Ukucinga, ukulalela nokuhogela

"Phakathi neshumi leminyaka, sizothola ubufakazi obuqand' ikhanda bokuphila ngale koMhlaba," kusho u-Ellen Stofan, umqondisi wesayensi wale nhlangano, engqungqutheleni yeNASA Habitable Worlds in Space ngo-Ephreli 2015. Wengeze ngokuthi amaqiniso angephikiswe nachazayo ngobukhona bezinto eziphilayo zangaphandle azoqoqwa phakathi neminyaka engama-20-30.

"Siyazi ukuthi kufanele sibheke kuphi nokuthi sibheke kanjani," kusho uStofan. "Futhi njengoba sisendleleni efanele, asikho isizathu sokungabaza ukuthi sizokuthola esikufunayo." Ukuthi ngempela kwakushiwo yindikimba yasezulwini, abameleli be-ejensi abazange bacacise. Izimangalo zabo zibonisa ukuthi kungase kube, isibonelo, i-Mars, enye into esimisweni sonozungezilanga, noma uhlobo oluthile lwe-exoplanet, nakuba esimweni sakamuva kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi ubufakazi obuphelele buzotholakala esizukulwaneni esisodwa nje. Nakanjani Okutholwe eminyakeni yamuva nezinyanga kubonisa into eyodwa: amanzi - futhi esimweni se-liquid, okubhekwa njengesimo esidingekayo sokwakheka nokugcinwa kwezinto eziphilayo - maningi ohlelweni lwelanga.

"Ngo-2040, sizobe sesitholile ukuphila kwamanye amazwe," kunanela u-Seth Szostak weNASA we-SETI Institute ezitatimendeni zakhe eziningi zabezindaba. Kodwa-ke, asikhulumi ngokuthintana nempucuko yangaphandle - eminyakeni yamuva nje, siye samangala ngokutholwa okusha kwezinto ezidingekayo ukuze kube khona ukuphila, njengemithombo yamanzi ayiketshezi emizimbeni yesimiso sonozungezilanga, iminonjana yamadamu. nemifudlana. ku-Mars noma ukuba khona kwamaplanethi afana noMhlaba ezindaweni zokuphila zezinkanyezi. Ngakho-ke sizwa ngezimo ezivumela ukuphila, futhi mayelana nensalela, ngokuvamile amakhemikhali. Umehluko phakathi kwamanje kanye nalokho okwenzeka emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule ukuthi manje imilobo yezinyawo, izimpawu nezimo zokuphila azihlukile cishe noma kuphi, ngisho naseVenus noma emathunjini ezinyanga ezikude zeSaturn.

Inani lamathuluzi nezindlela ezisetshenziswayo ukuthola imikhondo enjalo liyakhula. Senza ngcono izindlela zokubuka, ukulalela nokuhlonza ngamaza ahlukahlukene. Sekunezinkulumo eziningi muva nje mayelana nokubheka iminonjana yamakhemikhali, amasignesha okuphila ngisho naseduze kwezinkanyezi ezikude kakhulu. Lokhu "ukuhogela" kwethu.

I-canopy yaseShayina enhle kakhulu

Izinsimbi zethu zikhulu futhi zizwela kakhulu. Ngo-September 2016, i-giant yaqala ukusebenza. Isibonakude somsakazo waseShayina FASTumsebenzi wabo kuzoba wukufuna izimpawu zokuphila kwamanye amaplanethi. Ososayensi emhlabeni wonke babeka amathemba amakhulu emsebenzini wakhe. "Izokwazi ukubona ngokushesha nakude kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili emlandweni wokuhlola izinto zangaphandle," kusho uDouglas Vakoch, usihlalo. I-METI International, inhlangano ezinikele ekusesheni izinhlobo zobuhlakani zangaphandle. Inkundla yokubuka e-FAST izoba yinkulu ngokuphindwe kabili kune Isibonakude se-Arecibo ePuerto Rico, ebilokhu ihamba phambili eminyakeni engu-53 edlule.

