Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky

Waqala ngokwakhiwa kwendiza enkulu ngaleso sikhathi (1913) ethi "Ilya Muromets" (1), umshini wokuqala osebenza ngokugcwele wezinjini ezine, oqanjwe ngeqhawe lezinganekwane zaseRussia. Waqale wamhlomisa ngendlu yokuphumula, izihlalo zokuzivikela ezisesitayeleni, ikamelo lokulala, indlu yokugezela kanye nendlu yangasese. Ubebonakala enesithukuthezi sokuthi ngokuzayo kuzosungulwa isigaba samabhizinisi kwezondiza zabagibeli.

CV: Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky

Usuku lokuzalwa: May 25, 1889 e Kyiv (Russian Empire - manje Ukraine).

Usuku lokufa: Okthoba 26, 1972, Easton, Connecticut (USA)

Ubuzwe: Russian, American

Isimo somndeni: washada kabili, izingane ezinhlanu

Inhlanhla: Inani lefa lika-Igor Sikorsky njengamanje lilinganiselwa ezigidini ezimbili zamaRandi aseMelika.

Imfundo: ISt. Petersburg; Kyiv Polytechnic Institute; I-École des Techniques Aéronautiques et de Construction Automobile (ETACA) eParis

Okuhlangenwe nakho: Inqola YaseRussia-Baltic Isebenza I-RBVZ e-St. Petersburg; ibutho le-tsarist Russia; esebenzisana neSikorski noma izinkampani zezindiza ezakhiwe nguye e-USA - Inkampani Yokukhiqiza iSikorsky, iSikorsky Aviation Corporation, iVought-Sikorsky Aircraft Division, iSikorsky

Izimpumelelo ezengeziwe: I-Royal Order yaseSt. Wlodzimierz, Guggenheim Medal (1951), indondo yesikhumbuzo kubo. Wright Brothers (1966), i-US National Medal of Science (1967); ngaphezu kwalokho, elinye lamabhuloho e-Connecticut, umgwaqo e-Kyiv kanye nebhomu le-supersonic laseRussia i-Tu-160 liqanjwe ngaye.

Izintshisekelo: ezokuvakasha entabeni, ifilosofi, inkolo, izincwadi Russian

Kodwa-ke, ngemva konyaka iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala yagqashuka futhi izindiza zaseRussia zazidinga ibhomu ngaphezu kwendiza yabagibeli yokunethezeka. Igor Sikorsky ngakho-ke, wayengomunye wabaklami bezindiza abakhulu be-Tsarist Air Force, futhi umklamo wakhe waqhumisa izikhundla zaseJalimane nase-Austrian. Kwabe sekuba neNguquko YamaBolshevik, uSikorsky okwadingeka abalekele kuyo, ekugcineni wafika e-United States.

Kunokungabaza okuhlukahlukene nemibono engqubuzanayo mayelana nokuthi kufanele abhekwe njengowaseRussia, owaseMelika, noma wase-Ukraine. Futhi amaPoles angathola kancane udumo lwakhe, ngoba umndeni wakwaSikorsky wawuyizicukuthwane zasepulazini lasePoland (nakuba lama-Orthodox) eVolhynia ngesikhathi seRiphabhulikhi Yokuqala. Nokho, kuye ngokwakhe, lokhu kucatshangelwa cishe bekungeke kube ukubaluleka okukhulu. Igor Sikorsky ngoba wayengumsekeli we-tsarism, umlandeli wobukhulu baseRussia, futhi ethanda ubuzwe njengoyise, kanye nomsebenzi we-Orthodox nomlobi wezincwadi zefilosofi nezenkolo. Wayazisa imicabango yomlobi waseRussia uLeo Tolstoy futhi wanakekela isisekelo sakhe saseNew York.

