I-Test Drive Car Tyre History III: Amakhemikhali Ahambayo

Isondo liwumkhiqizo wobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, umphumela wamashumi eminyaka wokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Ekuqaleni, abakhiqizi benjoloba noma osokhemisi babengazi ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okunembile kanye nokwakheka kwamangqamuzana ezinto ezingavuthiwe ababesebenza ngazo, futhi amathayi ayeyikhwalithi engabazekayo. Inkinga yabo eyinhloko i-abrasion elula nokugqoka, okusho impilo yesevisi emfushane kakhulu. Ngaphambi nje kokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe I, osokhemisi bathola ukuthi ukwengeza i-carbon black njengento esakhiweni kwawandisa kakhulu amandla, ukunwebeka, nokumelana nokuhuzuka. Isibabule, i-carbon black, i-zinc, kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-silicon dioxide noma i-quartz eyaziwa kakhulu (i-silicon dioxide), esanda kusetshenziswa njengesithasiselo, idlala indima ebalulekile ekuguquleni ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali enjoloba nasekuthuthukiseni ukwakheka kwayo. izakhiwo, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwazo ngale njongo kubuyela ezikhathini ezahlukene zokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bamathayi. Kodwa, njengoba sishilo, ekuqaleni, ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana esondo kwakuyimfihlakalo ephelele.

Nokho, eqinisweni, emuva ngo-1829, uMichael Faraday wachaza isakhiwo esiyisisekelo senjoloba ngefomula yamakhemikhali ethi C5H8, noma ngamanye amazwi, isoprene. Ngo-1860, usokhemisi uWilliams wathola uketshezi lwefomula efanayo. Ngo-1882, i-isoprene yokwenziwa yenziwa okokuqala, kwathi ngo-1911, osokhemisi uFrancis Matthews noCarl Harris bathola ngokuzimela ukuthi isoprene ingenziwa i-polymerized, inqubo engemuva kokudalwa ngempumelelo kwenjoloba yokwenziwa. Eqinisweni, impumelelo yososayensi ifika ngesikhathi lapho benqaba ukukopisha ngokuphelele ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali enjoloba yemvelo.

Uwoyela Ojwayelekile no-IG Farben

Emuva ngo-1906, ochwepheshe abavela enkampanini yaseJalimane iBayer baqalisa uhlelo olunamandla lokukhiqizwa kwenjoloba yokwenziwa. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, ngenxa yokushoda kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zemvelo, kwaqala ukukhiqizwa kwamathayi asuselwa kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-methyl rubber, eyakhiwe yiBayer. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe I, yanqanyulwa ngenxa yentengo yayo ephezulu yokuphela nomkhiqizo wemvelo oshibhile otholakalayo. Kodwa-ke, ngawo-20, ukuntuleka kwenjoloba yemvelo kwavela futhi, okwaholela ekuqaleni kocwaningo olunzulu e-USSR, e-USA naseJalimane.

Emuva entwasahlobo ka-1907, uFritz Hoffmann noDkt. Karl Kutel, besebenzisa itiyela lamalahle, bathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokuthola imikhiqizo yokuqala ye-isoprene, i-methyl isoprene ne-gaseous butadiene, futhi isinyathelo esilandelayo ekuthuthukiseni umsebenzi kwaba ukupholisa kwe-polymerization. ama-molecule alezi zinto. Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe I, abacwaningi e-IG Farben enkulu, manje ehlanganisa i-Bayer, bagxile ekwenziweni kwe-polymerization ye-butadiene monomer futhi baphumelela ekwakheni irabha yokwenziwa ebizwa ngokuthi i-Buna, emfushane ye-butadiene ne-sodium. Ngo-1929, ukukhathazeka kwase kukhiqiza amathayi avela kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Buna S, lapho kwanezelwa khona insila. I-Du Pont, yona, yenza i-neoprene, eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-duprene. Ngawo-30, osokhemisi be-Standard Oil baseNew Jersey, umanduleli we-Exxon, baphumelela ekwenzeni inqubo yokwenziwa kwe-butadiene besebenzisa uwoyela njengomkhiqizo oyinhloko. Indida kuleli cala ukuthi ukusebenzisana kwe-American Standard ne-German IG Farben kuvumela inkampani yaseMelika ukuthi yenze inqubo yokwenziwa kwenjoloba yokwenziwa efana ne-Buna S futhi ibe yisici esikhulu esivumelwaneni esishiwo sokuxazulula inkinga yenjoloba. USA ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II. Nokho, ngokuvamile, izinkampani ezine ezinkulu ziphethe ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwamasondo asebenza ngezindlela eziningi ezweni: I-Firestone Tire & Rubber Company, i-BF Goodrich Company, i-Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, i-United States Rubber Company (Uniroyal). Imizamo yabo ehlanganyelwe phakathi nempi yayidingeka ukuze benze imikhiqizo yokwenziwa yekhwalithi. Ngo-1941, bona kanye ne-Standard basayina isivumelwano sokushintshisana ngamalungelo obunikazi nolwazi ngaphansi kwegunya le-Rubber Reserve Company, eyasungulwa nguRoosevelt, futhi yaba isibonelo sokuthi amabhizinisi amakhulu kanye nombuso kungahlangana kanjani egameni lempahla yezempi. Ngenxa yomsebenzi omkhulu kanye nezimali zomphakathi, izitshalo ezingama-51 zokukhiqiza ama-monomers nama-polymers ahlanganiswe yiwo, adingekayo ekukhiqizeni amathayi okwenziwa, zakhiwe ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu. Ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziselwa le njongo busekelwe enqubweni yokukhiqiza ye-Buna S ngoba bungaxuba kangcono irabha yemvelo neyokwenziwa futhi isebenzise imishini yokucubungula etholakalayo.

ESoviet Union, ngesikhathi sempi, amapulazi ahlanganisiwe ayi-165 akhulisa izinhlobo ezimbili zama-dandelions, futhi yize umkhiqizo wawungasebenzi futhi isivuno endaweni ngayinye sasincane, irabha elikhiqizwayo laba nomthelela empumelelweni. Namuhla, le dandelion ithathwa njengenye yezindlela ezingaba khona zehevea. Lo mkhiqizo unezelwa nge-synthetic butadiene, noma okuthiwa yi-soprene, eyenziwe nguSergei Lebedev, lapho utshwala obutholakala kumazambane busetshenziswa khona njengempahla eluhlaza.

(ukulandela)

Umbhalo: UGeorgy Kolev