Ukuthi iRed Planet yanqotshwa kanjani nokuthi sikwazile ukukufunda ngayo. Ukuhamba kwezimoto ku-Martian trail kuyanda

I-Mars iye yakhanga abantu kusukela siqala ukuyibona njengento esibhakabhakeni, ekuqaleni eyayibonakala kithi njengenkanyezi, nenkanyezi enhle, ngoba ibomvu. Ekhulwini loku-1, izibonakude zasondeza amehlo ethu okokuqala ngqa ebusweni bawo, zigcwele amaphethini athakazelisayo nokuma komhlaba (XNUMX). Ososayensi baqale bahlobanisa lokhu nempucuko yaseMartian eshisayo ...

1. Imephu yobuso be-Mars ngekhulu le-XNUMX.

Manje siyazi ukuthi azikho iziteshi noma yiziphi izakhiwo zokwenziwa ku-Mars. Nokho, muva nje kuye kwasikiselwa ukuthi eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3,5 edlule le planethi eyomile manje, enobuthi yayingahlalwa njengoMhlaba (2).

Mashi iyiplanethi yesine ukusuka eLangeni, ngemva nje koMhlaba. Ingaphezudlwana nje kwengxenye yoMhlabafuthi ukuminyana kwayo kungamaphesenti angama-38 kuphela. zasemhlabeni. Kuthatha isikhathi esiningi ukuqedela ukuzungeza kwayo eLangeni kunoMhlaba, kodwa izungeza i-eksisi yayo cishe ngesivinini esifanayo. Yingakho ke Unyaka ku-Mars yizinsuku ezingama-687 zomhlaba.futhi usuku kuyi-Mars lude ngemizuzu engu-40 kuphela kunaseMhlabeni.

Naphezu kobukhulu bayo obuncane, indawo yezwe yeplanethi icishe ilingane nendawo yamazwekazi oMhlaba, okusho ukuthi, okungenani ngokombono. Ngeshwa, iplanethi okwamanje izungezwe umkhathi omncane owakhiwe kakhulu yi-carbon dioxide futhi cishe akunakwenzeka ukusekela ukuphila eMhlabeni.

I-methane nayo ivela ngezikhathi ezithile emkhathini waleli zwe elomile, futhi inhlabathi inamakhemikhali anobuthi ekuphileni njengoba siwazi. Nokho kukhona amanzi kuma-mars, libhajwe ezimbotsheni zeqhwa zale planethi futhi licashe, mhlawumbe ngobuningi, ngaphansi kwe-Mars.

2. Ukubukeka okucatshangelwayo kwe-Mars ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule

Namuhla, ngenkathi ososayensi behlola ubuso be-Mars (3), babona izakhiwo ngokungangabazeki eziwuketshezi osekunesikhathi eside lusebenza—imifudlana egeleza ngamagatsha, izigodi zemifula, imicengezi nama-deltas. Okuphawuliwe kubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi iplanethi yaba nayo ulwandle olukhulu olumboze i-hemisphere yayo esenyakatho.

Kwenye indawo indawo yamabhere iminonjana yezihlambi zasendulo, amadamu, imifula enqamula umfula phansi. Mhlawumbe, iplanethi nayo yayigutshuzelwe umoya ominyene, owawuvumela amanzi ukuba ahlale endaweni ewuketshezi emazingeni okushisa nokucindezela kweMartian. Esikhathini esidlule, iplanethi manje bekumele ibe noshintsho olukhulu, futhi umhlaba okungenzeka ukuthi wake wafana noMhlaba waba ugwadule olugwadule esiwuhlolayo namuhla. Ososayensi bayazibuza ukuthi kwenzekeni? Yashonaphi le mifudlana futhi kwenzekani emkhathini weMartian?

