Yiziphi izingxenye zomshini ezenziwe

Namuhla, imoto ayiseyona into ewubukhazikhazi. Cishe wonke umuntu angakwazi ukukuthenga. Kodwa ngokuvamile bambalwa abantu abajwayele idivayisi yemoto, nakuba kubaluleke kakhulu kuwo wonke umshayeli ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye eziyinhloko, izingxenye kanye nemihlangano yemoto equkethe. Okokuqala, lokhu kuyadingeka uma kwenzeka noma yikuphi ukuwohloka kwemoto, ngenxa yokuthi umnikazi okungenani ujwayelene nomklamo wemoto, angakwazi ukunquma kahle lapho kwenzeka khona ukungasebenzi kahle. Kukhona izinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene kanye onobuhle izimoto, kodwa ingxenye enkulu, zonke izimoto ukwabelana design efanayo. Siqaqa idivayisi emotweni.

Imoto iqukethe izingxenye ezi-5 eziyinhloko:

Umzimba

Umzimba uyingxenye yemoto lapho zonke ezinye izingxenye zihlangene khona. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lapho izimoto ziqala ukuvela, zazingenawo umzimba. Wonke ama-node ayenamathiselwe ohlakeni, okwenza imoto ibe nzima kakhulu. Ukuze banciphise isisindo, abakhiqizi balahla uhlaka futhi bafaka umzimba esikhundleni salo.

Umzimba wakhiwe izingxenye ezine eziyinhloko:

• ujantshi wangaphambili
• isitimela sangemuva
• injini gumbi
• uphahla lwemoto
• izingxenye ezinamaphiko

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezingxenye okunjalo akunangqondo, ngoba zonke izingxenye zixhumene nomunye futhi zakha isakhiwo. Ukumiswa kusekelwa yizintambo ezishiselwe phansi. Izicabha, i-trunk lid, i-hood kanye nama-fenders yizingxenye ezihambayo kakhulu. Okunye okuphawulekayo yizinsimbi ezingemuva, ezixhunywe ngqo emzimbeni, kodwa ezingaphambili ziyasuswa (konke kuncike kumkhiqizi).

Ukuhlukaniswa

I-chassis iqukethe inani elikhulu lezinhlobonhlobo zezingxenye kanye nemihlangano, ngenxa yokuthi imoto inamandla okunyakaza. Izinto eziyinhloko zegiya lokugijima yilezi:

• ukumiswa kwangaphambili
• ukumiswa ezingemuva
• amasondo
• shayela ama-ekseli

Ngokuvamile, abakhiqizi bafaka ukumiswa okuzimele ngaphambili ezimotweni zanamuhla, ngoba kunikeza ukuphathwa okungcono kakhulu, futhi, okubalulekile, induduzo. Ekumisweni okuzimele, wonke amasondo axhunywe emzimbeni ngesistimu yawo yokufaka, ehlinzeka ngokulawula okuhle kakhulu emotweni.

Akumelwe sikhohlwe mayelana isiphelelwe yisikhathi kakade, kodwa namanje ekhona ezimotweni eziningi, ukumiswa. Ukumiswa kwangemuva okuncike ngokuyisisekelo kuwumugqa oqinile noma i-asi ephilayo, ngaphandle uma kunjalo sicabangela imoto edonsa ngamasondo angemuva.

Ukudlulisela

Ukudluliswa kwemoto kuyisethi yezindlela namayunithi okudlulisa i-torque kusuka enjini kuya kumasondo okushayela. Kunezingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko zezingxenye zokudlulisela:

• i-gearbox noma i-gearbox (i-manual, i-robotic, i-othomathikhi noma i-CVT)
• shayela i-ekseli (ngokuya komkhiqizi)
• I-CV ehlangene noma, kalula nje, igiya le-cardan

Ukuqinisekisa ukudluliswa okubushelelezi kwe-torque, i-clutch ifakwe emotweni, ngenxa yokuthi i-shaft yenjini ixhunywe ku-gearbox shaft. I-gearbox ngokwayo iyadingeka ukushintsha isilinganiso segiya, kanye nokunciphisa umthwalo enjini. Kudingeka igiya le-cardan ukuxhuma u-gearbox ngqo emasondweni noma i-axle yokushayela. Futhi i-driveshaft ngokwayo ifakwe ku-gearbox housing uma imoto ihamba ngamasondo angaphambili. Uma imoto idonsa ngamasondo angemuva, ugongolo lwangemuva lusebenza njenge-axle yokushayela.

