Hlola IDrayivu Umlando Wokudluliswa Kwezimoto - Ingxenye 1

Ochungechungeni lwezihloko sizokutshela ngomlando wokudluliswa kwezimoto namaloli - mhlawumbe njengokuvuma ngekhanda emcimbini weminyaka engu-75 yokudalwa kokudluliswa kokuqala okuzenzakalelayo.

1993 Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwangaphambi komjaho e-Silverstone, umshayeli wokuhlola u-Williams u-David Coulthard washiya ithrekhi ukuze ahlolwe okulandelayo ku-Williams FW 15C entsha. Endleleni emanzi, imoto isakazeka yonke indawo, kodwa noma kunjalo wonke umuntu ungezwa umsindo ongavamile wenjini enamasilinda ayishumi. Ngokusobala, uFrank William usebenzisa uhlobo oluhlukile lokudlulisela. Kucacela abakhanyiselwe ukuthi lokhu akuyona into edlula indlela eguquguqukayo eqhubekayo eklanyelwe ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zenjini yeFormula 1. Kamuva kwavela ukuthi yathuthukiswa ngosizo lochwepheshe baseVan Doorn abatholakala yonke indawo. ukudluliswa kokutheleleka. Lezi zinkampani ezimbili ezakha uzungu ziye zathela izinsiza ezinkulu zobunjiniyela nezezimali kule phrojekthi eminyakeni emine edlule ukuze zenze umfanekiso osebenza ngokugcwele ongabhala kabusha imithetho ye-dynamics kwindlovukazi yezemidlalo. Kuvidiyo ye-YouTube namuhla ungabona izivivinyo zalo modeli, futhi u-Coulthard ngokwakhe uthi uthanda umsebenzi wakhe - ikakhulukazi ekhoneni, lapho asikho isidingo sokuchitha isikhathi sokwehlisa - konke kunakekelwa nge-electronics. Ngeshwa, wonke umuntu owayesebenza kulo msebenzi walahlekelwa izithelo zomsebenzi wabo. Izishayamthetho zashesha ukuvala ukusetshenziswa kwalawa mapasi kuFomula, okusolwa ukuthi kungenxa “yenzuzo engafanele”. Imithetho yashintshwa futhi ama-V-belt CVT noma ama-CVT transmissions angumlando onalokhu kubukeka kafushane nje. Icala livaliwe futhi uWilliams kufanele abuyele kuma-semi-automatic transmissions, namanje ajwayelekile kuFomula 1 futhi nawo abe yinguquko ngasekupheleni kwawo-80s. Ngendlela, emuva ngo-1965, i-DAF nge-Variomatic transmission yenza imizamo yokungena ithrekhi ye-motorsport, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi umshini wawumkhulu kangangokuthi ngisho nangaphandle kokungenelela kwezinto ezithintekayo wawuzohluleka. Kodwa leyo ngenye indaba.

Sicaphune kaningi izibonelo zokuthi kungakanani okusha embonini yezimoto yesimanje okuwumphumela wemibono emidala ezalwa emakhanda abantu abaphiwe ngokwedlulele nabanokuqonda. Ngenxa yokwakheka kwawo, ama-gearbox angesinye sezibonelo eziyinhloko zokuthi angenziwa kanjani uma isikhathi silungile. Kulezi zinsuku, inhlanganisela yezinto eziphambili kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza kanye nohulumeni we-elekthronikhi kudale ithuba lezisombululo ezisebenza ngendlela emangalisayo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokudlulisa. Umkhuba obheke ekusetshenzisweni okuphansi ngakolunye uhlangothi kanye nokucaciswa kwezinjini ezintsha ezinobukhulu obuncishisiwe (isibonelo, isidingo sokunqoba imbobo ye-turbo ngokushesha) kuholela esidingweni sokudala ukuhanjiswa okuzenzakalelayo ngohlu olubanzi lwezilinganiso zamagiya futhi, ngokufanele, inqwaba yamagiya. Ezinye izindlela zabo ezithengeka kakhulu ama-CVT ezimoto ezincane, ezivame ukusetshenziswa ngabakhi bezimoto baseJapan, kanye nama-automatic manual transmissions afana ne-Easytronic. I-Opel (futhi eyezimoto ezincane). Izindlela zezinhlelo ezixubile ezihambisanayo ziqondile, futhi njengengxenye yemizamo yokunciphisa ukungcola, ukufakwa kukagesi okushayela kwenzeka ngempela ekudluliseni.