Indiza engujekamanzi enerabha

Wazalwa ngoMeyi 25, 1889 e-Kyiv (2) futhi wayengumntwana wesihlanu futhi omncane wesazi sezifo zengqondo saseRussia esivelele u-Ivan Sikorsky. Lapho esemncane, wayekhangwa ubuciko nempumelelo. Wayeyithanda kakhulu imibhalo kaJules Verne. Lapho esemusha, wakha imodeli yezindiza. Wayezokwakha indiza enophephela emhlane yokuqala enenjoloba eneminyaka eyishumi nambili.

Wabe esefunda eNaval Academy eSt. Petersburg naseFaculty of Electrical Engineering e-Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. Ngo-1906 waqala izifundo zobunjiniyela eFrance. Ngo-1908, ngesikhathi ehlala eJalimane kanye nemibukiso yomoya eyayihlelwe ngabazalwane bakwaWright, futhi ethonywe umsebenzi kaFerdinand von Zeppelin, wanquma ukuzinikela kwezokundiza. Njengoba ekhumbula kamuva, "kuthathe amahora angamashumi amabili nane ukushintsha impilo yakhe."

Ngokushesha kwaba uthando olukhulu. Futhi kusukela ekuqaleni, imicabango yakhe yayigxile kakhulu emcabangweni wokwakha indiza ekhuphuka ibheke phezulu, okungukuthi, njengoba sisho namuhla, indiza enophephela emhlane noma indiza enophephela emhlane. Izibonelo ezimbili zokuqala azakha azizange zehle ngisho naphansi. Nokho akazange adikibale, njengoba kwafakazelwa izehlakalo ezalandela, kodwa wahle walihlehlisa icala kwaze kwaba kamuva.

Ngo-1909 waqala izifundo zakhe enyuvesi yaseFrance edumile i-École des Techniques Aéronautiques et de Construction Automobile eParis. Khona-ke kwakuyisikhungo somhlaba wezindiza. Ngonyaka olandelayo, wakha indiza yokuqala yomklamo wakhe, i-C-1. Umhloli wokuqala walo mshini kwakunguyena (3), okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwaba umkhuba wakhe cishe impilo yakhe yonke. Ngo-1911-12, ku-S-5 ne-S-6 indiza ayidalile, wabeka amarekhodi amaningana aseRussia, kanye namarekhodi amaningana omhlaba. Wasebenza njengomklami emnyangweni wezindiza we-Russian-Baltic Carriage Works RBVZ eSt. Petersburg.

Kwesinye sezindiza ze-C-5, injini yema kungazelelwe futhi Sikorsky kwadingeka enze indawo ephuthumayo. Kamuva lapho ephenya ngembangela yengozi, wathola ukuthi umiyane ugibele ethangini wanqamula ingxubevange ye-carburetor. Umklami waphetha ngokuthi, njengoba izenzakalo ezinjalo zingenakubikezelwa noma zigwenywe, indiza kufanele yakhelwe ukundiza ngaphandle kwamandla esikhathi esifushane kanye nendawo engase ibe khona ezimweni eziphuthumayo.

2. Indlu yomndeni wakwaSikorsky eKyiv - ukubukeka kwesimanje

Inguqulo yokuqala yephrojekthi yakhe yokuqala enkulu yayibizwa nge-Le Grand futhi yayiyi-prototype yenjini engamawele. Ngokusekelwe kulo, uSikorsky wakha iBolshoi Baltiysk, umklamo wokuqala wezinjini ezine. Lokhu, futhi, kwasebenza njengesisekelo sokudalwa kwendiza eshiwo ngenhla ye-C-22 Ilya Muromets, lapho anikezwa khona i-Order of St. Wlodzimierz. Kanye nePole Jerzy Jankowski (umshayeli wendiza enkonzweni ye-tsarist), bathatha amavolontiya ayishumi ebhodini le-Muromets futhi bagibela endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-2. Njengoba uSikorsky ekhumbula, imoto ayizange ilahlekelwe ukulawula nokulinganisela ngisho nalapho abantu behamba eduze nomgwaqo. iphiko ngesikhathi sendiza.