I-FAST canopy (ibonakude eyindilinga enamamitha angamakhulu amahlanu aperture) inobubanzi obungamamitha angama-500. Iqukethe amaphaneli angunxantathu we-aluminium angama-4450. Ithatha indawo eqhathaniswa nezinkundla zebhola ezingamashumi amathathu. Ukuze asebenze, udinga ukuthula okuphelele endaweni eyi-5 km, ngakho-ke, cishe abantu abayi-10 abavela endaweni ezungezile bathuthwa. abantu. Isibonakude somsakazo sitholakala echibini lemvelo phakathi kwezindawo ezinhle zama-karst formations esifundazweni esiseningizimu yeGuizhou.

Kodwa-ke, ngaphambi kokuthi i-FAST ikwazi ukuqapha kahle impilo yangaphandle, kufanele iqale ilinganiswe kahle. Ngakho-ke, iminyaka emibili yokuqala yomsebenzi wakhe izonikelwa ikakhulukazi ocwaningweni lokuqala nasekulawuleni.

Millionaire kanye physics

Omunye wamaphrojekthi akamuva adume kakhulu wokucinga ukuphila okuhlakaniphile emkhathini iphrojekthi yososayensi baseBrithani nabaseMelika, esekelwa usozigidi waseRussia u-Yuri Milner. Usomabhizinisi nongoti befiziksi basebenzise amaRandi ayizigidi eziyikhulu ocwaningweni okulindeleke ukuthi luthathe okungenani iminyaka eyishumi. “Ngosuku olulodwa, sizoqoqa idatha elingana nezinye izinhlelo ezifanayo eziqoqwe ngonyaka,” kusho uMilner. Isazi sesayensi yemvelo uStephen Hawking, obambe iqhaza kulo msebenzi, uthi ukusesha kunengqondo njengoba sekutholwe amaplanethi amaningi angaphandle kwe-solar. “Kunemihlaba eminingi nama- molecule ezinto eziphilayo emkhathini kangangokuthi kubonakala sengathi ukuphila kungaba khona lapho,” ephawula. Le phrojekthi izobizwa ngokuthi ucwaningo lwesayensi olukhulu kunazo zonke kuze kube manje olufuna izimpawu zokuphila okuhlakaniphile ngale koMhlaba. Iholwa ithimba lososayensi abavela eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, eBerkeley, izoba nokufinyelela okubanzi kumabonakude amabili anamandla kakhulu emhlabeni: ibhange eliluhlaza eWest Virginia kanye Amapaki ezibonakude eNew South Wales, e-Australia.

Singabona impucuko ethuthukile esuka kude ngokuthi:

• ukuba khona kwamagesi, ikakhulukazi izinto ezingcolisa umoya, i-chlorofluorocarbon, isikhutha, i-methane, i-ammonia;
• izibani kanye nezibonakaliso zokukhanya ezivela ezintweni ezakhiwe yimpucuko;
• ukuchithwa kokushisa;
• ukukhishwa kwemisebe enamandla;
• izinto ezingaqondakali - isibonelo, iziteshi ezinkulu nemikhumbi ehambayo;
• ubukhona bezakhiwo ukwakheka kwazo okungeke kuchazwe ngokubhekisela ezindabeni zemvelo.

UMilner wethula olunye uhlelo olubizwa ngokuthi. Uthembise ukuthi uzokhokha u-$1 million. imiklomelo kunoma ubani odala umlayezo wedijithali okhethekile ukuze awuthumele emkhathini omelela kangcono isintu kanye nomhlaba. Futhi imibono ye-duo ye-Milner-Hawking ayigcini lapho. Muva nje, abezindaba babike ngephrojekthi ehilela ukuthumela i-nanoprobe eqondiswa nge-laser ohlelweni lwenkanyezi olufinyelela isivinini ... ingxenye eyodwa kwesihlanu yejubane lokukhanya!

ikhemistri yesikhala

Ayikho into eduduza kakhulu kulabo abafuna ukuphila emkhathini ngaphandle kokutholakala kwamakhemikhali “ajwayelekile” aziwayo ezindaweni ezingaphandle zomkhathi. Ngisho amafu omhwamuko wamanzi "Ilenga" emkhathini. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ifu elinjalo latholwa eduze kwe-quasar PG 0052+251. Ngokolwazi lwanamuhla, leli yichibi elikhulu kunawo wonke elaziwayo lamanzi asemkhathini. Izibalo ezinembile zibonisa ukuthi uma wonke lomhwamuko wamanzi ubungajiya, ubungaba ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-140 kunamanzi akuzo zonke izilwandle zoMhlaba. Isisindo "sechibi lamanzi" elitholakala phakathi kwezinkanyezi singama-100 XNUMX. izikhathi ubukhulu belanga. Ukuthi endaweni ethile kunamanzi akusho ukuthi kukhona ukuphila lapho. Ukuze ichume, kufanele kuhlangatshezwane nemibandela eminingi eyahlukene.