Injini ayikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kuka-gearbox

Kuze kube manje, isintu asikaqambi indlela esebenza kahle kakhulu yokudlulisela amandla emishini (ngaphandle, vele, izindlela zokusebenzisa amanzi kanye nezinhlelo zikagesi eziyingxubevange) kunezindlela ezisebenzisa amabhande, amaketanga namagiya. Yebo, kunokuhlukahluka okungenakubalwa kulesi sihloko, futhi ungaqonda kangcono ingqikithi yakho ngokufaka ohlwini intuthuko evelele kakhulu kule ndawo eminyakeni yamuva.

Umqondo wokushintshwa kwe-elekthronikhi, noma uxhumano lwe-elekthronikhi olungaqondile lwendlela yokulawula ku-gearbox, ukude nokukhala kokugcina, ngoba ngo-1916 inkampani yakwaPullman yasePennsylvania yakha ibhokisi legiya elishintsha amagiya ngogesi. Ukusebenzisa isimiso esifanayo sokusebenza ngendlela ethuthukisiwe, eminyakeni engamashumi amabili kamuva yafakwa ku-avant-garde Cord 812 - enye yezimoto ezihamba phambili nezimangalisayo hhayi kuphela ngo-1936, lapho idalwa. Kubaluleke ngokwanele ukuthi le ntambo ingatholakala kukhava yencwadi mayelana nempumelelo yomklamo wezimboni. Ukudluliselwa kwayo kudlulisa i-torque isuka enjinini iye ku-axle yangaphambili (!), kanti i-gearshift iyi-filigree eqondile yokumelwa kwekholomu yokuqondisa, eyenza kusebenze ukushintshwa okukhethekile kagesi okwenza kusebenze uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwamadivayisi kagesi ane-vacuum diaphragms, kufaka phakathi amagiya. Abaqambi bezintambo bakwazile ukuhlanganisa konke lokhu ngempumelelo, futhi akusebenzi nje kuphela ngombono, kodwa futhi ekusebenzeni. Kwakuyiphupho elibi ngempela ukusetha ukuvumelanisa phakathi kokuguqulwa kwegiya nokusebenza kwe-clutch, futhi, ngokusho kobufakazi besikhathi, kwakungenzeka ukuthumela umakhenikha esibhedlela sengqondo. Kodwa-ke, i-Cord yayiyimoto yokunethezeka, futhi abanikazi bayo babengenakukwazi ukukhokhela isimo sengqondo esivamile sabakhiqizi abaningi besimanje ekunembeni kwale nqubo - empeleni, iningi elizenzakalelayo (elivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-robotic noma i-semi-automatic) lishintsha ngokulibaziseka kwesici, futhi ngokuvamile imimoya.

