IKhabinethi Yezinto Ezifuna Amakhemikhali - Ingxenye 2

Kumagazini wangaphambilini wesigaba samakhemikhali, izinhlanganisela eziningana ezivela embukisweni we-chemical freak wethulwa (ukwahlulela ngegama lochungechunge, ngokuqinisekile ngeke ufunde ngabo esikoleni). Lawa "abantu" abahloniphekile abathi, naphezu kokubukeka kwabo okungavamile, baklonyeliswa uMklomelo KaNobel, futhi izindawo zabo ezindaweni eziningi azikwazi ukulinganiswa ngokweqile. Kulesi sihloko, sekuyisikhathi sokujwayelana nezinhlamvu zangempela ezilandelayo ezivela endaweni yamakhemikhali, okuthakazelisa kancane kunama-ether omqhele kanye nokuphuma kwawo.

izihlahla zamakhemikhali

Ama-podands, ama-compounds anamaketanga amade axhunywe engxenyeni emaphakathi ye-molecule, anikeze isigaba esisha sezinto (ngaphezulu "ngama-octopus amakhemikhali" esihlokweni senyanga edlule). Osokhemikhali banquma ukwandisa inani "amatende". Ukwenza lokhu, engalweni ngayinye egcina eqenjini lama-athomu akwazi ukusabela, kwanezelwa enye i-molecule, egcina ngamaqembu ahambisanayo (amabili noma ngaphezulu; iphuzu liwukuba kwandiswe inani lezindawo ezingase zihlanganiswe nezinye izinhlayiya. ). Ama-molecule amaningi asabela ngayo, bese kuba ngaphezulu, njalonjalo. Ukwanda kosayizi wesistimu yonke kuboniswa umdwebo:

Osokhemisi baye baxhumanisa lezi zinhlanganisela ezintsha namagatsha ezihlahla akhulayo, yingakho igama elithi dendrimeria (kusuka kwelesiGreek elithi dendron = umuthi, meros = ingxenye). Ekuqaleni, yayiqhudelana namagama athi "arborole" (lesi isiLatini, lapho i-arbor ibuye isho isihlahla) noma "izinhlayiya ezigelezayo". Nakuba umbhali ebukeka njengamathentekele aphithene e-jellyfish noma ama-anemone angasebenzi, abawatholile, banelungelo lokusho amagama. Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-dendrimers anezakhiwo ze-fractal nakho kuwukubhekwa okubalulekile.

1. Imodeli yeyodwa yama-dendrimers okuqala

isigaba sokukhula kwegatsha

Ama-Dendrimers awakwazi ukukhula unomphela (1). Inani lamagatsha likhula ngokuqhubekayo, futhi ngemva kwezigaba ezimbalwa kuya kweziyishumi zokunamathiselwa kwama-molecule amasha ebusweni bendilinga eyindilinga, indawo ekhululekile iyaphela (sonke sifinyelela kubukhulu be-nanometer; i-nanometer ingxenye yesigidi semitha). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amathuba okuxhaphaza izakhiwo ze-dendrimer cishe angenamkhawulo. Izingcezwana ezikhona ebusweni zingaba i-hydrophilic ("ethanda amanzi", okungukuthi, ukuba nobudlelwane bamanzi nezincibilikizi ze-polar) noma i-hydrophobic ("ukugwema amanzi", kodwa ejwayele ukuhlangana noketshezi olungezona i-polar, isibonelo, iningi lezinto eziphilayo. ama-solvents). ama-solvents). Ngokufanayo, ingaphakathi le-molecule ingaba yi-polar noma i-non-polar ngokwemvelo. Ngaphansi kobuso be-dendrimer, phakathi kwamagatsha ngamanye, kunezikhala zamahhala lapho izinto ezikhethiwe zingangeniswa khona (esiteji se-synthesis noma kamuva, zingahlanganiswa namaqembu aphezulu). Ngakho-ke, phakathi kwezihlahla zamakhemikhali, wonke umuntu uzothola okuthile okufanele izidingo zabo. Futhi wena, mfundi, ngaphambi kokuba ufunde lesi sihloko kuze kube sekupheleni, cabanga ngalokho ongakusebenzisa ama-molecule lapho, ngokusho kwesakhiwo sabo, "uzokhululeka" kunoma iyiphi indawo, futhi yiziphi ezinye izinto ezingaqukatha?