Muva nje, sizwa kaningi mayelana "nokutholwa" kwezinto eziphilayo ezisezindaweni ezikude zesikhala. Ngo-2012, ngokwesibonelo, ososayensi bathola ebangeni elingaba yiminyaka eyi-XNUMX yokukhanya ukusuka kithi i-hydroxylamineelakhiwa ama-athomu e-nitrogen, umoya-mpilo ne-hydrogen futhi, lihlangene namanye ama-molecule, ngokombono liyakwazi ukwenza izakhiwo zokuphila kwamanye amaplanethi.

Izinhlanganisela ze-organic kudiski ye-protoplanetary ezungeza inkanyezi i-MWC 480.

I-methyl cyanide (CH₃CN) eya i-cyanoacetylene (JSC₃N) ezazikudiski ye-protoplanetary ezungeza inkanyezi i-MWC 480, etholwe ngo-2015 ngabacwaningi base-American Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), kungenye inkomba yokuthi kungase kube khona ikhemistri emkhathini enethuba le-biochemistry. Kungani lobu budlelwano buyinto ebaluleke kangaka etholakele? Zazikhona esimisweni sethu sonozungezilanga ngesikhathi kwakhiwa ukuphila eMhlabeni, futhi ngaphandle kwazo, cishe umhlaba wethu ubungeke ubukeke ngendlela obukeka ngayo namuhla. Inkanyezi i-MWC 480 ngokwayo isinda ngokuphindwe kabili kunenkanyezi yethu futhi ingama-light-years angaba ngu-455 ukusuka eLangeni, okuyisilinganiso esincane uma siqhathaniswa namabanga atholakala emkhathini.

Muva nje, ngoJuni 2016, abacwaningi abavela eqenjini elihlanganisa, phakathi kwabanye, uBrett McGuire we-NRAO Observatory kanye noProfessor Brandon Carroll we-California Institute of Technology baqaphela iminonjana yama-molecule ayinkimbinkimbi ezinto eziphilayo zalokho okubizwa ngokuthi. ama-molecule e-chiral. I-Chirality ibonakala ngokuthi i-molecule yasekuqaleni kanye nokuboniswa kwesibuko sayo akufani futhi, njengazo zonke ezinye izinto ze-chiral, ayikwazi ukuhlanganiswa ngokuhumusha nokujikeleza emkhathini. I-Chirality iyisici samakhemikhali amaningi emvelo - ushukela, amaprotheni, njll. Kuze kube manje, asizange sibone noma iyiphi yazo, ngaphandle koMhlaba.

Lokhu okutholwe akusho ukuthi ukuphila kuvela emkhathini. Nokho, basikisela ukuthi okungenani ezinye zezinhlayiya ezidingekayo ukuze sizalwe zingase zakheke lapho, bese ziya emaplanethini kanye nama- meteorite nezinye izinto.

imibala yokuphila

Kuyafaneleka Isibonakude se-Kepler space ibe nesandla ekutholakaleni kwamaplanethi asemhlabeni angaphezu kwekhulu futhi inezinkulungwane zabantu abazokhethwa e-exoplanet. Kusukela ngo-2017, i-NASA ihlela ukusebenzisa esinye isibonakude sasemkhathini, ozongena esikhundleni sika-Kepler. I-Transiting Exoplanet Exploration Satellite, TESS. Umsebenzi wayo kuzoba ukucinga amaplanethi angaphandle kwesolar asendleleni (okungukuthi, ukudlula ezinkanyezini ezingabazali). Ngokuyithumela emzileni oyi-elliptical orbit ozungeza Umhlaba, ungakwazi ukuskena isibhakabhaka sonke ukuze uthole amaplanethi azungeza izinkanyezi ezikhanyayo endaweni yethu eseduze. Lo msebenzi kungenzeka udonse iminyaka emibili, lapho kuzobe kubhekwa izinkanyezi ezingaba ingxenye yesigidi. Ngenxa yalokhu, ososayensi balindele ukuthola amakhulu amaningana amaplanethi afana noMhlaba. Amanye amathuluzi amasha njengesib. James Webb Space Telescope (I-James Webb Space Telescope) kufanele ilandele futhi imbe izinto eziye zatholwa kakade, iphenya umkhathi futhi ibheke imikhondo yamakhemikhali engaholela ekutholakaleni kwempilo kamuva.