Injini

Injini iyinhliziyo yemoto futhi yakhiwe izingxenye eziningi ezahlukene.

Inhloso eyinhloko yenjini ukuguqula amandla ashisayo kaphethiloli oshisiwe abe amandla omshini, adluliselwa emasondweni ngosizo lokudlulisela.

Isistimu yokulawula injini kanye nempahla kagesi

Izinto eziyinhloko zemishini kagesi yemoto zifaka:

Ibhethri elishajekayo (ACB) yakhelwe kakhulu ukuqala injini yemoto. Ibhethri ingumthombo wamandla avuselelekayo unomphela. Uma injini ingasebenzi, kungenxa yebhethri ukuthi wonke amadivaysi axhaswe ugesi ayasebenza.

I-generator iyadingeka ukuze uhlale ushaja ibhethri, kanye nokugcina i-voltage engaguquki kunethiwekhi ebhodini.

Uhlelo lokuphatha injini luqukethe izinzwa ezahlukahlukene kanye neyunithi yokulawula ye-elekthronikhi, efushanisiwe njenge-ECU.

Abasebenzisi bakagesi abangenhla yilaba:

Akumelwe sikhohlwe mayelana ne-wiring, equkethe inombolo enkulu yezintambo. Lezi zintambo zakha inethiwekhi esebhodini yemoto yonke, exhuma yonke imithombo, kanye nabasebenzisi bakagesi.

Imoto iyithuluzi eliyinkimbinkimbi ngokobuchwepheshe elihlanganisa inqwaba yezingxenye, ama-assemblies nezindlela. Wonke umnikazi wemoto ozihloniphayo uphoqelekile ukuba aziqonde, hhayi ukuze akwazi ukulungisa ngokuzimela noma yikuphi ukungasebenzi okungase kuvele emgwaqeni, kodwa nje ukuqonda isimiso sokusebenza kwemoto yabo kanye nekhono lokuchaza ingqikithi yemoto yabo. izinkinga ngolimi oluqondakalayo kuchwepheshe. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukwazi okungenani izinto eziyisisekelo, yiziphi izingxenye eziyinhloko zemoto, nokuthi ingxenye ngayinye ibizwa kanjani ngendlela efanele.

umzimba wemoto

Isisekelo sanoma iyiphi imoto umzimba wayo, okuwumzimba wemoto, ohlalisa umshayeli, abagibeli kanye nempahla. Kusemzimbeni ukuthi zonke ezinye izakhi zemoto zitholakala. Enye yezinjongo zayo eziyinhloko ukuvikela abantu nempahla emiphumeleni yemvelo yangaphandle.

Ngokuvamile umzimba unamathele ohlakeni, kodwa kunezimoto ezinomklamo ongenasici, bese umzimba ngesikhathi esifanayo usebenza njengohlaka. Isakhiwo somzimba wemoto:

• i-minivan, lapho injini, abagibeli kanye nezindawo zezimpahla zitholakala ngevolumu eyodwa (ama-minivans noma amaveni angasebenza njengesibonelo);
• imiqulu emibili lapho kunikezwa khona indawo yenjini, nezindawo zabagibeli nezimpahla zihlanganiswa zibe ivolumu eyodwa (amaloli, ama-hatchbacks, ama-crossovers nama-SUV);
• imiqulu emithathu, lapho kuhlinzekwa izingxenye ezihlukene zengxenye ngayinye yomzimba wemoto: impahla, abagibeli kanye nemoto (izinqola zesiteshi, ama-sedans kanye nama-coupes).

Ngokuya ngohlobo lomthwalo, umzimba ungaba izinhlobo ezintathu:

Izimoto eziningi zesimanje zinesakhiwo esithwalayo esithatha yonke imithwalo esebenza emotweni. Isakhiwo esijwayelekile somzimba wemoto sinikeza izici ezilandelayo eziyinhloko:

• ama-stringers, okuyizigxobo ezithwala imithwalo ngendlela yepayipi yephrofayili engunxande, angaphambili, angemuva nangemuva;

Uhlelo lokuthutha umzimba. Lolu hlelo lukuvumela ukuthi unciphise isisindo semoto, wehlise isikhungo se-gravity futhi ngaleyo ndlela wandise ukuzinza kokushayela.