Siza Rachmaninov

Ngemuva kweRevolution ka-Okthoba Sikorsky isikhathi esifushane wasebenza emayunithi okungenelela ebutho laseFrance. Ukuzibandakanya nohlangothi lwabamhlophe, umsebenzi wakhe wangaphambili e-Tsarist Russia, kanye nesizinda sakhe senhlalo kwakusho ukuthi wayengenalutho ayengalubheka esimweni esisha esingokoqobo saseSoviet, esingabeka ngisho nokuphila engozini.

Ngo-1918, yena nomndeni wakhe bakwazi ukubalekela amaBolshevik baya eFrance, base beya eCanada, lapho agcina ehambile waya e-United States. Washintsha isibongo sakhe saba Sikorsky. Ekuqaleni, wasebenza njengothisha. Nokho ubefuna amathuba omsebenzi embonini yezokundiza. Ngo-1923 wasungula iSikorsky Manufacturing Company, ekhiqiza izindiza ezimakiwe, okwaqhubeka nochungechunge lwaqala eRussia. Ekuqaleni, abafuduki baseRussia bamsiza, kuhlanganise nomqambi odumile uSergei Rachmaninov, owabhala isheke kuye ngesamba esibalulekile sama-zloty angu-5 ngaleso sikhathi. amadola.

3. USikorsky ebusheni bakhe njengomshayeli wendiza (kwesokunxele)

Indiza yakhe yokuqala e-United States, i-S-29, yayingomunye wamaphrojekthi enjini angamawele okuqala e-United States. Ikwazi ukuthwala abagibeli abangu-14 futhi ifinyelele isivinini esicishe sibe ngu-180 km/h. Ukuthuthukisa ibhizinisi, umbhali usebenzisane nosozimboni ocebile u-Arnold Dickinson. USikorsky waba yiphini lakhe lokuklama nokukhiqiza. Ngakho, iSikorsky Aviation Corporation ikhona kusukela ngo-1928. Phakathi kwemikhiqizo ebalulekile yaseSikorski yangaleso sikhathi kwakuyisikebhe endizayo i-S-42 Clipper (4) esasisetshenziswa i-Pan Am uma izindiza ezinqamula i-atlantic.

i-rotor yangemuva

Ngama-30s ubengaguquguquki Sikorsky wanquma ukuqeda imiklamo yakhe yokuqala "ye-motor lift". Wafaka isicelo sakhe sokuqala eHhovisi Lobunikazi Base-US somklamo walolu hlobo ngoFebhuwari 1929. Ubuchwepheshe bezinto zokwakha babuhambisana nemibono yakhe yangaphambili, futhi izinjini, ekugcineni, zinamandla anele, zenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlinzeka nge-rotor thrust ephumelelayo. Iqhawe lethu belingasafuni ukubhekana nezindiza. Inkampani yakhe yaba yingxenye yokukhathazeka kwe-United Aircraft, futhi yena ngokwakhe, njengomqondisi wezobuchwepheshe wezinye zezigaba zenkampani, wayehlose ukwenza lokho ayekushiyile ngo-1908.

5. USikorsky nendizamtshina yakhe eyisibonelo ngo-1940.

Umklami uxazulule ngempumelelo inkinga yesikhashana esisebenzayo esivela ku-rotor eyinhloko. Ngokushesha nje lapho indiza enophephela emhlane isuka phansi, i-fuselage yayo yaqala ukuphenduka ngokumelene nokujikeleza kwe-rotor eyinhloko ngokuhambisana nomthetho wesithathu kaNewton. I-Sikorski yanquma ukufaka uphephela oseceleni owengeziwe ku-fuselage engemuva ukuze inxephezele le nkinga. Nakuba lesi simo singanqotshwa ngezindlela eziningi, yisixazululo esihlongozwe nguSikorsky esisavame kakhulu. Ngo-1935, wagunyaza ilungelo lobunikazi bendiza enophephela emhlane ene-rotors eyinhloko nomsila. Eminyakeni emine kamuva, isitshalo saseSikorsky sahlanganiswa neChance Vought ngaphansi kwegama elithi Vought-Sikorsky Aircraft Division.