Okwamanje. Mhlawumbe lokhu kuzoshintsha eminyakeni embalwa ezayo. I-NASA inethemba lokuthi abantu bokuqala bazofika ku-Mars ngawo-30. Sekuyiminyaka eyishumi sikhuluma ngesimiso esinjalo. AmaShayina aqagela ngezinhlelo ezifanayo, kodwa kancane kancane. Ngaphambi kokuthi siqale lezi zinhlelo zokuvelela, ake sizame ukubheka ingxenye yekhulu leminyaka yokuhlola komuntu i-Mars.

Ngaphezulu kwesigamu somsebenzi wehlulekile

Ukuthumela Umkhumbi-mkhathi ku-Mars kunzima, futhi ukuhlala kule planethi kunzima nakakhulu. Umkhathi we-Martian ongavamile wenza ukufika phezulu kube inselele enkulu. Cishe amaphesenti angama-60. Imizamo yokufika kuwo wonke amashumi eminyaka omlando wokuhlola amaplanethi ayiphumelelanga.

Kuze kube manje, ama-ejensi ayisithupha asemkhathini afinyelele ngempumelelo ku-Mars - i-NASA, i-Russian Roscosmos kanye nabanduleli baseSoviet, i-European Space Agency (ESA), i-Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), i-ejensi yaseShayina, engagcini nje ngokubamba i-orbiter, kodwa futhi. yafika ngempumelelo futhi yethula i-rover , ihlola ubuso be-nave yaseZhurong, futhi, ekugcineni, i-ejensi yasemkhathini yase-United Arab Emirates nge-probe "Amal" ("Ithemba").

Kusukela ngawo-60, inqwaba yemikhumbi-mkhathi iye yathunyelwa ku-Mars. Okokuqala inombolo ye phenya ku-mars yahlasela i-USSR. Imishini yayihlanganisa ukudlula ngamabomu kokuqala kanye nokufika okunzima (umthelela) (Mars, 1962).

Uhambo lokuqala oluyimpumelelo lokuzungeza i-Mars kwenzeka ngoJulayi 1965 kusetshenziswa i-NASA's Mariner 4 probe. Ngo-March 2 i March 3 Nokho, ngo-1971, eyokuqala eyayine-rover eyayigibele yaphahlazeka, futhi yathintana nayo March 3 yagqashuka lapho nje ifika phezulu.

Yethulwa yi-NASA ngo-1975, uphenyo lwamaViking lwaluhlanganisa ama-orbiter amabili, ngayinye inendawo ehlala phansi eyafika ngempumelelo ngo-1976. Baphinde benza ucwaningo lwebhayoloji enhlabathini yaseMartian ukuze babheke izimpawu zokuphila, kodwa imiphumela yayingacacile.

I-NASA yaqhubeka Uhlelo lwe-Mariner ngenye ipheya ye-Mariner 6 kanye ne-7 probes. Zafakwa efasiteleni elilandelayo lokulayisha futhi zafika emhlabeni ngo-1969. Phakathi newindi elilandelayo lokulayisha, i-Mariner iphinde yalahlekelwa enye yamapheya ayo okuhlola.

I-Mariner 9 ingene ngempumelelo ku-orbit ezungeze i-Mars njengomkhumbi-mkhathi wokuqala emlandweni. Phakathi kokunye, wathola ukuthi isiphepho sothuli sasihlasela iplanethi. Izithombe zakhe zaba ngezokuqala ezanikeza ubufakazi obunemininingwane eyengeziwe bokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi amanzi awuketshezi ake aba khona emhlabeni. Ngokusekelwe kulezi zifundo, kuphinde kwatholakala ukuthi indawo yaqanjwa Akukho lutho lwama-Olympic iyintaba ephakeme kunazo zonke (ngokuqondile, intaba-mlilo), okuholele ekuhlukaniseni kwayo kabusha njenge-Olympus Mons.

Kwaba nokwehluleka okuningi. Ngokwesibonelo, izivikeli zaseSoviet iPhobos 1 nePhobos 2 zathunyelwa eMars ngo-1988 ukuze ziyohlola iMars nezinyanga zayo ezimbili, kugxilwe ngokukhethekile kuPhobos. Phobos 1 oxhumene naye ulahlekile endleleni eya ku-Mars. Phobos 2nakuba yathwebula ngempumelelo iMars nePhobos, yaphahlazeka ngaphambi kokuba abahlali ababili bafike endaweni yasePhobos.