Akekho othi ukuvumelanisa kuwumsebenzi olula kakhulu nge-transmission manual elula futhi esakazeke kakhulu namuhla, ngoba umbuzo othi "Kungani kudingekile ukusebenzisa idivayisi enjalo nhlobo?" Inezinhlamvu ezibalulekile. Isizathu salo mcimbi oyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa futhi nokuvula i-niche yebhizinisi yezigidigidi, ilele kumvelo yenjini yomlilo. Ngokungafani, isibonelo, injini ye-steam, lapho ingcindezi ye-steam enikezwa kumasilinda ingashintsha kalula, futhi ukucindezela kwayo kungashintsha ngesikhathi sokuqala nokusebenza okujwayelekile, noma kusuka ku-motor kagesi, lapho insimu enamandla yamagnetic ishayela khona. futhi ikhona ngesivinini esingu-zero. ngomzuzu (eqinisweni, iphezulu kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yokuncipha kokusebenza kahle kwama-motor kagesi ngesivinini esikhulayo, bonke abakhiqizi bokuhambisa izimoto zikagesi njengamanje bathuthukisa izinketho zezigaba ezimbili) yangaphakathi. Injini yomlilo inesici lapho amandla amakhulu atholwa khona ngesivinini esisondele kakhulu, kanye ne-torque ephezulu - ebangeni elincane lejubane, lapho kwenzeka khona izinqubo zokuvutha ezingcono kakhulu. Kumele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi empilweni yangempela injini ayivamile ukusetshenziswa ejikeni le-torque esiphezulu (ngokuhambisanayo ku-curve yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla aphezulu). Ngeshwa, i-torque kuma-revs aphansi incane, futhi uma ukudluliselwa kuxhumeke ngokuqondile, ngisho ne-clutch enqamula futhi iqala, imoto ngeke ikwazi ukwenza izenzo ezinjengokuqala, ukusheshisa nokushayela ngesivinini esibanzi. Nasi isibonelo esilula - uma injini idlulisa isivinini sayo 1: 1, futhi ubukhulu besondo buyi-195/55 R 15 (okwamanje, ngokusuka ebukhoneni begiya eliyinhloko), kusho ukuthi imoto kufanele ihambe ngesivinini. 320 km. / h ekuphendukeni okungu-3000 kwe-crankshaft ngomzuzu. Vele izimoto zinamagiya aqondile noma asondelene ngisho namagiya okukhasa, lapho-ke idrayivu yokugcina nayo ingena ku-equation futhi kufanele kubhekwe. Nokho, uma siqhubeka logic yasekuqaleni yokucabanga mayelana ukushayela ngesivinini esivamile 60 km / h edolobheni, injini uzodinga 560 rpm kuphela. Yiqiniso, ayikho injini ekwazi ukwenza i-twine enjalo. Kukhona enye imininingwane - ngoba, ngokomzimba kuphela, amandla alingana ngqo ne-torque nesivinini (ifomula yayo ingabuye ichazwe njengejubane x torque / i-coefficient ethile), futhi ukusheshisa komzimba wenyama kuncike emandleni asetshenziswa kuwo. . , qonda, kulokhu, amandla, kunengqondo ukuthi ukusheshisa okusheshayo uzodinga isivinini esiphezulu nomthwalo owengeziwe (isb. i-torque). Kuzwakala kuyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ngokwenza lokhu kusho lokhu okulandelayo: wonke umshayeli, ngisho nalowo ongaqondi lutho kwezobuchwepheshe, uyazi ukuthi ukuze ufinyelele imoto ngokushesha, udinga ukwehlisa igiya elilodwa noma amabili. Ngakho-ke, ku-gearbox lapho eletha khona ngokushesha ama-revs aphezulu ngakho-ke amandla engeziwe ale njongo anezinga elifanayo le-pedal pressure. Lona umsebenzi walesi divayisi - kucatshangelwa izici injini amandla omlilo yangaphakathi, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwayo kumodi elilungile. Ukushayela igiya lokuqala ngesivinini 100 km / h kuyoba ngempela uneconomical, futhi igiya lesithupha, okuyinto efanelekayo ithrekhi, akunakwenzeka ukuqhubeka. Akukona nje ukuqondana ukuthi ukushayela ngendlela eyongayo kudinga ukushintshwa kwamagiya kusenesikhathi kanye nenjini egijima igcwele (okungukuthi, ukushayela kancane ngaphansi kwejika letorque ephezulu). Ochwepheshe basebenzisa igama elithi "ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuthile okuphansi", eliphakathi nendawo futhi eliseduze nomthwalo omkhulu. Khona-ke i-valve ye-throttle yezinjini zikaphethiloli ivuleka kabanzi futhi inciphise ukulahlekelwa kokupompa, ikhulise ingcindezi kumasilinda futhi ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise ikhwalithi yokusabela kwamakhemikhali. Isivinini esiphansi sinciphisa ukungqubuzana futhi sivumele isikhathi esengeziwe sokugcwalisa ngokuphelele. Izimoto zomjaho zihlale zigijima ngesivinini esiphezulu futhi zinenani elikhulu lamagiya (ayisishiyagalombili kuFomula 1), okuvumela ukuncipha kwesivinini lapho zishintsha futhi zikhawulela ukushintshela ezindaweni ezinamandla amancane kakhulu.

Eqinisweni, ingakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwebhokisi legiya lakudala, kodwa ...