Amasosha athanda izindiza ezinophephela emhlane

I-September 14, 1939 yaba usuku olungokomlando emlandweni wokwakhiwa kwendiza enophephela emhlane. Ngalolu suku, uSikorsky wenza indiza yakhe yokuqala endizeni enophephela emhlane yomklamo wokuqala oyimpumelelo - VS-300 (S-46). Nokho, kwakuseyindiza eboshiwe. Indiza yamahhala yenzeka kuphela ngoMeyi 24, 1940 (5).

I-BC-300 yayiyindiza enophephela emhlane, efana nombungu walokho okwakuzolandela, kodwa kakade ivunyelwe isikhathi esingaphezu kwehora nesigamu sokundiza, kanye nokuhlala emanzini. Imoto kaSikorsky yenza umxhwele omkhulu emasosheni ase-US. Umklami waziqonda kahle izidingo zezempi futhi ngonyaka ofanayo wadala iphrojekthi yomshini we-XR-4, indiza enophephela emhlane yokuqala efana nemishini yesimanje yalolu hlobo.

6. Enye yezinhlobo zendiza enophephela emhlane i-R-4 ngo-1944.

7. Igor Sikorsky kanye nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane

Ngo-1942, indiza yokuqala eyalelwe yi-US Air Force yahlolwa. Ingene ekukhiqizweni njenge-R-4(6). Imishini engaba ngu-150 yalolu hlobo yaya ezinhlotsheni zezempi ezihlukahlukene, ihlanganyela emisebenzini yokuhlenga, yamukela abasindile nabashayeli bezindiza abadilizwayo, futhi kamuva yasebenza njengemishini yokuqeqesha abashayeli bezindiza okwakumelwe bahlale endaweni yokulawula izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezinkulu nezifuna kakhulu. Ngo-1943, izimboni zeVought kanye neSikorsky zahlukana futhi, futhi kusukela manje inkampani yokugcina yagxila ngokukhethekile ekukhiqizeni izindiza ezinophephela emhlane. Eminyakeni eyalandela, wawina imakethe yaseMelika (7).

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo umlando walo mklomelo Sikorsky ngawo-50, wadala indiza engujekamanzi yokuqala yokuhlola eyafinyelela isivinini esingaphezu kuka-300 km/h. Kwavela ukuthi umklomelo waya ... e-USSR, okungukuthi, izwe lakubo laseSikorsky. Indiza enophephela emhlane iMi-6 eyakhiwe lapho yabeka amarekhodi amaningana, okuhlanganisa nesivinini esiphezulu esingu-320 km/h.

Yiqiniso, izimoto ezakhiwe nguSikorsky nazo zaphula amarekhodi. Ngo-1967, i-S-61 yaba indiza enophephela emhlane yokuqala emlandweni ukundiza ingami inqamula i-Atlantic. Ngo-1970, enye imodeli, i-S-65 (CH-53), yaqala ukundiza phezu kwe-Pacific Ocean. UMnu. Igor ngokwakhe wayesevele ethathe umhlalaphansi, ashintshela kuyo ngo-1957. Nokho, usasebenzela inkampani yakhe njengomeluleki. Washona ngo-1972 e-Easton, e-Connecticut.

Umshini odume kakhulu emhlabeni namuhla, owenziwe yifektri yaseSikorsky, yi-UH-60 Black Hawk. Inguqulo ye-S-70i Black Hawk (8) ikhiqizwa embonini ye-PZL e-Mielec, esibe yingxenye yeqembu le-Sikorsky iminyaka eminingana.

Kwezobunjiniyela kanye nezokundiza Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky wayeyiphayona ngazo zonke izindlela. Izakhiwo zakhe zacekela phansi imigoqo eyayibonakala ingenakugqashuka. Wayenelayisensi yomshayeli wendiza ye-Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) engunombolo 64 kanye nelayisensi engu-1 yomshayeli wendiza enophephela emhlane.