Futhi akuphumelelanga Imishini ye-orbiter ye-Mars Observer yase-US ngo-1993. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, ngo-1997, olunye uphenyo lwe-NASA, i-Mars Global Surveyor, lwabika ukuthi lungena emzileni we-Mars. Lo msebenzi waba yimpumelelo ephelele, futhi ngo-2001 yonke iplanethi yayisidwetshiwe.

4. Ukwakhiwa kabusha kosayizi wempilo wama-Sojourner, Spirit, Opportunity kanye neCuriosity rovers ngokubamba iqhaza konjiniyela be-NASA.

Ngo-1997 kuphinde kwaba nenqubekelaphambili enkulu ngendlela yokufika ngempumelelo esifundeni sase-Ares Valley kanye nokuhlolwa kwendawo kusetshenziswa. Lazika NASA Sojourner njengengxenye yemishini ye-Mars Pathfinder. Ngaphezu kwezinjongo zesayensi, I-Mars Pathfinder Mission futhi kwakuwubufakazi bomqondo wezixazululo ezihlukahlukene, njengesistimu yokuhlalisa i-airbag kanye nokugwema izithiyo ezizenzakalelayo, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwasetshenziswa emisebenzini ye-rover eyalandela (4). Nokho, ngaphambi kokuba bafike, kwaba nelinye igagasi lokuhluleka kweMartian ngo-1998 nango-1999, ngemva nje kwempumelelo yeGlobal Surveyor kanye nePathfinder.

Kwakuyishwa I-Japanese Nozomi orbiter missionkanye nama-orbiters e-NASA I-Mars Climate Orbiter, I-Mars Polar Lander i penetrators I-Deep Space 2ngokwehluleka okuhlukahlukene.

I-European Space Agency Mars Express mission (ESA) yafinyelela kuMars ngo-2003. Esikebheni kwakukhona i-Beagle 2 lander, eyalahleka ngesikhathi izama ukuhlala futhi yaduka ngoFebhuwari 2004. I-Beagle 2 yatholwa ngoJanuwari 2015 yikhamera ye-HiRise ku-NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). Kuvele ukuthi wehla ngokuphepha, kodwa wehlulekile ukuphakela ngokugcwele amaphaneli elanga kanye ne-antenna. I-Orbital Mars Express nokho, wathola izinto ezibalulekile. Ngo-2004, wathola i-methane emkhathini weplanethi futhi wayibona ngemva kweminyaka emibili. izinkanyezi ezipholile.

NgoJanuwari 2004, kwaqanjwa ama-rover amabili e-NASA Umoya weSerbia (MER-A) I Ithuba (MER-B) yehlela phezu kwe-Mars. Zombili zidlule kude izilinganiso ze-Martian. Phakathi kwemiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu yesayensi yalolu hlelo kwakuwubufakazi obunamandla bokuthi amanzi awuketshezi ayekhona kuzo zombili izindawo zokufikela esikhathini esidlule. I-Rover Spirit (MER-A) ibisebenza kwaze kwaba ngu-2010 lapho iyeka ukuthumela idatha ngenxa yokuthi yabhajwa endundumeni futhi ayikwazanga ukuzihlela kabusha ukuze ishaje amabhethri ayo.

Khona-ke Phoenix lahlala eNorth Pole of Mars ngoMeyi 2008 futhi kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi lineqhwa lamanzi. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, kwethulwa i-Mars Science Laboratory ngomkhumbi iCuriosity rover, owafika endaweni eyi-Mars ngo-August 2012. Sibhala ngemiphumela yesayensi ebaluleke kakhulu yomsebenzi wakhe kwesinye isihloko salolu daba lweMT.