Icala lama-hybrid systems futhi ikakhulukazi ama-hybrid systems afana neToyota Prius. Le moto ayinakho ukudluliselwa kwanoma yiziphi izinhlobo ezibaliwe. Cishe ayinawo u-gearbox! Lokhu kungenzeka ngoba lokhu kushiyeka okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla kunxeshezelwa ngohlelo lukagesi. I-transmission ithathelwe indawo ebizwa ngokuthi yi-power splitter, igiya leplanethi elihlanganisa injini evuthayo yangaphakathi nemishini emibili kagesi. Kubantu abangazange bafunde incazelo ekhethiwe yokusebenza kwayo ezincwadini zezinhlelo ze-hybrid futhi ikakhulukazi ekudalweni kwe-Prius (eyakamuva iyatholakala kunguqulo ye-inthanethi yesayithi lethu i-ams.bg), sizosho kuphela ukuthi indlela ivumela. ingxenye yamandla emishini yenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi okufanele idluliselwe ngokuqondile, ngomshini nangengxenye, iguqulwe ibe ugesi (ngosizo lomshini owodwa njengejeneretha) futhi iphinde ibe ngomshini (ngosizo lomunye umshini njengenjini kagesi) . Ubuhlakani balokhu kudalwa kweToyota (umbono wabo wokuqala kwakuyinkampani yaseMelika i-TRW kusukela kuma-60s) ukuhlinzeka nge-torque ephezulu, egwema isidingo samagiya aphansi kakhulu futhi ivumela injini ukuthi isebenze ngezindlela eziphumelelayo. ekulayisheni okuphezulu, kulingisa igiya eliphezulu kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka, nohlelo lukagesi oluhlala lusebenza njengesivikelo. Uma ukulingiswa kokusheshisa kanye nokwehla kwe-downshift kudingekile, isivinini senjini siyandiswa ngokulawula ijeneretha futhi, ngokufanele, ngesivinini sayo kusetshenziswa isistimu yokulawula yamanje kagesi eyinkimbinkimbi. Uma kulingisa amagiya aphezulu, ngisho nezimoto ezimbili kufanele zishintshe izindima ukuze zinciphise ijubane lenjini. Kuleli qophelo, uhlelo lungena kwimodi "yokujikeleza kwamandla" futhi ukusebenza kahle kwayo kuncipha kakhulu, okuchaza ukuboniswa okubukhali kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kwalolu hlobo lwezimoto ezixubile ngesivinini esikhulu. Ngakho-ke, lobu buchwepheshe buyindlela evumelana kahle nethrafikhi yasemadolobheni, ngoba kusobala ukuthi uhlelo lukagesi alukwazi ukunxephezela ngokugcwele ukungabikho kwebhokisi le-gearbox lakudala. Ukuze baxazulule le nkinga, onjiniyela bakwa-Honda basebenzisa isixazululo esilula kodwa esihlakaniphile ohlelweni lwabo olusha lwe-hybrid hybrid ukuze baqhudelane neToyota - bamane bengeze umshini wokuhambisa ngesandla wesithupha osebenza esikhundleni somshini we-hybrid wesivinini esikhulu. Konke lokhu kungase kugculise ngokwanele ukukhombisa isidingo sika-gearbox. Yiqiniso, uma kungenzeka ngenani elikhulu lamagiya - iqiniso liwukuthi ngokulawula ngesandla ngeke nje kukhululeke umshayeli ukuba abe nenani elikhulu, futhi intengo izokhula. Okwamanje, amagiya angu-7 ashintshwayo afana nalawo atholakala ku-Porsche (okusekelwe ku-DSG) kanye ne-Chevrolet Corvettes awavamile.

Konke kuqala ngamaketango namabhande

Ngakho-ke, izimo ezihlukene zidinga amanani athile wamandla adingekayo kuye ngesivinini kanye ne-torque. Futhi kule zibalo, isidingo sokusebenza kahle kwenjini kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, ngaphezu kobuchwepheshe besimanje benjini, ukuhanjiswa kuba inselele ebaluleke kakhulu.