Project Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite - Visualization

Nokho, ngokwazi kwethu cishe lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-biosignatures okuphila (ngokwesibonelo, ukuba khona komoya-mpilo kanye ne-methane emkhathini), akwaziwa ukuthi iyiphi kulawa masignali amakhemikhali avela ebangeni lamashumi namakhulu okukhanya. iminyaka ekugcineni inqume udaba. Ososayensi bayavuma ukuthi ukuba khona komoya-mpilo kanye ne-methane ngesikhathi esisodwa kuyisidingo esinamandla sokuphila, njengoba zingekho izinqubo ezaziwayo ezingaphili ezingakhiqiza womabili amagesi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kodwa-ke, njengoba kuvela, amasiginesha anjalo angacekelwa phansi ama-exo-satellites, mhlawumbe ama-exoplanets azungezayo (njengoba enza ezungeze amaplanethi amaningi esimiso sonozungezilanga). Ngoba uma umkhathi weNyanga uqukethe i-methane, namaplanethi aqukethe umoya-mpilo, khona-ke amathuluzi ethu (esigabeni samanje sokukhula kwawo) angawahlanganisa abe yisignesha eyodwa ye-oxygen-methane ngaphandle kokuqaphela i-exomoon.

Mhlawumbe akufanele sibheke imikhondo yamakhemikhali, kodwa umbala? Izazi eziningi zezinkanyezi zikholelwa ukuthi ama-halobacteria ayephakathi kwezakhamuzi zokuqala zeplanethi yethu. La magciwane amunca i-spectrum eluhlaza yemisebe futhi ayiguqule ibe amandla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zazibonisa imisebe ye-violet, ngenxa yalokho iplanethi yethu, lapho ibhekwa emkhathini, yayinalowo mbala nje.

Ukumunca ukukhanya okuluhlaza, i-halobacteria isetshenziswa i-retina, okungukuthi obunsomi obubonakalayo, obutholakala emehlweni ezilwane ezinomgogodla. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuxhaphaza amagciwane kwaqala ukubusa emhlabeni wethu. i-chlorophyllemunca ukukhanya kwe-violet futhi ibonise ukukhanya okuluhlaza. Yingakho umhlaba ubukeka ngendlela obukeka ngayo. Izazi zezinkanyezi zicabangela ukuthi kwezinye izimiso zamaplanethi, ama-halobacteria angase aqhubeke ekhula, ngakho bayaqagela. sesha ukuphila kumaplanethi ansomi.

Izinto zalo mbala kungenzeka zibonwe yisibonakude esishiwo ngenhla sikaJames Webb, okuhlelwe ukuthi siqale ngo-2018. Izinto ezinjalo, nokho, zingabonwa, inqobo nje uma zingekho kude kakhulu nesimiso sonozungezilanga, futhi inkanyezi emaphakathi yesimiso samaplanethi incane ngokwanele ukuba ingaphazamisi ezinye izimpawu.

Ezinye izinto eziphilayo zakuqala ku-exoplanet efana noMhlaba, cishe, izitshalo kanye ne-algae. Njengoba lokhu kusho umbala wesici sobuso, kokubili umhlaba namanzi, umuntu kufanele abheke imibala ethile ebonisa ukuphila. Izibonakude zesizukulwane esisha kufanele zithole ukukhanya okuboniswa ama-exoplanets, okuzoveza imibala yawo. Isibonelo, endabeni yokubuka uMhlaba usemkhathini, ungabona umthamo omkhulu wemisebe. eduze nemisebe ye-infraredetholakala ku-chlorophyll ezitshalweni. Izimpawu ezinjalo, ezitholwa eduze kwenkanyezi ezungezwe ama-exoplanets, zingabonisa ukuthi "lapho" kungase kube khona okuthile okukhulayo. Okuluhlaza kungasikisela ngokuqinile nakakhulu. Iplanethi embozwe ulele zingaba sethunzini bile.