Omunye umzamo ongaphumelelanga wokufika ku-Mars yi-European ESA kanye neRoscosmos yaseRussia kwaba Lendaunik Schiaparellienqamuke ku-ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. Imishini yafika ku-Mars ngo-2016. Nokho, u-Schiaparelli, ngesikhathi ehla, wavula i-parachute yakhe ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi waphahlazeka phezulu. Kodwa-ke, unikeze idatha ebalulekile ngesikhathi sokwehla kwe-parachute, ngakho ukuhlolwa kwakubhekwa njengempumelelo ingxenye.

Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, kwafika omunye uphenyo emhlabeni, kulokhu umile. Insightowenza ucwaningo ukuthi yanquma ububanzi bomgogodla we-Mars. Izilinganiso ze-InSight zibonisa ukuthi ububanzi bomgogodla we-Mars buphakathi kwamakhilomitha angu-1810 no-1850. Lokhu kucishe kube uhhafu wobubanzi bomnyombo womhlaba, okungaba ngu-3483 km. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, nokho, ngaphezu kokunye izilinganiso eziye zabonisa, okusho ukuthi i-Martian core iyivelakancane kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambili.

Uphenyo lwe-InSight lwehlulekile ukujula enhlabathini yaseMartian. Kakade ngoJanuwari, ukusetshenziswa kwe-Polish-German "imvukuzane" ishiywe, i.e. i-thermal probe, okwakufanele ingene ijule emhlabathini ukuze ilinganise ukugeleza kwamandla okushisa. I-Mole ihlangabezane nokungqubuzana okuningi futhi ayizange ishone phansi ngokwanele emhlabathini. Uphenyo nalo lulalele amagagasi e-seismic avela ngaphakathi kweplanethi. Ngeshwa, i-InSight mission ingase ingabi naso isikhathi esanele sokuthola okuningi. Uthuli luqoqa kumaphaneli elanga edivayisi, okusho ukuthi i-InSight ithola amandla amancane.

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje ukunyakaza emzileni weplanethi nakho kwanda ngokuhlelekile. Umnikazi we-NASA I-Mars Odyssey yangena ku-Mars orbit ngo-2001. Umgomo wayo ukusebenzisa ama-spectrometers namadivayisi ezithombe ukucinga ubufakazi bangaphambilini noma bamanje bamanzi kanye nomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo ku-Mars.

Ngo-2006, uphenyo lwe-NASA lwafika ku-orbit. I-Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), obekuzokwenza ucwaningo lwesayensi lweminyaka emibili. I-orbiter yaqala ukwenza imephu ye-Martian landscape nesimo sezulu ukuze ithole izindawo zokufikela ezifanele zemishini ezayo yasemhlabeni. I-MRO yathatha isithombe sokuqala sochungechunge lwama-avalanche asebenzayo eduze ne-north pole yomhlaba ngo-2008. I-orbiter ye-MAVEN yafika ku-orbit ezungeze i-Red Planet ngo-2014. Izinjongo zale mishini ikakhulukazi ukunquma ukuthi umkhathi namanzi weplanethi kulahleke kanjani ngalesi sikhathi. zonyaka.

Cishe ngaso leso sikhathi, uphenyo lwakhe lokuqala lwe-Martian orbital, I-Mars Orbit Mission (MAMA), obizwa futhi Mangalyaan, kwethulwa i-Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Yangena ku-orbit ngoSepthemba 2014. I-ISRO yaseNdiya ibe isikhungo sesine sasemkhathini ukufinyelela iMars, ngemva kohlelo lwasemkhathini lwaseSoviet, iNASA kanye ne-ESA.

5. Imoto yamaShayina ehamba yonke indawo iZhuzhong

Elinye izwe eliseqenjini laseMartian yi-United Arab Emirates. Eyabo Imishini ye-orbital i-Amal wajoyina ngoFebhuwari 9, 2021. Ngemva kosuku, uphenyo lwaseChina lwenze okufanayo. I-Tianwen-1, ephethe i-Zhurong lander ne-rover engu-240 kg (5), eyahlala ngempumelelo ngoMeyi 2021.