Yiqiniso, njengezitsha zokuthutha izinhlanganisela ezikhethiwe nokuvikela okuqukethwe kwazo. (2). Lezi yizicelo eziyinhloko zama-dendrimers. Nakuba iningi lazo lisesesigabeni socwaningo, ezinye zazo sezisetshenziswa ekusebenzeni. Ama-Dendrimers angcono kakhulu ekuthutheni izidakamizwa endaweni ehlala emanzini yomzimba. Ezinye izidakamizwa zidinga ukuguqulwa ngokukhethekile ukuze zincibilike emanzini omzimba - ukusetshenziswa kwama-conveyors kuzogwema lezi zinguquko (zingathinta kabi ukusebenza komuthi). Ngaphezu kwalokho, into esebenzayo ikhishwa kancane kancane ngaphakathi kwe-capsule, okusho ukuthi imithamo ingancishiswa futhi ithathwe kancane kancane. Ukunamathiselwa kwama-molecule ahlukahlukene ebusweni be-dendrimer kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi abonwa kuphela ngamaseli ezitho zomuntu ngamunye. Lokhu, futhi, kuvumela umuthi ukuthi uthuthwe ngokuqondile lapho uya khona, ngaphandle kokudalula umzimba wonke emiphumeleni emibi engadingekile, isibonelo, ekwelapheni okulwa nomdlavuza.

2. Imodeli ye-dendrimer equkethe enye i-molecule

(phezulu)

Izimonyo zidalwe ngesisekelo samanzi namafutha. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile into esebenzayo i-fat-soluble, futhi umkhiqizo wezimonyo usesimweni sesisombululo samanzi (futhi okuphambene nalokho: into encibilikayo emanzini kufanele ihlanganiswe nesisekelo samafutha). Ukwengezwa kwama-emulsifiers (okuvumela ukwakheka kwesisombululo esizinzile samafutha wamanzi) akusebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi kahle. Ngakho-ke, amalabhorethri ezimonyo azama ukusebenzisa amandla ama-dendrimers njengama-conveyor angajwayelaniswa kalula nezidingo. Imboni yamakhemikhali okuvikela izitshalo ibhekene nezinkinga ezifanayo. Futhi, kuvame ukudingekile ukuxuba isibulala-zinambuzane esingeyona i-polar namanzi. Ama-Dendrimers asiza ukuxhumana futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, kancane kancane adedele i-pathogen ngaphakathi, anciphise inani lezinto ezinobuthi. Olunye uhlelo lokusebenza ukucutshungulwa kwama-nanoparticles esiliva ensimbi, aziwa ngokubhubhisa amagciwane. Ucwaningo luyaqhubeka futhi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwama-dendrimers ukuthutha ama-antigen emithini yokugoma kanye nezingcezu ze-DNA ezifundweni zofuzo. Kunamathuba amaningi, udinga nje ukusebenzisa umcabango wakho.

Amabhakede

IGlucose iyinhlanganisela yezinto eziphilayo egcwele kakhulu emhlabeni ophilayo. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ikhiqizwa minyaka yonke ngamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu! Izinto eziphilayo zisebenzisa umkhiqizo oyinhloko we-photosynthesis ngezindlela ezahlukene. IGlucose ingumthombo wamandla emangqamuzaneni, isebenza njengendawo yokugcina impahla (isitashi semifino kanye ne-glycogen yezilwane) kanye nezinto zokwakha (cellulose). Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye neshumi nambili, imikhiqizo yokuwohloka ingxenye yesitashi ngesenzo sama-enzyme e-bacterial (isifinyezo se-KD) yabonakala. Njengoba igama liphakamisa, lawa ama-cyclic noma ama-ring compounds:

Aqukethe ama-molecule eglucose ayisithupha (okuhlukile a-CD), ayisikhombisa (b-CD) noma ayisishiyagalombili (g-CD), nakuba amasongo amakhulu aziwa futhi. (3). Kodwa kungani imikhiqizo ye-metabolic yamanye amagciwane ithakazelisa kangangokuthi inikezwa indawo "eSikoleni Esincane Sobuchwepheshe"?

3. Amamodeli we-cyclodextrins. Ukusuka kwesobunxele kuye kwesokudla: a - KD, b - KD, g - KD.

Okokuqala, ama-cyclodextrins ayizinhlanganisela ezincibilikayo emanzini, okungafanele zimangaze - mancane futhi aqukethe i-glucose encibilika kakhulu (isitashi sakha izinhlayiya ezinkulu kakhulu ukuthi zakhe isixazululo, kodwa singamiswa). Okwesibili, amaqembu amaningi e-OH nama-athomu oksijini we-glucose ayakwazi ukubopha amanye ama-molecule. Okwesithathu, ama-cyclodextrins atholwa ngenqubo elula ye-biotechnological kusuka kusitashi esishibhile nesitholakalayo (okwamanje enanini lezinkulungwane zamathani ngonyaka). Okwesine, zihlala ziyizinto ezingenabuthi ngokuphelele. Futhi, ekugcineni, okwangempela kakhulu kuyisimo sazo (okufanele wena, Mfundi, usiphakamise lapho usebenzisa lezi zinhlanganisela): Ibhakede elingenasiphelo, i.e. ama-cyclodextrins afanele ukuthwala ezinye izinto (i-molecule eye yadlula emgodini omkhulu ngeke iwe). isitsha esingezansi, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, siboshwe amandla e-interatomic). Ngenxa yokungabi yingozi kwabo empilweni, bangasetshenziswa njengesithako emithini nasekudleni.

Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwe-cyclodextrins, okutholwe ngokushesha ngemva kwencazelo, kwakuwumsebenzi oshukumisayo. Kuvele ngenhlanhla ukuthi ukusabela okuthile ngokubamba kwabo iqhaza kuqhubeke ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele kunokungabikho kwalezi zinhlanganisela endaweni ezungezile. Isizathu siwukuthi i-molecule engaphansi ("isivakashi") ingena ngaphakathi kwebhakede ("host"). (4, 5). Ngakho-ke, ingxenye ye-molecule ayifinyeleleki kuma-reagents, futhi ukuguqulwa kungenzeka kuphela kulezo zindawo eziphumayo. Indlela yokusebenza ifana nesenzo sama-enzyme amaningi, nawo "afihla" izingxenye zama-molecule.

4. Imodeli ye-molecule ye-cyclodextrin equkethe enye i-molecule.

5. Okunye ukubheka inkimbinkimbi efanayo

Imaphi ama-molecule angagcinwa ngaphakathi kwe-cyclodextrins? Cishe noma yini engangena ngaphakathi - ukufanisa usayizi wesivakashi nosokhaya kubalulekile (njengama-corona ethers nokuphuma kwawo; bheka isihloko senyanga edlule) (6). Lesi sakhiwo se-cyclodextrins

6. I-Cyclodextrin iboshiwe kwelinye iketango

ama-molecule, okungukuthi i-rotaxane (imininingwane eyengeziwe: kumagazini

January)

ibenza babe usizo ekuthwebuleni ngokukhetha amakhompawundi avela endaweni ezungezile. Ngakho, izinto ziyahlanzwa futhi zihlukaniswe nengxube ngemva kokusabela (isibonelo, ekwenzeni izidakamizwa).

Okunye ukusetshenziswa? Kungenzeka ukubalula izingcaphuno ezivela esihlokweni esandulele emjikelezweni (amamodeli wama-enzyme nabathuthi, hhayi ama-ionic kuphela - ama-cyclodextrins ahambisa izinto ezahlukahlukene) kanye nesiqephu esichaza ama-dendrimers (ukuthutha izinto ezisebenzayo emithini, izimonyo nemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo). Izinzuzo zokupakishwa kwe-cyclodextrin nazo ziyafana - yonke into iyancibilika emanzini (ngokungafani nezidakamizwa eziningi, izimonyo nezibulala-zinambuzane), isithako esisebenzayo sikhishwa kancane kancane futhi sihlala isikhathi eside (okuvumela ukulinganisa okuncane), futhi isitsha esisetshenzisiwe siyabola (ama-microorganisms abola ngokushesha). ). umkhiqizo wemvelo, ubuye usetshenziswe emzimbeni womuntu). Okuqukethwe kwephakheji nakho kuvikelwe endaweni ezungezile (ukufinyelela okuncishisiwe ku-molecule egciniwe). Imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo ebekwe kuma-cyclodextrins inefomu elilungele ukusetshenziswa. Impushana emhlophe, efana nofulawa wamazambane, oncibilika emanzini ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa. Ngakho-ke, asikho isidingo sokusebenzisa izincibilikisi eziphilayo eziyingozi nezivuthayo.

Uma ubheka uhlu lokusetshenziswa kwe-cyclodextrin, singathola ezinye "izinongo" kanye "nephunga" kuyo. Nakuba eyokuqala iyisingathekiso esivame ukusetshenziswa, lesi sakamuva singakumangaza. Nokho, amabhakede amakhemikhali asiza ekususeni iphunga elibi futhi agcine futhi akhiphe amakha abawafisayo. Ama-air fresheners, iphunga elimnandi, amakha namaphepha anephunga elimnandi yizibonelo ezimbalwa zokusetshenziswa kwe-cyclodextrin complexes. Iqiniso elithakazelisayo ukuthi ama-flavour compounds apakishwe kuma-cyclodextrins anezelwa kuma-washing powders. Ngesikhathi soku-ayina nokugqoka, iphunga lihlehliswa kancane kancane bese liyakhululwa.

Isikhathi sokuzama. “Umuthi obabayo welapha kakhulu,” kodwa unambitheka kabi. Kodwa-ke, uma ilawulwa ngendlela ye-complex ene-cyclodextrin, ngeke kube nemizwa engathandeki (into ihlukaniswe ne-taste buds). Ukubaba kwejusi yamagilebhisi nakho kususwa ngosizo lwe-cyclodextrins. Izingcaphuno zikagalikhi nezinye izinongo zizinzile kakhulu ngesimo se-complex kunefomu lamahhala. Ngokufanayo ama-flavour apakishiwe athuthukisa ukunambitheka kwekhofi netiye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubhekwa komsebenzi wabo we-anticholesterol kukhulumela ama-cyclodextrins. Izinhlayiya ze-cholesterol "embi" zibopha ngaphakathi kwebhakede lamakhemikhali futhi zikhishwe emzimbeni ngaleli fomu. Ngakho-ke i-cyclodextrins, imikhiqizo yemvelaphi yemvelo, nayo iyimpilo ngokwayo.