Ososayensi banquma ukwakheka kwe-exoplanet atmospheres ngokusekelwe kwezokuthutha okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla. Le ndlela yenza kube nokwenzeka ukutadisha ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali omkhathi weplanethi. Ukukhanya okudlula emkhathini ongaphezulu kushintsha i-spectrum yayo - ukuhlaziywa kwalesi simo kunikeza ulwazi mayelana nezakhi ezikhona lapho.

Abacwaningi base-University College London kanye naseNyuvesi yaseNew South Wales banyatheliswa ngo-2014 kumagazini i-Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences incazelo yendlela entsha, enembe kakhudlwana yokuhlaziya ukwenzeka methane, amagesi alula kunawo wonke aphilayo, ukuba khona kwawo ngokuvamile aqashelwa njengophawu lokuphila okungaba khona. Ngeshwa, amamodeli esimanje achaza indlela i-methane aziphatha ngayo awaphelele, ngakho-ke inani le-methane emkhathini wamaplanethi akude ngokuvamile lithathwa kancane. Kusetshenziswa ama-supercomputers asezingeni eliphezulu anikezwe iphrojekthi ye-DiRAC () kanye neNyuvesi yaseCambridge, kwenziwe imodeli yemigqa ye-spectral elinganiselwa ku-10 billion, engahlotshaniswa nokumuncwa kwemisebe ngama-molecule e-methane emazingeni okushisa afinyelela ku-1220 ° C. . Uhlu lwemigqa emisha, cishe izikhathi ezi-2 ubude kunangaphambili, luzovumela ukufundwa okungcono kokuqukethwe kwe-methane ebangeni lokushisa elibanzi kakhulu.

I-Methane ibonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuphila, kuyilapho enye igesi ebiza kakhulu umoya-mpilo - kuvela ukuthi asikho isiqinisekiso sokuthi kukhona ukuphila. Le gesi eMhlabeni ivela ikakhulukazi ezitshalweni ze-photosynthetic kanye nolwelwe. Umoya-mpilo ungenye yezimpawu eziyinhloko zokuphila. Nokho, ngokososayensi, kungase kube iphutha ukuchaza ukuba khona komoya-mpilo njengokulingana nokuba khona kwezinto eziphilayo.

Ucwaningo lwakamuva luhlonze izimo ezimbili lapho ukutholwa komoyampilo emkhathini weplanethi ekude kunganikeza inkomba engamanga yokuba khona kokuphila. Kuzo zombili, umoya-mpilo wakhiqizwa ngenxa imikhiqizo engeyona i-abiotic. Kwesinye sezimo esizihlaziyile, ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet okuvela enkanyezini encane kuneLanga kungalimaza i-carbon dioxide emkhathini we-exoplanet, kukhiphe ama-molecule omoya-mpilo kuwo. Ukulingiswa kwekhompyutha kubonise ukuthi ukubola kwe-CO₂ akanikezi kuphela₂, kodwa futhi nenani elikhulu le-carbon monoxide (CO). Uma le gesi itholwa ngokuqinile ngaphezu komoyampilo osemkhathini we-exoplanet, ingabonisa i-alamu engamanga. Esinye isimo siphathelene nezinkanyezi ezinobuningi obuphansi. Ukukhanya ezikukhiphayo kunomthelela ekwakhekeni kwama- molecule e-O ahlala isikhathi esifushane.₄. Ukutholwa kwabo eduze kuka-O₂ kufanele futhi kuvuse i-alamu kosonkanyezi.