Umhloli wendawo waseShayina ujoyine imikhumbi-mkhathi emithathu yase-US esebenzayo njengamanje futhi esebenzayo endaweni yeplanethi. Lazikov Ilukuluku i Ukuphikelelanayo efike ngempumelelo kulo Febhuwari, kanye ne-Insight. Futhi uma ubala I-drone endizayo ehlakaniphile ekhishwe yimishini yokugcina yase-US, ngokwehlukana, okungukuthi, imishini yabantu esebenza phezu kwe-Mars okwamanje.

Iplanethi iphinde ihlolwe ngama-orbiter ayisishiyagalombili: i-Mars Odyssey, i-Mars Express, i-Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, i-Mars Orbiter Mission, i-MAVEN, i-ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (6), i-Tianwen-1 orbiter ne-Amal. Kuze kube manje, alikho nelilodwa isampula elithunyelwe lisuka ku-Mars, futhi indlela yokufika enyangeni ye-Phobos (Phobos-Grunt) phakathi nokusuka ngo-2011 ayiphumelelanga.

Umfanekiso 6. Izithombe zobuso be-Mars kusukela ensimbini ye-CaSSIS ye-Exo Mars orbiter.

Konke lokhu "ingqalasizinda" yocwaningo lweMartian iyaqhubeka nokuhlinzeka ngedatha entsha ethokozisayo ngalolu daba. Iplanethi Ebomvu. Muva nje, i-ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter ithole i-hydrogen chloride emkhathini we-Martian. Imiphumela ishicilelwe kumagazini i-Science Advances. “Kudingeka umusi ukuze kukhishwe i-chlorine, kanti i-hydrogen idingeka ngomkhiqizo wamanzi ukuze kwakhiwe i-hydrogen chloride. Okubaluleke kakhulu kulezi zinqubo zamakhemikhali amanzi,” echaza. Kevin Olsen evela e-Oxford University, ekukhululweni kwabezindaba. Ngokusho kososayensi, ukuba khona komhwamuko kusekela umbono wokuthi iMars ilahlekelwa amanzi amaningi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Umnikazi we-NASA I-Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter futhi muva nje uphawule okuthile okuxakile ebusweni beMars. Ungena nepasi lokugibela. Ikhamera ye-HiRise umgodi ojulile (7), obukeka njengebala elimnyama elinobubanzi obungamamitha angaba ngu-180. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe lwamangaza nakakhulu. Kwavela ukuthi isihlabathi esixekethile silala phansi emgodini, futhi siwela ohlangothini olulodwa. Ososayensi manje bazama ukuthola kungenzeka yini ukuthi umgodi ojulile uxhunywe kuxhaxha lwemigudu engaphansi komhlaba eshiywe udaka olugeleza ngokushesha.

Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi besola ukuthi kungase kusale izintaba-mlilo ezingasekho amashubhu amakhulu e-lava emhumeni ku-Mars. Lezi zinhlelo zingase zibe indawo ethembisa kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwesikhathi esizayo kwezisekelo ze-Martian.

Yini elindele i-Red Planet esikhathini esizayo?

Ngaphakathi kohlaka lohlelo ExoMars, I-ESA kanye ne-Roscosmos bahlela ukuthumela i-Rosalind Franklin rover ngo-2022 ukuze ifune ubufakazi bokuba khona kwama-microorganisms ku-Mars, esikhathini esidlule noma samanje. I-lander okufanele ihanjiswe yi-rover ibizwa I-Cossack. Iwindi elifanayo ngo-2022 I-Mars orbit I-EscaPADE (I-Escape and Plasma Acceleration and Dynamics Researchers) yaseNyuvesi yaseCalifornia eBerkeley izondiza nemikhumbi-mkhathi emibili kumishini eyodwa okuhloswe ngayo isifundo sesakhiwo, indzaba, ukuguquguquka i I-dynamics ye-magnetosphere ye-Mars Oraz phuma ezinqubweni.