• ama-racks - izakhi zesakhiwo ezisekela uphahla (ngaphambili, ngemuva naphakathi);
• imishayo namalungu esiphambano aphezu kophahla, ama-spars, ngaphansi kwezimbobo zenjini, kanye nomugqa ngamunye wezihlalo, nawo anelungu eliphambene elingaphambili kanye nelungu le-radiator cross;
• imibundu kanye phansi;
• amakhothamo amasondo.

Injini yezimoto, izinhlobo zayo

Inhliziyo yemoto, iyunithi yayo eyinhloko injini. Yile ngxenye yemoto eyenza i-torque idluliselwe emasondweni, okuphoqa imoto ukuthi ihambe emkhathini. Kuze kube manje, kunezinhlobo ezilandelayo eziyinhloko zezinjini:

• Injini evuthayo yangaphakathi noma injini evuthayo yangaphakathi esebenzisa amandla kaphethiloli ashiswe kumasilinda ayo ukukhiqiza amandla emishini;
• i-motor kagesi enikezwa amandla kagesi avela kumabhethri noma amaseli e-hydrogen (namuhla, izimoto ezisebenza nge-hydrogen sezivele zikhiqizwa yizinkampani eziningi zezimoto ezinkulu ngendlela yama-prototypes ngisho nasekukhiqizeni okuncane);
• izinjini ezixubile, ezihlanganisa injini kagesi kanye nenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi kuyunithi eyodwa, isixhumanisi sayo okuyi-generator.

Lena inkimbinkimbi yezindlela eziguqula amandla ashisayo kaphethiloli ovuthayo kumasilinda awo abe amandla emishini.

Bheka futhi: Ukushaya enjinini - uphawu

Ngokuya ngohlobo lukaphethiloli oshisiwe, zonke izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi zihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• uphethiloli;
• Udizili;
• igesi;
• i-hydrogen, lapho i-hydrogen ewuketshezi isebenza njengophethiloli (ifakwe kuphela kumamodeli wokuhlola).

Ngokusho komklamo wenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi, kukhona:

Ukudlulisela

Inhloso enkulu ye-transmission wukudlulisa i-torque isuka ku-crankshaft yenjini iye emasondweni. Izakhi ezifakwe ekubunjweni kwayo zibizwa kanje:

• I-clutch, okungama-friction plate amabili acindezelwe ndawonye, ​​axhuma i-crankshaft yenjini ku-gearbox shaft. Lokhu kuxhunywa kwama-axle alezi zindlela ezimbili kwenziwa kukwazi ukudonseka, ukuze kuthi uma ucindezela ama-disc ungakwazi ukunqamula ukuxhumana phakathi kwenjini no-gearbox, ushintshe amagiya futhi ushintshe ijubane lokujikeleza kwamasondo.

Lesi isitimela samandla esixhuma injini namasondo emoto.

• I-gearbox (noma i-gearbox). Le node isetshenziselwa ukushintsha isivinini kanye nendlela yemoto.
• Igiya le-cardan, okuyi-shaft enamajoyinti ajikayo ekugcineni, lisetshenziselwa ukudlulisa i-torque emasondweni angemuva. Isetshenziswa kuphela ezimotweni ezidonsa ngamasondo angemuva nasezimotweni ezidonsa ngawo wonke amasondo.
• Igiya elikhulu litholakala ku-drive shaft yemoto. Idlulisa i-torque isuka ku-propeller shaft iye ku-axle shaft, iguqule indlela yokuzungeza ngo-90.
• Umehluko wumshini ohlinzeka ngesivinini esihlukene sokujikeleza kwamasondo okushayela kwesokudla nakwesokunxele uma ujikisa imoto.
• Ama-axle okushayela noma ama-axle shaft ama-elementi adlulisa ukujikeleza emasondweni.