Ibheka i-methane neminye imikhondo

Imodi eyinhloko yezokuthutha ayisho okuncane mayelana neplanethi ngokwayo. Ingasetshenziselwa ukunquma ubukhulu bayo kanye nebanga ukusuka enkanyezini. Indlela yokulinganisa isivinini se-radial ingasiza ekunqumeni ubukhulu bayo. Inhlanganisela yalezi zindlela ezimbili yenza kube nokwenzeka ukubala ukuminyana. Kodwa ingabe kungenzeka ukuhlola i-exoplanet eduze? Kuvela ukuthi kunjalo. I-NASA isiyazi kakade ukuthi iwabuka kanjani kangcono amaplanethi afana ne-Kepler-7 b, okusetshenziswe kuwo izibonakude ze-Kepler ne-Spitzer ukuze kumephu amafu asemkhathini. Kuvele ukuthi le planethi ishisa kakhulu ngezindlela zokuphila njengoba sizazi, amazinga okushisa asukela ku-816 kuya ku-982 ° C. Nokho, lona kanye iqiniso lencazelo eningilizayo enjalo liyisinyathelo esikhulu esiya phambili, njengoba sikhuluma ngezwe eliqhele ngekhulu leminyaka yokukhanya ukusuka kithi.

I-Adaptive Optics, esetshenziswa kusayensi yezinkanyezi ukuqeda ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa ukundindizela komoya, nayo izoba usizo. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo ukulawula isibonakude ngekhompyutha ukuze kugwenywe ukuguqulwa kwendawo kwesibuko (ngokuhleleka kwama-micrometer amaningana), okulungisa amaphutha esithombeni esiwumphumela. yebo iyasebenza I-Gemini Planet Scanner (GPI) etholakala eChile. Ithuluzi lethulwa okokuqala ngoNovemba 2013. I-GPI isebenzisa izihlonzi ze-infrared, ezinamandla ngokwanele ukuze zibone ukukhanya kwezinto ezimnyama nezikude njengama-exoplanets. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuzokwazi ukufunda kabanzi mayelana nokubunjwa kwazo. Iplanethi yakhethwa njengenye yezinhloso zokuqala zokubhekwa. Kulokhu, i-GPI isebenza njenge-coronagraph yelanga, okusho ukuthi ifiphalisa idiski yenkanyezi ekude ukuze ibonise ukukhanya kweplanethi eseduze.

Isihluthulelo sokubheka "izimpawu zokuphila" ukukhanya okuvela enkanyezini ezungeza iplanethi. Ama-exoplanets, adlula emkhathini, ashiye umkhondo othize ongalinganiswa eMhlabeni ngezindlela ze-spectroscopic, i.e. ukuhlaziywa kwemisebe ekhishwayo, emuncwe noma ehlakazwe into ebonakalayo. Indlela efanayo ingasetshenziswa ukutadisha indawo yama-exoplanets. Nokho, kunombandela owodwa. Indawo kumele imunce ngokwanele noma ihlakaze ukukhanya. Amaplanethi ahwamukayo, okusho amaplanethi anezendlalelo zawo zangaphandle ezintanta efwini elikhulu lothuli, angamakhandidethi amahle.

Njengoba kuvela, sesingakwazi kakade ukubona izici ezifana ukuguqubala kweplanethi. Ukuba khona kwekhava yefu eliminyene ezungeze ama-exoplanets i-GJ 436b ne-GJ 1214b kwasungulwa ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwe-spectroscopic kokukhanya okuvela ezinkanyezini ezingabazali. Womabili amaplanethi angaphansi kwesigaba salokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-super-Earths. I-GJ 436b itholakala eminyakeni engama-36 yokukhanya ukusuka eMhlabeni kumlaza i-Leo. I-GJ 1214b ikuqoqo lezinkanyezi i-Ophiuchus, 40 light years away.

I-European Space Agency (ESA) okwamanje isebenza ngesathelayithi umsebenzi wayo ozoba ukukhomba ngokunembile futhi ifunde ukwakheka kwama-exoplanets asevele aziwa (I-CHEOPS). Ukwethulwa kwale mishini kuhlelelwe u-2017. I-NASA yona ifuna ukuthumela isathelayithi ye-TESS esivele ishiwo emkhathini ngawo lowo nyaka. NgoFebhuwari 2014, i-European Space Agency yagunyaza lo msebenzi I-PLATO, okuhlobene nokuthumela isibonakude emkhathini esiklanyelwe ukucinga amaplanethi afana noMhlaba. Ngokohlelo lwamanje, ngo-2024 kufanele aqale ukucinga izinto ezinamatshe ezinamanzi. Lokhu kubuka kufanele futhi kusize ekusesheni i-exomoon, ngendlela efanayo naleyo idatha ka-Kepler eyasetshenziswa ngayo.