Ngokwemvelo, inkinga yokuqala ephakamayo iqala - ezimotweni zokuqala zabagibeli, uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwebhokisi le-gearbox kwakuyi-chain drive, ebolekwe ebhayisikili, noma i-belt drive esebenza kuma-pulleys amabhande obubanzi obuhlukene. Ngokwenza, azikho izimanga ezingathandeki ekushayeleni ibhande. Akugcinanga nje ngokuba nomsindo njengabalingani bayo, kodwa futhi behluleka ukunqamula amazinyo, okwakwaziwa ngamagiya akudala abashayeli ngaleso sikhathi ababebizwa ngawo ngokuthi "ulethisi wokudlulisa". Kusukela ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka, kuye kwenziwa ucwaningo ngalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-friction wheel drive", engenawo ama-clutch noma amagiya, futhi isebenzisa i-Nissan ne-Mazda kuma-gearbox abo e-toroidal (okuzoxoxwa ngakho kamuva). Kodwa-ke, ezinye izindlela zamasondo egiya nazo zazinezinkinga eziningi ezinkulu - amabhande awakwazanga ukumelana nemithwalo ende kanye nesivinini esikhulayo, asheshe axega futhi aklebhukile, futhi "ama-pads" amasondo okungqubuzana afakwa ngokushesha okukhulu. Kunoma yikuphi, ngemva nje kokuqala kwemboni yezimoto, amagiya adingeka futhi ahlale ewukuphela kwenketho kulesi sigaba sokudlulisa i-torque isikhathi eside.

Ukuzalwa kokudluliselwa komshini

ULeonardo da Vinci waklama futhi wakha amagiya emishini yakhe, kodwa ukukhiqizwa kwamagiya aqinile, anembe ngokunengqondo futhi ahlala isikhathi eside kwenzeka kuphela ngo-1880 ngenxa yokutholakala kobuchwepheshe obufanele bensimbi bokudala izinsimbi zekhwalithi ephezulu nemishini yokwenza insimbi. ukunemba okuphezulu komsebenzi. Ukulahleka kokushayisana kwamagiya kuncipha kwaba ngamaphesenti amabili kuphela! Lesi yisikhathi lapho beba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ku-gearbox, kodwa inkinga yahlala ekuhlanganisweni nasekubekweni kwabo kumshini ojwayelekile. Isibonelo sesixazululo esisha yi-Daimler Phoenix kusukela ngo-1897, lapho amagiya anobukhulu obuhlukahlukene "ahlanganiswa" abe yi-real, ngokusho kokuqonda kwanamuhla, i-gearbox, ngaphezu kwesivinini esine, nayo inegiya elibuyela emuva. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, u-Packard waba inkampani yokuqala ukusebenzisa indawo eyaziwayo ye-lever yegiya ekugcineni kwencwadi ethi "H". Emashumini eminyaka alandelayo, amagiya ayengasekho, kodwa izindlela zaqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa egameni lomsebenzi olula. U-Carl Benz, owahlomisa izimoto zakhe zokuqala zokukhiqiza nge-gearbox yeplanethi, wakwazi ukusinda ekubukeni kwamabhokisi okuqala avumelanisiwe athuthukiswa nguCadillac noLa Salle ngo-1929. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ama-synchronizer asevele esetshenziswa ngabakwaMercedes, uMathis, Maybach noHorch, kwase kuba enye iVauxhall, iFord neRolls-Royce. Umniningwane owodwa - bonke babenegiya lokuqala elingavumelanisiwe, elicasule kakhulu abashayeli futhi lidinga amakhono akhethekile. I-gearbox yokuqala evumelaniswe ngokugcwele yasetshenziswa yi-English Alvis Speed ​​​​Twenty ngo-Okthoba 1933 futhi yadalwa yinkampani edumile yaseJalimane, esenegama elithi "Gear Factory" ZF, esizovame ukulikhuluma endabeni yethu. Kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo-30 lapho ama-synchronizers aqala ukufakwa kwezinye izinhlobo, kodwa ezimotweni ezishibhile namaloli, abashayeli baqhubeka nokuzabalaza ne-lever yegiya ukunyakaza nokushintsha amagiya. Eqinisweni, isixazululo senkinga yalolu hlobo lokuphazamiseka safunwa ngaphambili kakhulu ngosizo lwezinhlaka ezihlukahlukene zokudlulisa, futhi okuhloswe ngaso ukuhlanganisa amapheya egiya njalo futhi ukuwaxhuma ku-shaft - kusukela ngo-1899 kuya ku-1910, uDe Dion Bouton. kuthuthukiswe ukudluliswa okuthakazelisayo lapho amagiya ehlala exhunywe khona, futhi uxhumano lwawo ku-shaft yesibili lwenziwa ngokusebenzisa ama-couplings amancane. I-Panhard-Levasseur yayinentuthuko efanayo, kodwa ekuthuthukisweni kwabo, amagiya ahlangene unomphela ayexhunywe ngokuqinile ku-shaft esebenzisa izikhonkwane. Abaklami, yiqiniso, abazange bayeke ukucabanga ngendlela yokwenza kube lula kubashayeli nokuvikela izimoto ekulimaleni okungadingekile. Ngo-1914, onjiniyela be-Cadillac banquma ukuthi bangasebenzisa amandla ezinjini zabo ezinkulu futhi bahlomise izimoto ngedrayivu yokugcina eguquguqukayo engashintsha ngogesi futhi iguqule isilinganiso segiya sisuka ku-4,04: siye ku-2,5: 1.