Izimoto ezidonsa ngawo wonke amasondo zinekesi lokudlulisa elisabalalisa ukuzungezisa kuwo womabili ama-ekseli.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Isethi yezindlela nezingxenye ezisebenza ukuhambisa imoto futhi zidambise ukudlidliza nokudlidliza okuwumphumela kubizwa ngokuthi i-chassis. I-Chassis ihlanganisa:

• ifreyimu lapho zonke ezinye izakhi ze-chassis zinamathiselwe (ezimotweni ezingenasici, izakhi zomzimba wemoto zisetshenziselwa ukuzifaka);

I-Chassis iyisethi yamadivayisi, lapho imoto ihamba khona endleleni.

• amasondo ahlanganisa amadiski namathayi;
• ukumiswa ngaphambili nangemuva, okusebenza ukudambisa ukudlidliza okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokunyakaza, futhi kungaba yintwasahlobo, i-pneumatic, i-leaf spring noma ibha ye-torsion, kuye ngokuthi izakhi zokudambisa ezisetshenzisiwe;
• Imishayo ye-axle esetshenziselwa ukufaka ama-axle shaft kanye nokwehluka kutholakala kuphela ezimotweni ezilengisiwe.

Izimoto eziningi zesimanje zabagibeli zine-suspension ezimele futhi azinayo i-axle beam.

Ukuqondisa

Ekushayeleni okuvamile, umshayeli kudingeka ashintshe, ajike noma aphambuke, okungukuthi, aphambuke emgqeni oqondile, noma alawule imoto yakhe ukuze ingamholeli eceleni. Ngale njongo, isiqondiso sinikezwa ekwakhiweni kwayo. Lena enye yezindlela ezilula emotweni. Yiziphi ezinye zezinto okuxoxwe ngazo ngezansi ezibizwa ngokuthi? Ikheli liqukethe:

• isondo lokuqondisa elinekholomu lokuqondisa, okuthiwa i-axle evamile, lapho isondo lokuqondisa liqinile;

Lezi zinsimbi zihlanganisa isiteringi, esixhunywa namasondo angaphambili ngesiteringi namabhuleki.

• umshini wokuqondisa, ohlanganisa i-rack kanye ne-pinion efakwe ku-axis yekholomu yokuqondisa, iguqula ukunyakaza okujikelezayo kwesondo lokuqondisa libe ukunyakaza kokuhumusha kwe-rack endizeni enezingqimba;
• idrayivu yesiteringi edlulisa umthelela wesiteringi emasondweni ukuze awaphendule, futhi ihlanganisa izigxobo eziseceleni, i-pendulum lever nezingalo ze-pivot zamasondo.

Ezimotweni zanamuhla, kusetshenziswa into eyengeziwe - isiteringi samandla, esivumela umshayeli ukuba enze umzamo omncane wokuqinisekisa ukuthi isondo lokuqondisa liyaphenduka. Ingokwezinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• omakhenikha;
• i-pneumatic amplifier;
• umfutholuketshezi;
• kagesi;
• isiqalo sikagesi esihlanganisiwe.

Uhlelo lwamabhuleki

Ingxenye ebalulekile yomshini, eqinisekisa ukuphepha kokulawula, uhlelo lwamabhuleki. Inhloso yawo enkulu ukuphoqa imoto ehambayo ukuthi ime. Ibuye isetshenziswe lapho ijubane lemoto lidinga ukuncishiswa kakhulu.

Isistimu yamabhuleki ingeyezinhlobo ezilandelayo, kuye ngohlobo lokushayela:

• omakhenikha;
• umfutholuketshezi;
• isondo;
• ikhithi.

Ezimotweni zanamuhla zabagibeli, i-hydraulic brake system ifakiwe, ehlanganisa izici ezilandelayo:

• ama-brake pedals;
• i-hydraulic cylinder eyinhloko yesistimu yamabhuleki;
• ithangi lokugcwalisa le-master cylinder yokugcwalisa i-brake fluid;
• i-vacuum booster, ayitholakali kuwo wonke amamodeli;
• amapayipi amapayipi amabhuleki angaphambili nangemuva;
• amasilinda amabhuleki amasondo;
• Ama-brake pads acindezelwa amasilinda amasondo erimu lamasondo lapho imoto ibhuleki.

Amabhuleki amabhuleki angamadiski noma uhlobo lwesigubhu futhi anentwasahlobo ebuyayo ewasusa kude norimu ngemva kokuqedwa kwenqubo yokubhuleka.