I-European ESA yathuthukisa lolu hlelo eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Darwin. I-NASA yayine-"crawler yeplanethi" efanayo. I-TPF (). Umgomo wawo womabili amaphrojekthi kwakuwukufunda amaplanethi alingana noMhlaba ngobukhona bamagesi emkhathini abonisa izimo ezivumayo zokuphila. Kokubili kufake imibono enesibindi yenethiwekhi yezibonakude zasemkhathini ezisebenzisanayo ekusesheni ama-exoplanets afana noMhlaba. Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, ubuchwepheshe bebungakathuthukiswa ngokwanele, futhi izinhlelo zavalwa, kodwa akuzona zonke izinto ezaziyize. Benothiswe ulwazi lwe-NASA ne-ESA, njengamanje basebenza ndawonye ku-Webb Space Telescope okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla. Ngenxa yesibuko sayo esikhulu esingamamitha angu-6,5, kuzokwazi ukufunda umkhathi wamaplanethi amakhulu. Lokhu kuzovumela izazi zezinkanyezi ukuthi zithole imikhondo yamakhemikhali yomoya-mpilo kanye ne-methane. Lokhu kuzoba ulwazi oluqondile mayelana nomkhathi wama-exoplanets - isinyathelo esilandelayo sokucwenga ulwazi mayelana nale mihlaba ekude.

Amaqembu ahlukahlukene asebenza e-NASA ukuthuthukisa ezinye izindlela zokucwaninga ezintsha kule ndawo. Enye yalezi ezaziwa kancane futhi ezisasesigabeni sayo sokuqala i-. Kuzoba mayelana nendlela yokufihla ukukhanya kwenkanyezi ngento efana nesambulela, ukuze ukwazi ukubuka amaplanethi emaphethelweni ayo. Ngokuhlaziya ama-wavelengths, kuzokwazi ukunquma izingxenye ze-atmosphere yazo. I-NASA izohlola iphrojekthi kulo nyaka noma olandelayo bese inquma ukuthi umsebenzi ufanelekile yini. Uma iqala, ngo-2022.

Izimpucuko ezisemaphethelweni emithala?

Ukuthola imikhondo yokuphila kusho izifiso ezinesizotha ngaphezu kokufuna yonke impucuko yangaphandle. Abacwaningi abaningi, kuhlanganise noStephen Hawking, abacebisi laba bamuva - ngenxa yezinsongo ezingase zibe khona esintwini. Emibuthanweni ebucayi, ngokuvamile akukhulunywa nganoma iyiphi impucuko yabafokazi, abazalwane basemkhathini noma izidalwa ezihlakaniphile. Kodwa-ke, uma sifuna ukubheka abafokazi abaphambili, abanye abacwaningi banemibono yokuthi bangawandisa kanjani amathuba okubathola.

Isibonelo. Isazi sesayensi yezinkanyezi u-Rosanna Di Stefano wase-Harvard University sithi impucuko ethuthukile iphila ngamaqoqo ayimbulunga aminyene emaphethelweni e-Milky Way. Umcwaningi wethule umbono wakhe emhlanganweni waminyaka yonke we-American Astronomical Society eKissimmee, eFlorida, ekuqaleni kuka-2016. U-Di Stefano ufakazela lokhu kucabanga okunempikiswano ngokuthi emaphethelweni omthala wethu kunamaqoqo ayindilinga amadala angaba ngu-150 futhi azinzile anikeza indawo enhle yokuthuthukiswa kwanoma iyiphi impucuko. Izinkanyezi eziqhelelene kakhulu zingasho izinhlelo eziningi zamaplanethi ezisondelene. Izinkanyezi eziningi eziqoqwe zibe amabhola ziyisizinda esihle sokugxuma okuphumelelayo ukusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye kuyilapho ugcina umphakathi othuthukile. Ukusondela kwezinkanyezi ngamaqoqo kungaba usizo ekusekeleni impilo, kusho u-Di Stefano.