo sokukhipha usawoti emanzini okonga amandla nemvelo.

2. Uhlelo lokususa usawoti emanzini olwandle lwe-Osmosis e-Saudi Arabia.

Ukusuka ku-graphene kuya kumakhemikhali ahlakaniphile

Eminyakeni yamuva, kuye kwavela imibono eminingi emisha ukususwa kukasawoti emanzini olwandle ngendlela eyonga ugesi. "I-Young Technician" iqapha ngokucophelela ukuthuthukiswa kwalezi zindlela.

Sabhala, phakathi kwezinye izinto, mayelana nombono wamaMelika eNyuvesi yase-Austin kanye namaJalimane eNyuvesi yaseMarburg, okuyinto ukusebenzisa i-chip encane kusuka kwinto lapho i-electric current ye-voltage encane (0,3 volts) igeleza. Emanzini anosawoti agelezayo ngaphakathi kwesiteshi sedivaysi, ama-ion e-chlorine angathathi hlangothi futhi akheke inkambu kagesinjengamaseli amakhemikhali. Umphumela uwukuthi usawoti ugeleza ohlangothini olulodwa futhi amanzi ahlanzekile kwenye. Ukuzihlukanisa kuyenzeka amanzi ahlanzekile.

Ososayensi baseBrithani abavela eNyuvesi yaseManchester, eholwa nguRahul Nairi, bakha isisefo esisekelwe ku-graphene ngo-2017 ukuze basuse ngokuphumelelayo usawoti emanzini olwandle.

Ocwaningweni olwanyatheliswa kumagazini i-Nature Nanotechnology, ososayensi baphikisa ngokuthi ingasetshenziswa ukwenza ulwelwesi lokukhipha usawoti emanzini. i-graphene oxide, esikhundleni se-graphene ehlanzekile okunzima ukuyithola futhi ebizayo. I-graphene yongqimba olulodwa idinga ukubhobozwa emigodini emincane ukuze ikwazi ukungena. Uma ubukhulu bembobo bukhulu kune-1 nm, ama-salts azodlula ngokukhululekile emgodini, ngakho-ke imigodi okufanele ibhobozwe kufanele ibe mincane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi i-graphene oxide membranes yandisa ukushuba kanye ne-porosity lapho icwiliswa emanzini. Ithimba likadokotela. U-Nairi wabonisa ukuthi ukumboza ulwelwesi nge-graphene oxide ngesendlalelo esengeziwe se-epoxy resin kwandisa ukusebenza komgoqo. Ama-molecule amanzi angadlula kulwelwesi, kodwa i-sodium chloride ayikwazi.

Iqembu labacwaningi baseSaudi Arabia lenze idivayisi elikholelwa ukuthi izoguqula ngempumelelo isikhungo sikagesi sisuka “kumthengi” wamanzi sibe “umkhiqizi wamanzi ahlanzekile”. Ososayensi bashicilele iphepha elichaza lokhu kuMvelo eminyakeni embalwa edlule. ubuchwepheshe obusha belangaengakhipha usawoti emanzini futhi ikhiqize ngesikhathi esifanayo ugesi.

Ku-prototype eyakhelwe, ososayensi bafake i-watermaker ngemuva. ibhethri yelanga. Ekukhanyeni kwelanga, ingqamuzana likhiqiza ugesi futhi likhiphe ukushisa. Esikhundleni sokulahlekelwa lokhu kushisa emkhathini, lo mshini uqondisa la mandla esitshalweni esisebenzisa ukushisa njengomthombo wamandla ekukhipheni usawoti emanzini.

Abacwaningi bethula amanzi anosawoti namanzi aqukethe ukungcola okuqinile kwensimbi okufana nomthofu, ithusi ne-magnesium ku-distiller. Lo mshini waphendula amanzi aba umusi, owawube usudlula olwelwesi lwepulasitiki oluhluza usawoti nemfucumfucu. Umphumela wale nqubo amanzi okuphuza ahlanzekile ahlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha zeNhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba. Ososayensi bathi lesi sibonelo, esingaba imitha ububanzi, singakhiqiza amalitha angu-1,7 amanzi ahlanzekile ngehora. Indawo ekahle yomshini onjalo isesimweni sezulu esomile noma esomile, eduze nomthombo wamanzi.

UGuihua Yu, usosayensi wezinto zokwakha e-Austin State University, eTexas, kanye nabalingani bakhe beqembu abahlongozwe ngo-2019. ukuhlunga ngempumelelo amanzi olwandle, inhlanganisela ye-polymerokwakha i-porous, isakhiwo esimunca amanzi. U-Yu nozakwabo bakha isipontshi sejeli ngamapholima amabili: enye iyipolymer ebopha amanzi ebizwa ngokuthi i-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) kanti enye iyisithako esilula esibizwa nge-polypyrrole (PPy). Bahlanganisa i-polymer yesithathu ebizwa nge-chitosan, nayo ekhanga kakhulu emanzini. Ososayensi babike kwethi I-Science Advances ukuthi bathole ukukhiqizwa kwamanzi amsulwa okungamalitha angu-3,6 ngehora ngemitha-skwele ngayinye yendawo yeseli, okuyizinga eliphakeme kunawo wonke ake aqoshwa futhi angcono ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziyishumi nambili kunalawo akhiqizwa namuhla ezinguqulweni zezentengiso.

Naphezu kwesasasa lososayensi, akuzwakali ukuthi izindlela ezintsha ezisebenza kahle kakhulu nezongayo zokususa usawoti emanzini kusetshenziswa izinto ezintsha zizothola ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwezohwebo. Kuze kwenzeke lokho, qaphela.