Iminyaka yama-20s kanye nama-30s kwakuyisikhathi sokuqanjwa okumangalisayo okuyingxenye yokuqoqwa kolwazi njalo eminyakeni edlule. Isibonelo, ngo-1931, inkampani yaseFrance i-Cotal yakha i-electromagnetic shift shift manual transmission elawulwa yi-lever encane esondweni lokuqondisa, yona, eyayihlanganiswa ne-lever encane engenzi lutho ebekwe phansi. Siyisho le nto yakamuva ngoba ivumela imoto ukuthi ibe namagiya amaningi aya phambili njengoba kunamagiya amane ahlehlayo. Ngaleso sikhathi, imikhiqizo ehlonishwayo efana neDelage, Delahaye, Salmson kanye neVoisin yayinesithakazelo ekusungulweni kukaKotal. Ngaphezu kwalokhu okushiwo ngenhla okuxakile futhi okukhohliwe "inzuzo" yamagiya amaningi esimanje adonsa ngamasondo angemuva, lo gearbox ongakholakali unamandla "okuxhumana" ne-Fleschel automatic shifter eshintsha amagiya njengoba ehla isivinini ngenxa yomthwalo wenjini futhi empeleni unamandla. omunye wemizamo yokuqala yokwenza inqubo ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Izimoto eziningi kusukela 40s futhi 50s kwadingeka amagiya amathathu, ngoba izinjini akazange ukuthuthukisa kuka 4000 rpm. Ngokunyuka kwama-rev, i-torque namajika kagesi, amagiya amathathu awabange esalivala ibanga le-rev. Umphumela waba ukunyakaza okungahambisani negiya "elimangalisayo" lapho uphakamisa futhi uphoqelela ngokweqile lapho ushintshela kweliphansi. Isixazululo esinengqondo sale nkinga kwaba ukushintshwa okukhulu kwamagiya anejubane amane ngeminyaka yawo-60s, kanti amagiya amagiya amahlanu okuqala angama-70s ayeyingqophamlando kubakhiqizi, abaqaphela ngokuziqhenya ukuba khona kwebhokisi elinjalo kanye nesithombe esiyimodeli. emotweni. Muva nje, umnikazi we-Opel Commodore yakudala wangitshela ukuthi ngesikhathi ethenga le moto yayihamba ngamagiya angu-3 futhi ilinganiselwa ku-20 l/100 km. Ngesikhathi eshintsha u-gearbox waba ngu-gearbox onamagiya amane, wawusebenzisa u-15 l/100 km, kwathi ngemuva kokuthola i-five-speed, lo wehla wafinyelela ku-10 litres.

Namuhla, cishe azikho izimoto ezinamagiya angaphansi kwamahlanu, futhi isivinini esiyisithupha sesiyinto evamile ezinguqulweni eziphakeme zamamodeli ahlangene. Umbono wesithupha ezimweni eziningi ukunciphisa okunamandla kwejubane kuma-revs aphezulu, futhi kwezinye izimo, uma kungekude kakhulu futhi ukuncipha kwejubane kwehla lapho ushintsha. Ukuhanjiswa kwezigaba eziningi kunomphumela omuhle ikakhulukazi ezinjinini zikadizili, amayunithi anetorque ephezulu, kodwa ibanga lokusebenza elincishiswe kakhulu ngenxa yesimo esiyisisekelo senjini yedizili.

(ukulandela)

Umbhalo: UGeorgy Kolev