Okokusebenza kukagesi

Enye yezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zemoto yomgibeli enezici eziningi ezahlukene kanye nezintambo ezizixhumayo, ezibopha umzimba wonke wemoto, imishini kagesi esebenza ukunikeza ugesi kuzo zonke izinto zikagesi kanye nesistimu kagesi. Izinto ezisebenza ngogesi zihlanganisa lezi zisetshenziswa namasistimu alandelayo:

• ibhethri;
• ijeneretha;
• uhlelo lokuthungela;
• ukukhanya kwe-optics kanye nesistimu yokukhanyisa yangaphakathi;
• ukushayela kukagesi abalandeli, ama-windshield wiper, amafasitela kagesi nezinye izinto;
• ukushisa amafasitela nangaphakathi;
• zonke izinto zikagesi ezizishintshayo, ikhompyutha esebhodini kanye nezinhlelo zokuvikela (ABS, SRS), ukuphathwa kwenjini, njll.;
• isiteringi samandla;
• i-alamu yokulwa nokweba;
• isignali yomsindo

Lolu uhlu olungaphelele lwamadivayisi afakwe ezintweni zikagesi zemoto kanye nogesi odlayo.

Idivayisi yomzimba wemoto kanye nazo zonke izingxenye zayo kumele zaziwe yibo bonke abashayeli ukuze imoto ihlale isesimweni esihle.

isakhiwo semoto

Imoto ingumshini ozihambelayo oshayelwa injini efakwe kuyo. Imoto iqukethe izingxenye ezihlukene, imihlangano, izindlela, imihlangano kanye nezinhlelo.

Ingxenye ingxenye yomshini oqukethe ucezu olulodwa lwempahla.

Ngokuluhlaza: ukuxhuma izingxenye ezimbalwa.

Imishini iyisisetshenziswa esiklanyelwe ukuguqula ukunyakaza nesivinini.

Isistimu C: Iqoqo lezingxenye ezihlukene ezihlobene nomsebenzi ovamile (isb. amasistimu wamandla, amasistimu okupholisa, njll.)

Imoto iqukethe izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko:

2) I-Chassis (ihlanganisa ukudluliselwa, igiya eligijimayo nezilawuli)

3) Umzimba (oklanyelwe ukuhlalisa umshayeli nabagibeli emotweni kanye nempahla elolini).

MANJE AKE SIBHEKE NGEZIPHUMO ZAMA-CHASSIS:

I-transmission idlulisa i-torque isuka ku-crankshaft yenjini iye emasondweni emoto futhi ishintsha ubukhulu nendlela yale torque.

Ukudlulisela kuhlanganisa:

1) I-Clutch (ikhipha u-gearbox kanye nenjini lapho ushintsha amagiya futhi ibamba kahle ukuze inyakaze kahle uma umile).

2) I-Gearbox (ishintsha ukudonsa, isivinini kanye nendlela yemoto).

3) Igiya le-Cardan (lidlulisela i-torque ukusuka ku-shaft eqhutshwayo yebhokisi le-gearbox kuya ku-shaft eqhutshwayo yokugcina)

4) Igiya eliyinhloko (linyusa i-torque futhi liyidlulisela ku-axle shaft)

5) Umehluko (uhlinzeka ngokujikeleza kwamasondo okushayela ngesivinini esihlukile se-angular)

6) Amabhuloho (dlulisa i-torque ukusuka kumehluko kuya kumasondo okushayela).

7) Ibhokisi lokudlulisa (elifakwe ezimotweni ezihamba kuzo zonke izindawo ezinama-axle okushayela amabili noma amathathu) futhi lisebenzela ukusabalalisa i-torque phakathi kwama-axle okushayela.

1) Uhlaka (lapho zonke izinqubo zemoto efakwe).

2) Ukumiswa (kuqinisekisa ukuhamba kahle kwemoto, bushelelezi amaqhubu kanye nokushaqeka okubonwa amasondo emgwaqeni).

3) Amabhuloho (amanodi axhuma amasondo e-axle).

4) Amasondo (ama-disc angamasondo angamasondo avumela umshini ukuthi uginqike).

Izindlela zokulawula izimoto zisetshenziswa ukulawula imoto.

Izindlela zokulawula izimoto zihlanganisa:

 

2) Isistimu ye-Brake (ikuvumela ukuthi ubhule kuze kube yilapho imoto ima).