I-Fighter-bomber iPanavia Tornado
I-Fighter-bomber iPanavia Tornado
Lapho amaTornado eqala ukufakwa enkonzweni ngo-1979, akekho owayelindele ukuthi ngemva kweminyaka engu-37 aqhubeke esetshenziswa. Ekuqaleni yakhelwe ukulwa nokungqubuzana kwezempi okuphelele phakathi kwe-NATO ne-Warsaw Pact, baphinde bazithola besezimeni ezintsha. Ngenxa yokwenziwa kwesimanjemanje, ama-Tornado fighter-bombers aseyingxenye ebalulekile yamabutho ahlomile ase-Great Britain, e-Italy naseJalimane.
Maphakathi nawo-104s, kwaqala umsebenzi ekwakhiweni kwezindiza ezintsha zokulwa emazweni e-European NATO. Zenziwe e-UK (ikakhulukazi kufunwa ozongena esikhundleni seCanberra Tactical Bombers), France (edinga umklamo ofanayo), Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, Italy and Canada (ukuzongena esikhundleni seF-91G Starfighter kanye G-XNUMXG).
I-UK, ngemuva kokukhansela uhlelo lokuqhumisa amabhomu ngobuhlakani i-TSR-2 yeBritish Aircraft Corporation (BAC) futhi yenqaba ukuthenga imishini yaseMelika i-F-111K, yanquma ukusungula ukubambisana neFrance. Ngakho-ke kwazalwa uhlelo lokwakhiwa kwendiza ye-AFVG (English-French variable geometry) - umklamo ohlangene waseBrithani-French (i-BAC-Dassault), owawuzohlonywa amaphiko ejiyomethri aguquguqukayo, ube nesisindo sokusuka esingu-18 kg futhi uthwale u-000. kg yezindiza zokulwa, ithuthukisa isivinini esiphezulu esingu-4000 km/h (Ma=1480) endaweni ephansi futhi ibe ngu-1,2 km/h (Ma=2650) endaweni ephakeme futhi ibe nebanga lobuhlakani elingu-2,5 km. Ukudluliswa kwe-BBM kwakuzoqukatha izinjini zejethi ze-gas turbine jet ezakhiwe yi-SNECMA-Bristol Siddeley consortium. Abasebenzisi bayo kwakuzoba izindiza zasolwandle kanye namabutho asemoyeni eGreat Britain naseFrance.
Umsebenzi wokuhlola owaqala ngo-August 1, 1965 ngokushesha kakhulu waholela eziphethweni ezingaphumelelanga - izibalo zabonisa ukuthi umklamo onjalo uzoba mkhulu kakhulu kubathwali bezindiza abasha be-French Foch. Ekuqaleni kuka-1966, iButho Lamasosha Lasemanzini laseBrithani nalo laphuma eqenjini labasebenzisi besikhathi esizayo, ngenxa yesinqumo sokuyekisa ukusebenza kwezinkampani ezithwala izindiza zakudala futhi kugxilwe kumayunithi amancane ahlome ngama-jet fighters kanye nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane ze-VTOL. . Lokhu, futhi, kwakusho ukuthi ngemva kokuthengwa kwe-F-4 Phantom II fighters, i-UK yagcina igxile emandleni esiteleka somklamo omusha. Ngo-May 1966, ongqongqoshe bezokuvikela bawo womabili la mazwe bethula isheduli yohlelo - ngokusho kwabo, indiza yokuhlola ye-BBVG prototype yayizokwenzeka ngo-1968, kanye nokulethwa kwezimoto zokukhiqiza ngo-1974.
Kodwa-ke, kakade ngoNovemba 1966, kwacaca ukuthi indawo yamandla efakwe i-AFVG izoba buthakathaka kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yonke iphrojekthi ingase "idliwe" yizindleko ezingase zibe phezulu zentuthuko iyonke - lokhu kwakubaluleke kakhulu eFrance. Imizamo yokunciphisa izindleko zokuthuthukisa umklamo ayizange iphumelele futhi ngo-June 29, 1967, amaFulentshi enqaba ukubambisana endizeni. Isizathu salesi sinyathelo futhi kwakuyingcindezi evela ezinyunyaneni zemboni yezikhali yaseFrance kanye nabaphathi be-Dassault, ngaleso sikhathi eyayisebenza ngendiza ye-Mirage G eguquguqukayo.
Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, i-UK yanquma ukuqhubeka nohlelo iyodwa, ilunikeze igama elithi UKVG (United Kingdom Variable Geometry), okwabe sekuholela ekucutshungulweni okunemininingwane ye-FCA (Future Combat Aircraft) kanye ne-ACA (Advanced Combat Aircraft).
Amanye amazwe agxile eJalimane ngokwesekwa yimboni yezokundiza yaseMelika. Umphumela walo msebenzi kwaba iphrojekthi ye-NKF (Neuen Kampfflugzeug) - indiza enesihlalo esisodwa enenjini ye-Pratt & Whitney TF30.
Ngesinye isikhathi, iqembu elifuna ozongena esikhundleni se-F-104G Starfighter lamema i-UK ukuthi ibambisane. Ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kokucatshangelwa kwamaqhinga nezobuchwepheshe kanye nemiphumela yomsebenzi owenziwe kwaholela ekukhetheni ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwendiza ye-NKF, okwakufanele yandiswe, futhi ikwazi ukulwa nemigomo yomhlaba kunoma yiziphi izimo zezulu, usuku. kanye nobusuku. ebusuku. Bekufanele kube imoto ekwazi ukungena ohlelweni lokuvikela umoya lwe-Warsaw Pact futhi isebenze ekujuleni kwendawo yesitha, hhayi nje indiza elula esekela umhlabathi enkundleni yempi.
Ngokulandela le ndlela, amazwe amabili - iBelgium neCanada - ahoxile kulo msebenzi. Ucwaningo lwaqedwa ngoJulayi 1968, lapho kwakuhlelwe ukuthi kuthuthukiswe izindlela ezimbili. AbaseBrithani babedinga indiza enezinjini ezimbili, enezihlalo ezimbili ekwazi ukusebenzisa izikhali zenuzi nezivamile. AmaJalimane ayefuna imoto enesihlalo esisodwa esebenza ngezindlela eziningi, futhi ehlome ngemicibisholo ejikijelwayo ye-AIM-7 Sparrow yebanga eliphakathi nendawo eqondiswe emoyeni ukuya emoyeni. Kwakudingeka okunye ukuvumelana ukuze kugcinwe izindleko ziphansi. Ngakho, uhlelo lokwakha lwe-MRCA (Multi-Role Combat Aircraft) lwaqalwa.