I-ejensi yaseNdiya i-ISRO ihlela ukulandela umsebenzi wayo ngo-2024 ngemishini ebizwa I-Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (UMAMA-2). Kungenzeka ukuthi ngaphezu kwe-orbiter, i-India izophinde ifune ukuthumela i-rover ukuze ifike futhi ihlole iplanethi.

Iziphakamiso zokuhamba ezingaqondile kancane zifaka umqondo wesi-Finnish-Russian NgoMashi MetNetokubandakanya ukusetshenziswa kweziteshi eziningi zemeteorological ku-Mars ukudala inethiwekhi ebanzi yokubuka ukuze kufundwe ukwakheka komkhathi weplanethi, i-physics kanye ne-meteorology.

I-Mars-Grunt lokhu, futhi, umqondo wesiRashiya womsebenzi okuhloswe kuwo ukuletha isampula yenhlabathi ye-Martian Emhlabeni. Ithimba le-ESA-NASA lenze umqondo wokuthatha uhambo oluthathu lwe-Mars bese ubuyisela izakhiwo ezisebenzisa i-rover ukuze ligcine amasampula amancane, isinyathelo sokugibela i-Mars ukuze siwathumele ku-orbit, kanye ne-orbiter ukuze uxhumane nawo emoyeni. Mars futhi uwabuyisele eMhlabeni.

I-solar electric drive kungase kuvumele ukusuka okukodwa ukubuyisela amasampula esikhundleni sokuthathu. I-ejensi yaseJapan i-JAXA nayo isebenza ngomqondo wemishini obizwa nge-MELOS rover. bheka ama-biosignatures impilo ekhona ku-Mars.

Yebo zikhona ezinye amaphrojekthi emishini. Ukuhlola indawo yase-US kwabekwa njengomgomo wesikhathi eside embonweni wokuhlola umkhathi owamenyezelwa ngo-2004 nguMongameli wangaleso sikhathi wase-US uGeorge W. Bush.

Septhemba 28, 2007 NASA Administrator UMichael D. Griffin uthe i-NASA ihlose ukuthumela indoda ku-Mars ngo-2037. Ngo-Okthoba 2015, i-NASA yakhipha uhlelo olusemthethweni lokuhlola komuntu kanye nokuhlanganisa i-Mars. Yayibizwa ngokuthi i-Journey to Mars futhi yachazwa kabanzi ngabakwaMT ngaleso sikhathi. Cishe ayisabalulekile, njengoba ihlinzekele ukusetshenziswa kwe-International Space Station ku-Earth orbit, hhayi iNyanga, kanye nesiteshi senyanga njengesiteji esimaphakathi. Namuhla, kunenkulumo eyengeziwe mayelana nokubuyela eNyangeni njengendlela yokufika ku-Mars.

Naye aqhamuke endleleni U-Elon Musk kanye neyakhe I-SpaceX ngezinhlelo zakhe zokuvelela futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezibhekwa njengezingezona ezengqondo zemishini evamile eya ku-Mars ukuze kwenziwe ikoloni. Ngo-2017, i-SpaceX yamemezela izinhlelo ngo-2022, okulandelwa ezinye izindiza ezimbili ezingenamuntu kanye nezindiza ezimbili ezenziwe ngabantu ngo-2024. Starship kufanele ibe nomthamo wokulayisha okungenani amathani ayi-100. Izibonelo ezimbalwa ze-Starship zihlolwe ngempumelelo njengengxenye yohlelo lokuthuthukisa i-Starship, okuhlanganisa nokufika okukodwa okuphumelele ngokugcwele.

I-Mars iyindikimba ye-cosmic efundwa kakhulu futhi eyaziwa kakhulu ngemva noma elingana neNyanga. Izinhlelo zokuvelela, kuze kufike ekubunjweni kwamakholoni, ziyinto eyodwa, kodwa azicacile, ithemba okwamanje. Okuqinisekile, nokho, ukuthi ukunyakaza emuva naphambili ubuso beplanethi ebomvu izokhula eminyakeni ezayo.